104 resultados para PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS-MICROS


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Site 1256 of Ocean Drilling Program Leg 206 to the Guatemala Basin on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise yielded a near-complete, middle Miocene-Quaternary carbonate-rich section that provides an opportunity to study low-latitude biostratigraphic and paleoceanographic events. The sedimentary sequence in Hole 1256B has been zoned using calcareous nannofossils according to the biostratigraphic schemes by Martini of 1971 (modified by Martini and Müller in 1986) and Okada and Bukry of 1980. The nannofossil assemblage is characteristic of the low latitudes, with abundant Gephyrocapsa, Discoaster, and Sphenolithus, and is in general moderately to well preserved, depending on nannofossil abundance and the presence of diatoms. Age estimates for the first occurrence and last occurrence of Reticulofenestra rotaria were derived from biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy independently and assigned to 7.18 and 6.32 Ma, respectively. Linear sedimentation rates, calculated using 28 nannofossil datums and age estimates, are high in the middle Miocene, decrease from the late Miocene to the Pliocene, then increase upsection. The abrupt drop in carbonate mass accumulation rates during the early late Miocene is referred to as the "carbonate crash." This pattern reflects (1) the long-trend decrease of productivity as the site moves away from the upwelling system at the equatorial divergence as well as (2) fluctuation in the chemistry of the bottom waters associated with production of the North Atlantic Bottom Water and ventilation via the Panama Gateway. A basement age of 14.5 Ma was obtained by extrapolating the 39.1-m/m.y. rate in the middle Miocene to the basement at 250.7 meters below seafloor, and is consistent with the ~15-Ma age of the oceanic crust estimated from marine magnetic anomalies. Reworked nannofossils and lithologic changes were used to unravel postdepositional history, and three episodes were recognized, one of which in the latest Miocene can be widely correlated.

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In this chapter we are going to develop some aspects of the implementation of the boundary element method (BEM)in microcomputers. At the moment the BEM is established as a powerful tool for problem-solving and several codes have been developed and maintained on an industrial basis for large computers. It is also well known that one of the more attractive features of the BEM is the reduction of the discretization to the boundary of the domain under study. As drawbacks, we found the non-bandedness of the final matrix, wich is a full asymmetric one, and the computational difficulties related to obtaining the integrals which appear in the influence coefficients. Te reduction in dimensionality is crucial from the point of view of microcomputers, and we believe that it can be used to obtain competitive results against other domain methods. We shall discuss two applications in this chapter. The first one is related to plane linear elastostatic situations, and the second refers to plane potential problems. In the first case we shall present the classical isoparametric BEM approach, using linear elements to represent both the geometry and the variables. The second case shows how to implement a p-adaptive procedure using the BEM. This latter case has not been studied until recently, and we think that the future of the BEM will be related to its development and to the judicious exploitation of the graphics capabilities of modern micros. Some examples will be included to demonstrate the kind of results that can be expected and sections of printouts will show useful details of implementation. In order to broaden their applicability, these printouts have been prepared in Basic, although no doubt other languages may be more appropiate for effective implementation.

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El empleo de los micropilotes en la ingeniería civil ha revolucionado las técnicas de estabilización de terraplenes a media ladera, ya que aunque los pilotes pueden ser la opción más económica, el uso de micropilotes permite llegar a sitios inaccesibles con menor coste de movimientos de tierras, realización de plataformas de trabajo de dimensiones reducidas, maquinaria necesaria es mucho más pequeña, liviana y versátil en su uso, incluyendo la posibilidad de situar la fabricación de morteros o lechadas a distancias de varias decenas de metros del elemento a ejecutar. Sin embargo, realizando una revisión de la documentación técnica que se tiene en el ámbito ingenieril, se comprobó que los sistemas de diseño de algunos casos (micropilotes en terraplenes a media ladera, micropilotes en pantallas verticales, micropilotes como “paraguas” en túneles, etc.) eran bastante deficientes o poco desarrollados. Premisa que permite concluir que el constructor ha ido por delante (como suele ocurrir en ingeniería geotécnica) del cálculo o de su análisis teórico. Del mismo modo se determinó que en su mayoría los micropilotes se utilizan en labores de recalce o como nueva solución de cimentación en condiciones de difícil acceso, casos en los que el diseño de los micropilotes viene definido por cargas axiales, de compresión o de tracción, consideraciones que se contemplan en reglamentaciones como la “Guía para el proyecto y la ejecución de micropilotes en obras de carretera” del Ministerio de Fomento. En los micropilotes utilizados para estabilizar terraplenes a media ladera y micropilotes actuando como muros pantalla, en los que éstos trabajan a esfuerzo cortante y flexión, no se dispone de sistemas de análisis fiables o no se introduce adecuadamente el problema de interacción terreno-micropilote. Además en muchos casos, los parámetros geotécnicos que se utilizan no tienen una base técnico-teórica adecuada por lo que los diseños pueden quedar excesivamente del lado de la seguridad, en la mayoría de los casos, o todo lo contrario. Uno de los objetivos principales de esta investigación es estudiar el comportamiento de los micropilotes que están sometidos a esfuerzos de flexión y cortante, además de otros objetivos de gran importancia que se describen en el apartado correspondiente de esta tesis. Cabe indicar que en este estudio no se ha incluido el caso de micropilotes quasi-horizontales trabajando a flexion (como los “paraguas” en túneles), por considerarse que estos tienen un comportamiento y un cálculo diferente, que está fuera del alcance de esta investigación. Se ha profundizado en el estudio del empleo de micropilotes en taludes, presentando casos reales de obras ejecutadas, datos estadísticos, problemas de diseño y ejecución, métodos de cálculo simplificados y modelación teórica en cada caso, efectuada mediante el empleo de elementos finitos con el Código Plaxis 2D. Para llevar a cabo los objetivos que se buscan con esta investigación, se ha iniciado con el desarrollo del “Estado del Arte” que ha permitido establecer tipología, aplicaciones, características y cálculo de los micropilotes que se emplean habitualmente. Seguidamente y a efectos de estudiar el problema dentro de un marco geotécnico real, se ha seleccionado una zona española de actuación, siendo ésta Andalucía, en la que se ha utilizado de manera muy importante la técnica de micropilotes sobre todo en problemas de estabilidad de terraplenes a media ladera. A partir de ahí, se ha realizado un estudio de las propiedades geotécnicas de los materiales (principalmente suelos y rocas muy blandas) que están presentes en esta zona geográfica, estudio que ha sido principalmente bibliográfico o a partir de la experiencia en la zona del Director de esta tesis. Del análisis realizado se han establecido ordenes de magnitud de los parámetros geotécnicos, principalmente la cohesión y el ángulo de rozamiento interno (además del módulo de deformación aparente o de un módulo de reacción lateral equivalente) para los diversos terrenos andaluces. Con el objeto de conocer el efecto de la ejecución de un micropilote en el terreno (volumen medio real del micropilote, una vez ejecutado; efecto de la presión aplicada en las propiedades del suelo circundante, etc.) se ha realizado una encuesta entre diversas empresas españolas especializadas en la técnica de los micropilotes, a efectos de controlar los volúmenes de inyección y las presiones aplicadas, en función de la deformabilidad del terreno circundante a dichos micropilotes, con lo que se ha logrado definir una rigidez a flexión equivalente de los mismos y la definición y características de una corona de terreno “mejorado” lograda mediante la introducción de la lechada y el efecto de la presión alrededor del micropilote. Con las premisas anteriores y a partir de los parámetros geotécnicos determinados para los terrenos andaluces, se ha procedido a estudiar la estabilidad de terraplenes apoyados sobre taludes a media ladera, mediante el uso de elementos finitos con el Código Plaxis 2D. En el capítulo 5. “Simulación del comportamiento de micropilotes estabilizando terraplenes”, se han desarrollado diversas simulaciones. Para empezar se simplificó el problema simulando casos similares a algunos reales en los que se conocía que los terraplenes habían llegado hasta su situación límite (de los que se disponía información de movimientos medidos con inclinómetros), a partir de ahí se inició la simulación de la inestabilidad para establecer el valor de los parámetros de resistencia al corte del terreno (mediante un análisis retrospectivo – back-análisis) comprobando a su vez que estos valores eran similares a los deducidos del estudio bibliográfico. Seguidamente se han introducido los micropilotes en el borde de la carretera y se ha analizado el comportamiento de éstos y del talud del terraplén (una vez construidos los micropilotes), con el objeto de establecer las bases para su diseño. De este modo y adoptando los distintos parámetros geotécnicos establecidos para los terrenos andaluces, se simularon tres casos reales (en Granada, Málaga y Ceuta), comparando los resultados de dichas simulaciones numéricas con los resultados de medidas reales de campo (desplazamientos del terreno, medidos con inclinómetros), obteniéndose una reproducción bastante acorde a los movimientos registrados. Con las primeras simulaciones se concluye que al instalar los micropilotes la zona más insegura de la ladera es la de aguas abajo. La superficie de rotura ya no afecta a la calzada que protegen los micropilotes. De ahí que se deduzca que esta solución sea válida y se haya aplicado masivamente en Andalucía. En esas condiciones, podría decirse que no se está simulando adecuadamente el trabajo de flexión de los micropilotes (en la superficie de rotura, ya que no les corta), aunque se utilicen elementos viga. Por esta razón se ha realizado otra simulación, basada en las siguientes hipótesis: − Se desprecia totalmente la masa potencialmente deslizante, es decir, la que está por delante de la fila exterior de micros. − La estratigrafía del terreno es similar a la considerada en las primeras simulaciones. − La barrera de micropilotes está constituida por dos elementos inclinados (uno hacia dentro del terraplén y otro hacia fuera), con inclinación 1(H):3(V). − Se puede introducir la rigidez del encepado. − Los micros están separados 0,556 m ó 1,00 m dentro de la misma alineación. − El empotramiento de los micropilotes en el sustrato resistente puede ser entre 1,5 y 7,0 m. Al “anular” el terreno que está por delante de los micropilotes, a lo largo del talud, estos elementos empiezan claramente a trabajar, pudiendo deducirse los esfuerzos de cortante y de flexión que puedan actuar sobre ellos (cota superior pero prácticamente muy cerca de la solución real). En esta nueva modelación se ha considerado tanto la rigidez equivalente (coeficiente ϴ) como la corona de terreno tratado concéntrico al micropilote. De acuerdo a esto último, y gracias a la comparación de estas modelaciones con valores reales de movimientos en laderas instrumentadas con problemas de estabilidad, se ha verificado que existe una similitud bastante importante entre los valores teóricos obtenidos y los medidos en campo, en relación al comportamiento de los micropilotes ejecutados en terraplenes a media ladera. Finalmente para completar el análisis de los micropilotes trabajando a flexión, se ha estudiado el caso de micropilotes dispuestos verticalmente, trabajando como pantallas discontinuas provistas de anclajes, aplicado a un caso real en la ciudad de Granada, en la obra “Hospital de Nuestra Señora de la Salud”. Para su análisis se utilizó el código numérico CYPE, basado en que la reacción del terreno se simula con muelles de rigidez Kh o “módulo de balasto” horizontal, introduciendo en la modelación como variables: a) Las diferentes medidas obtenidas en campo; b) El espesor de terreno cuaternario, que por lo que se pudo determinar, era variable, c) La rigidez y tensión inicial de los anclajes. d) La rigidez del terreno a través de valores relativos de Kh, recopilados en el estudio de los suelos de Andalucía, concretamente en la zona de Granada. Dicha pantalla se instrumentó con 4 inclinómetros (introducidos en los tubos de armadura de cuatro micropilotes), a efectos de controlar los desplazamientos horizontales del muro de contención durante las excavaciones pertinentes, a efectos de comprobar la seguridad del conjunto. A partir del modelo de cálculo desarrollado, se ha comprobado que el valor de Kh pierde importancia debido al gran número de niveles de anclajes, en lo concerniente a las deformaciones horizontales de la pantalla. Por otro lado, los momentos flectores son bastante sensibles a la distancia entre anclajes, al valor de la tensión inicial de los mismos y al valor de Kh. Dicho modelo también ha permitido reproducir de manera fiable los valores de desplazamientos medidos en campo y deducir los parámetros de deformabilidad del terreno, Kh, con valores del orden de la mitad de los medidos en el Metro Ligero de Granada, pero visiblemente superiores a los deducibles de ábacos que permiten obtener Kh para suelos granulares con poca cohesión (gravas y cuaternario superior de Sevilla) como es el caso del ábaco de Arozamena, debido, a nuestro juicio, a la cementación de los materiales presentes en Granada. En definitiva, de las anteriores deducciones se podría pensar en la optimización del diseño de los micropilotes en las obras que se prevean ejecutar en Granada, con similares características al caso de la pantalla vertical arriostrada mediante varios niveles de anclajes y en las que los materiales de emplazamiento tengan un comportamiento geotécnico similar a los estudiados, con el consiguiente ahorro económico. Con todo ello, se considera que se ha hecho una importante aportación para el diseño de futuras obras de micropilotes, trabajando a flexión y cortante, en obras de estabilización de laderas o de excavaciones. Using micropiles in civil engineering has transformed the techniques of stabilization of embankments on the natural or artificial slopes, because although the piles may be the cheapest option, the use of micropiles can reach inaccessible places with lower cost of earthworks, carrying out small work platforms. Machinery used is smaller, lightweight and versatile, including the possibility of manufacturing mortars or cement grouts over distances of several tens of meters of the element to build. However, making a review of the technical documentation available in the engineering field, it was found that systems designed in some cases (micropiles in embankments on the natural slopes, micropiles in vertical cut-off walls, micropiles like "umbrella" in tunnels, etc.) were quite poor or underdeveloped. Premise that concludes the builder has gone ahead (as usually happen in geotechnical engineering) of calculation or theoretical analysis. In the same way it was determined that most of the micropiles are used in underpinning works or as a new foundation solution in conditions of difficult access, in which case the design of micropiles is defined by axial, compressive or tensile loads, considered in regulations as the " Handbook for the design and execution of micropiles in road construction" of the Ministry of Development. The micropiles used to stabilize embankments on the slopes and micropiles act as retaining walls, where they work under shear stress and bending moment, there are not neither reliable systems analysis nor the problem of soil-micropile interaction are properly introduced. Moreover, in many cases, the geotechnical parameters used do not have a proper technical and theoretical basis for what designs may be excessively safe, or the opposite, in most cases. One of the main objectives of this research is to study the behavior of micro piles which are subjected to bending moment and shear stress, as well as other important objectives described in the pertinent section of this thesis. It should be noted that this study has not included the case of quasi-horizontal micropiles working bending moment (as the "umbrella" in tunnels), because it is considered they have a different behavior and calculation, which is outside the scope of this research. It has gone in depth in the study of using micropiles on slopes, presenting real cases of works made, statistics, problems of design and implementation, simplified calculation methods and theoretical modeling in each case, carried out by using FEM (Finite Element Method) Code Plaxis 2D. To accomplish the objectives of this research, It has been started with the development of the "state of the art" which stipulate types, applications, characteristics and calculation of micropiles that are commonly used. In order to study the problem in a real geotechnical field, it has been selected a Spanish zone of action, this being Andalusia, in which it has been used in a very important way, the technique of micropiles especially in embankments stability on natural slopes. From there, it has made a study of the geotechnical properties of the materials (mainly very soft soils and rocks) that are found in this geographical area, which has been mainly a bibliographic study or from the experience in the area of the Director of this thesis. It has been set orders of magnitude of the geotechnical parameters from analyzing made, especially the cohesion and angle of internal friction (also apparent deformation module or a side reaction module equivalent) for various typical Andalusian ground. In order to determine the effect of the implementation of a micropile on the ground (real average volume of micropile once carried out, effect of the pressure applied on the properties of the surrounding soil, etc.) it has conducted a survey among various skilled companies in the technique of micropiles, in order to control injection volumes and pressures applied, depending on the deformability of surrounding terrain such micropiles, whereby it has been possible to define a bending stiffness and the definition and characteristics of a crown land "improved" achieved by introducing the slurry and the effect of the pressure around the micropile. With the previous premises and from the geotechnical parameters determined for the Andalusian terrain, we proceeded to study the stability of embankments resting on batters on the slope, using FEM Code Plaxis 2D. In the fifth chapter "Simulation of the behavior of micropiles stabilizing embankments", there were several different numerical simulations. To begin the problem was simplified simulating similar to some real in which it was known that the embankments had reached their limit situation (for which information of movements measured with inclinometers were available), from there the simulation of instability is initiated to set the value of the shear strength parameters of the ground (by a retrospective analysis or back-analysis) checking these values were similar to those deduced from the bibliographical study Then micropiles have been introduced along the roadside and its behavior was analyzed as well as the slope of embankment (once micropiles were built ), in order to establish the basis for its design. In this way and taking the different geotechnical parameters for the Andalusian terrain, three real cases (in Granada, Malaga and Ceuta) were simulated by comparing the results of these numerical simulations with the results of real field measurements (ground displacements measured with inclinometers), getting quite consistent information according to registered movements. After the first simulations it has been concluded that after installing the micropiles the most insecure area of the natural slope is the downstream. The failure surface no longer affects the road that protects micropiles. Hence it is inferred that this solution is acceptable and it has been massively applied in Andalusia. Under these conditions, one could say that it is not working properly simulating the bending moment of micropiles (on the failure surface, and that does not cut them), although beam elements are used. Therefore another simulation was performed based on the following hypotheses: − The potentially sliding mass is totally neglected, that is, which is ahead of the outer row of micropiles. − Stratigraphy field is similar to the one considered in the first simulations. − Micropiles barrier is constituted by two inclined elements (one inward and one fill out) with inclination 1 (H): 3 (V). − You can enter the stiffness of the pile cap. − The microlies lines are separated 0.556 m or 1.00 m in the same alignment. − The embedding of the micropiles in the tough substrate can be between 1.5 and 7.0 m. To "annul" the ground that is in front of the micro piles, along the slope, these elements clearly start working, efforts can be inferred shear stress and bending moment which may affect them (upper bound but pretty close to the real) solution. In this new modeling it has been considered both equivalent stiffness coefficient (θ) as the treated soil crown concentric to the micropile. According to the latter, and by comparing these values with real modeling movements on field slopes instrumented with stability problems, it was verified that there is quite a significant similarity between the obtained theoretical values and the measured field in relation to the behavior of micropiles executed in embankments along the natural slope. Finally to complete the analysis of micropiles working in bending conditions, we have studied the case of micropiles arranged vertically, working as discontinued cut-off walls including anchors, applied to a real case in the city of Granada, in the play "Hospital of Our Lady of the Health ". CYPE numeric code, based on the reaction of the ground is simulated spring stiffness Kh or "subgrade" horizontal, introduced in modeling was used as variables for analysis: a) The different measurements obtained in field; b) The thickness of quaternary ground, so that could be determined, was variable, c) The stiffness and the prestress of the anchors. d) The stiffness of the ground through relative values of Kh, collected in the study of soils in Andalusia, particularly in the area of Granada. (previously study of the Andalusia soils) This cut-off wall was implemented with 4 inclinometers (introduced in armor tubes four micropiles) in order to control the horizontal displacements of the retaining wall during the relevant excavations, in order to ensure the safety of the whole. From the developed model calculation, it was found that the value of Kh becomes less important because a large number of anchors levels, with regard to the horizontal deformation of the cut-off wall. On the other hand, the bending moments are quite sensitive to the distance between anchors, the initial voltage value thereof and the value of Kh. This model has also been reproduced reliably displacement values measured in the field and deduce parameters terrain deformability, Kh, with values around half the measured Light Rail in Granada, but visibly higher than deductible of abacuses which can obtain Kh for granular soils with low cohesion (upper Quaternary gravels and Sevilla) such as Abacus Arozamena, because, in our view, to cementing materials in Granada. In short, previous deductions you might think on optimizing the design of micropiles in the works that are expected to perform in Granada, with similar characteristics to the case of the vertical cut-off wall braced through several levels of anchors and in which materials location have a geotechnical behavior similar to those studied, with the consequent economic savings. With all this, it is considered that a significant contribution have been made for the design of future works of micropiles, bending moment and shear stress working in slope stabilization works or excavations.

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O objetivo desse estudo foi evidenciar o uso das ferramentas de controle gerencial que auxiliam no processo de tomada de decisão nas Micros, Pequenas e Médias Empresas, no município de SCSul. Entende-se, que na atualidade esses instrumentos devem ser alinhados com a realidade dessas organizações e as informações extraídas por estas devem ser a base para a tomada de decisão que perpetuem a riqueza dos investidores. O procedimento metodológico aplicado na escolha das empresas pesquisadas foi o critério de conveniência, utilizando o método de raciocínio dedutivo, através de aplicação de um questionário em 296 empresas, pelo a qual 18,6% destas se depuseram a responder o questionário. As empresas foram classificadas de acordo com o faturamento bruto anual estabelecido pela Receita Federal. Após a análise dos resultados, foi possível detectar que cerca de 41% dessas organizações estão a mais de 20 anos no mercado, o que demonstra uma boa consolidação no mercado. Detecta-se, também, que estes empresários-gerentes possuem uma forte formação superior: 31,27% pós-graduados e 22,22% graduados, o que pode ser um diferencial na gestão desses negócios. Como o pressuposto dessa pesquisa foi de analisar: se as MPME s industriais no município de SCSul estão utilizando as ferramentas de controle gerencial em seu processo de gestão para tomada de decisão, diante das análises efetuadas, tanto pelo o estudo de campo com bibliográfica, conclui-se que a tomada de decisão nessas empresas está baseada nas ferramentas de controle e que estas possuem um bom controle dos seus negócios contrariando o que se esperava.

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O objetivo desse estudo foi evidenciar o uso das ferramentas de controle gerencial que auxiliam no processo de tomada de decisão nas Micros, Pequenas e Médias Empresas, no município de SCSul. Entende-se, que na atualidade esses instrumentos devem ser alinhados com a realidade dessas organizações e as informações extraídas por estas devem ser a base para a tomada de decisão que perpetuem a riqueza dos investidores. O procedimento metodológico aplicado na escolha das empresas pesquisadas foi o critério de conveniência, utilizando o método de raciocínio dedutivo, através de aplicação de um questionário em 296 empresas, pelo a qual 18,6% destas se depuseram a responder o questionário. As empresas foram classificadas de acordo com o faturamento bruto anual estabelecido pela Receita Federal. Após a análise dos resultados, foi possível detectar que cerca de 41% dessas organizações estão a mais de 20 anos no mercado, o que demonstra uma boa consolidação no mercado. Detecta-se, também, que estes empresários-gerentes possuem uma forte formação superior: 31,27% pós-graduados e 22,22% graduados, o que pode ser um diferencial na gestão desses negócios. Como o pressuposto dessa pesquisa foi de analisar: se as MPME s industriais no município de SCSul estão utilizando as ferramentas de controle gerencial em seu processo de gestão para tomada de decisão, diante das análises efetuadas, tanto pelo o estudo de campo com bibliográfica, conclui-se que a tomada de decisão nessas empresas está baseada nas ferramentas de controle e que estas possuem um bom controle dos seus negócios contrariando o que se esperava.

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In the evolution of eukaryotic genes, introns are believed to have played a major role in increasing the probability of favorable duplication events, chance recombinations, and exon shuffling resulting in functional hybrid proteins. As a rule, prokaryotic genes lack introns, and the examples of prokaryotic introns described do not seem to have contributed to gene evolution by exon shuffling. Still, certain protein families in modern bacteria evolve rapidly by recombination of genes, duplication of functional domains, and as shown for protein PAB of the anaerobic bacterial species Peptostreptococcus magnus, by the shuffling of an albumin-binding protein module from group C and G streptococci. Characterization of a protein PAB-related gene in a P. magnus strain with less albumin-binding activity revealed that the shuffled module was missing. Based on this fact and observations made when comparing gene sequences of this family of bacterial surface proteins interacting with albumin and/or immunoglobulin, a model is presented that can explain how this rapid intronless evolution takes place. A new kind of genetic element is introduced: the recer sequence promoting interdomain, in frame recombination and acting as a structure-less flexibility-promoting spacer in the corresponding protein. The data presented also suggest that antibiotics could represent the selective pressure behind the shuffling of protein modules in P. magnus, a member of the indigenous bacterial flora.

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We recorded miniature endplate currents (mEPCs) using simultaneous voltage clamp and extracellular methods, allowing correction for time course measurement errors. We obtained a 20-80% rise time (tr) of approximately 80 micros at 22 degrees C, shorter than any previously reported values, and tr variability (SD) with an upper limit of 25-30 micros. Extracellular electrode pressure can increase tr and its variability by 2- to 3-fold. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we modeled passive acetylcholine diffusion through a vesicle fusion pore expanding radially at 25 nm x ms(-1) (rapid, from endplate omega figure appearance) or 0.275 nm x ms(-1) (slow, from mast cell exocytosis). Simulated mEPCs obtained with rapid expansion reproduced tr and the overall shape of our experimental mEPCs, and were similar to simulated mEPCs obtained with instant acetylcholine release. We conclude that passive transmitter diffusion, coupled with rapid expansion of the fusion pore, is sufficient to explain the time course of experimentally measured synaptic currents with trs of less than 100 micros.

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The rapid refolding dynamics of apomyoglobin are followed by a new temperature-jump fluorescence technique on a 15-ns to 0.5-ms time scale in vitro. The apparatus measures the protein-folding history in a single sweep in standard aqueous buffers. The earliest steps during folding to a compact state are observed and are complete in under 20 micros. Experiments on mutants and consideration of steady-state CD and fluorescence spectra indicate that the observed microsecond phase monitors assembly of an A x (H x G) helix subunit. Measurements at different viscosities indicate diffusive behavior even at low viscosities, in agreement with motions of a solvent-exposed protein during the initial collapse.

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Proton translocation experiments with intact cells of Halobacterium salinarium overproducing sensory rhodopsin I (SRI) revealed transport activity of SRI in a two-photon process. The vectoriality of proton translocation depends on pH, being outwardly directed above, and inwardly directed below, pH 5.7. Activation of the transport cycle requires excitation of the initial dark state of SRI, SRI590, to form the intermediate SRI380. Action spectra identify the photocycle intermediates SRI380 and SRI520 as the two photochemically reactive species in the outwardly directed transport process. As shown by flash photolysis experiments, SRI520 undergoes a so-far unknown photochemical reaction to SRI380 with a half-time of <200 micros. Mutation of SRI residue Asp-76, the residue which is equivalent to the proton acceptor Asp-85 in bacteriorhodopsin, to asparagine leads to inactivation of proton translocation. This demonstrates that the underlying mechanisms of proton transport in both retinal proteins share similar features. However, SRI is to our knowledge the first case where photochemical reactions between two thermally unstable photoproducts of a retinal protein constitute a catalytic ion transport cycle.

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Flash-induced voltage changes (electrogenic events) in photosystem I particles from spinach, oriented in a phospholipid layer, have been studied at room temperature on a time scale ranging from 1 micros to several seconds. A phospholipid layer containing photosystem I particles was adsorbed to a Teflon film separating two aqueous compartments. Voltage changes were measured across electrodes immersed in the compartments. In the absence of added electron donors and acceptors, a multiphasic voltage increase, associated with charge separation, was followed by a decrease, associated with charge recombination. Several kinetic phases were resolved: a rapid (<1 micros) increase, ascribed to electron transfer from the primary electron donor P700 to the iron-sulfur electron acceptor FB, was followed by a slower, biphasic increase with time constants of 30 and 200 micros. The 30-micros phase is assigned to electron transfer from FB to the iron-sulfur center FA. The voltage decrease had a time constant of 90 ms, ascribed to charge recombination from FA to P700. Upon chemical prereduction of FA and FB the 30- and 200-micros phases disappeared and the decay time constant was accelerated to 330 micros, assigned to charge recombination from the phylloquinone electron acceptor (A1) or the iron-sulfur center FX to P700.

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En este proyecto se pretende diseñar un sistema embebido capaz de realizar procesamiento de imágenes y guiado de un hexacóptero. El hexacóptero dispondrá a bordo de una cámara así como las baterías y todo el hardware necesario para realizar el procesamiento de la información visual obtenida e implementar el controlador necesario para permitir su guiado. OpenCV es una biblioteca de primitivas de procesado de imagen que permite crear algoritmos de Visión por Computador de última generación. OpenCV fue desarrollado originalmente por Intel en 1999 para mostrar la capacidad de procesamiento de los micros de Intel, por lo que la mayoría de la biblioteca está optimizada para correr en estos micros, incluyendo las extensiones MMX y SSE. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCV Actualmente es ampliamente utilizada tanto por la comunidad científica como por la industria, para desarrollar nuevos algoritmos para equipos de sobremesa y sobre todo para sistemas empotrados (robots móviles, cámaras inteligentes, sistemas de inspección, sistemas de vigilancia, etc..). Debido a su gran popularidad se han realizado compilaciones de la biblioteca para distintos sistemas operativos tradicionales (Windows, Linux, Mac), para dispositivos móviles (Android, iOS) y para sistemas embebidos basados en distintos tipos de procesadores (ARM principalmente). - iPhone port: http://www.eosgarden.com/en/opensource/opencv-ios/overview/ - Android port: http://opencv.willowgarage.com/wiki/AndroidExperimental Un ejemplo de plataforma embebida es la tarjeta Zedboard (http://www.zedboard.org/), que representa el estado del arte en dispositivos embebidos basados en la arquitectura Cortex de ARM. La tarjeta incluye un procesador Cortex-A9 dual core junto con una gran cantidad de periféricos y posibilidades de conexión a tarjetas de expansión de terceras partes, lo que permite desarrollar aplicaciones en muy distintos campos de la Visión por Computador.

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Among Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in particular, the UK Government’s ambitions regarding BIM uptake and diffusion across the construction sector may be tempered by a realpolitik shaped in part by interactions between the industry, Higher Education (HE) and professional practice. That premise also has a global perspective. Building on the previous 2 papers, Architectural technology and the BIM Acronym 1 and 2, this third iteration is a synthesis of research and investigations carried out over a number of years directly related to the practical implementation of BIM and its impact upon BE SMEs. First challenges, risks and potential benefits for SMEs and micros in facing up to the necessity to engage with digital tools in a competitive and volatile marketplace are discussed including tailoring BIM to suit business models, and filtering out achievable BIM outcomes from generic and bespoke aspects of practice. Second the focus is on setting up and managing teams engaging with BIM scenarios, including the role of clients; addresses a range of paradigms including lonely BIM and collaborative working. The significance of taking a whole life view with BIM is investigated including embedding soft landings principles into project planning and realisation. Thirdly procedures for setting up and managing common data environments are identified and the value of achieving smooth information flow is addressed. The overall objective of this paper is to provide SMEs with a practical strategy to develop a toolkit to BIM implementation.

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No Brasil, os microempreendimentos representam de 5,6 a 6 milhões de empresas segundo pesquisas do SEBRAE (2010). Cumprem um papel importante para o PIB (Produto Interno Bruto) Nacional. As pesquisas de mortalidade desses negócios mostram que, cerca de 75% não conseguem permanecer no mercado além dos seis meses iniciais. A abertura desses pequenos negócios decorre, em muitos casos, da necessidade oriunda do desemprego. O empreendedor, anteriormente registrado pode usar de sua indenização e do Fundo de Garantia do Tempo de Serviço para iniciar um novo empreendimento. Geralmente, de acordo com as pesquisas, tais negócios não têm um suporte adequado nem constituem um plano de negócios, diferente de outros países como Estados Unidos e Canadá, onde um isso é condição básica para o início de um empreendimento. As pesquisas mostram que o cenário para os microempreendedores é de dificuldades. Por outro lado, contrariando as pesquisas de mortalidade, (SEBRAE, 2010), existem pequenos negócios que sobrevivem ao longo do tempo, passando à margem de toda a oscilação do mercado, tanto interno quanto externo. O presente trabalho analisará seis empresas das regiões norte e oeste de São Paulo, capital, com pequenos negócios que estão estabilizados no mercado. Além disso, mostrará quais as dificuldades transpostas por esses empreendedores para dar longevidade a seu negócio

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O objetivo desse estudo foi evidenciar o uso das ferramentas de controle gerencial que auxiliam no processo de tomada de decisão nas Micros, Pequenas e Médias Empresas, no município de SCSul. Entende-se, que na atualidade esses instrumentos devem ser alinhados com a realidade dessas organizações e as informações extraídas por estas devem ser a base para a tomada de decisão que perpetuem a riqueza dos investidores. O procedimento metodológico aplicado na escolha das empresas pesquisadas foi o critério de conveniência, utilizando o método de raciocínio dedutivo, através de aplicação de um questionário em 296 empresas, pelo a qual 18,6% destas se depuseram a responder o questionário. As empresas foram classificadas de acordo com o faturamento bruto anual estabelecido pela Receita Federal. Após a análise dos resultados, foi possível detectar que cerca de 41% dessas organizações estão a mais de 20 anos no mercado, o que demonstra uma boa consolidação no mercado. Detecta-se, também, que estes empresários-gerentes possuem uma forte formação superior: 31,27% pós-graduados e 22,22% graduados, o que pode ser um diferencial na gestão desses negócios. Como o pressuposto dessa pesquisa foi de analisar: se as MPME s industriais no município de SCSul estão utilizando as ferramentas de controle gerencial em seu processo de gestão para tomada de decisão, diante das análises efetuadas, tanto pelo o estudo de campo com bibliográfica, conclui-se que a tomada de decisão nessas empresas está baseada nas ferramentas de controle e que estas possuem um bom controle dos seus negócios contrariando o que se esperava.