Étude de l’immunité mucosale génitale chez des femmes béninoises hautement exposées au VIH-1 séronégatives (HESN) et séropositives.

Introduction : Aujourd’hui, 35,3 millions de personnes vivent avec le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH)-1 dans le monde ; l’Afrique subsaharienne concentre 70% des nouvelles infections et les femmes en représentent plus de la moitié. Le mode de transmission du VIH le plus répandu est par voie mucosale génitale suite à des relations sexuelles. Le tractus génital féminin (TGF) possède un milieu immunitaire complexe qui doit contrer l’invasion par des pathogènes tout en maintenant la tolérance/contrôle de la flore normale vaginale étant sous la pression de procréation sous influence des hormones sexuelles. De plus, les mécanismes favorisant ou prévenant l’infection du TGF par le VIH ne sont pas précisément identifiés. Hypothèse : Le contexte inflammatoire mucosal génital et la résultante de dialogues intercellulaires tel qu’entre les cellules épithéliales génitales (CEG) et les cellules dendritiques myéloïdes (mDC), qui sont des premières à rencontrer le virus aux portes d’entrée mucosales, modulent l’activité des lymphocytes qui est déterminante dans le type de réponse immunitaire élaborée par l’hôte. Méthodologie : Des spécimens provenant d’une cohorte de travailleuses du sexe (TS) recrutées à Cotonou au Bénin en Afrique subsaharienne ont été analysés. Nous avons caractérisé le milieu mucosal génital féminin hautement exposé au VIH de TS séronégatives (highly exposed seronegative; HESN) en comparaison avec celui de TS séropositives. Brièvement, les liquides cervicaux-vaginaux ont été déterminés par des techniques de multiplexes/Luminex ou par ELISA et le milieu cellulaire a été décrit suite à des analyses de cytométrie en flux (phénotypage et tri cellulaire). Résultats : Nous avons observé la présence augmentée d’un facteur soluble antiviral, immunomodulateur et antiprolifératif sécrété dans le TGF des TS HESN qui est l’interféron (IFN)-α. La présence augmentée de cette cytokine suggère l’existence possible de connexions intercellulaires clés qui pourraient mener à une régulation homéostatique du compartiment immunitaire génital permettant de contrôler l’infection par le VIH-1. En étudiant l’expression de molécules impliquées dans les voies de signalisation associées à la production d’IFN-α dans les CEG et les cellules myéloïdes du TGF, nous avons pu mettre en évidence l’existence d’un microenvironnement présentant un profil «tolérogénique/régulateur» dans le TGF des TS HESN. Conclusion : Nos observations nous ont permis d’élucider certaines hypothèses sur un potentiel mécanisme d’immunité naturelle protecteur chez les TS HESN. De plus, nous sommes des premiers à décrire une population myéloïde présentant des caractéristiques de DC «tolérogéniques» de par leur expression d’interleukine (IL)-10, de human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G et de immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)-4 dans le TGF de TS HESN. Cette étude aura des implications majeures dans le développement de stratégies d’interventions préventives afin de moduler des conditions inflammatoires préexistantes ainsi établissant une défense mucosale rapide et durable contre le VIH-1.

Efectos del consumo de cigarrillo en la presentación y severidad de la dismenorrea

Introducción: La dismenorrea se presenta como una patología cada vez más frecuente en mujeres de 16-30 años. Dentro de los factores asociados a su presentación, el consumo de tabaco ha revelado resultados contradictorios. El objetivo del presente estudio es explorar la asociación entre el consumo de cigarrillo y la presentación de dismenorrea, y determinar si los trastornos del ánimo y la depresión, alteran dicha asociación. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de prevalencia analítica en mujeres de la Universidad del Rosario matriculadas en pregrado durante el primer semestre de 2013, para determinar la asociación entre el consumo de tabaco y la presentación de dismenorrea. En el estudio se tuvieron en cuenta variables tradicionalmente relacionadas con dismenorrea, incluyendo las variables ansiedad y depresión como potenciales variables de confusión. Los registros fueron analizados en el programa Estadístico IBM SPSS Statistics Versión 20.0. Resultados: Se realizaron 538 cuestionarios en total. La edad promedio fue 19.92±2.0 años. La prevalencia de dismenorrea se estimó en 89.3%, la prevalencia de tabaquismo 11.7%. No se encontró una asociación entre dismenorrea y tabaquismo (OR 3.197; IC95% 0.694-14.724). Dentro de las variables analizadas, la depresión y la ansiedad constituyen factores de riesgo independientes para la presentación de dismenorrea con una asociación estadísticamente significativa p=0.026 y p=0.024 respectivamente. El análisis multivariado encuentra como factor determinante en la presentación de dismenorrea, la interacción de depresión y ansiedad controlando por las variables tradicionales p<0.0001. Sin embargo, esta asociación se pierde cuando se analiza en la categoría de dismenorrea severa y gana relevancia el uso de métodos de anticoncepción diferentes a los hormonales, mientras que el hecho de haber iniciado la vida sexual presenta una tendencia limítrofe de riesgo. Conclusiones: No se puede demostrar que el tabaco es un factor asociado a la presentación de dismenorrea. Los trastornos del ánimo y la ansiedad constituyen factores determinantes a la presentación de dismenorrea independientemente de la presencia de otros concomitantes. Las variables de asociación se modifican cuando la variable dependiente se categoriza en su estado más severo. Se necesitan estudios más amplios y detallados para establecer dicha asociación.

Enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune en pacientes colombianos con lupus eritematoso sistémico

Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados con el desarrollo de hipotiroidismo autoinmune (HA) en una cohorte de pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES), y analizar la información actual en cuanto a la prevalencia e impacto de la enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune y la autoinmunidad tiroidea en pacientes con LES. Métodos: Este fue un estudio realizado en dos pasos. Primero, un total de 376 pacientes con LES fueron evaluados sistemáticamente por la presencia de: 1) HA confirmado, 2) positividad para anticuerpos tiroperoxidasa/tiroglobulina (TPOAb/TgAb) sin hipotiroidismo, 3) hipotiroidismo no autoinmune, y 4) pacientes con LES sin hipotiroidismo ni positividad para TPOAb/TgAb. Se construyeron modelos multivariados y árboles de regresión y clasificación para analizar los datos. Segundo, la información actual fue evaluada a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura (RLS). Se siguieron las guías PRISMA para la búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, SciELO y Librería Virtual en Salud. Resultados: En nuestra cohorte, la prevalencia de HA confirmado fue de 12% (Grupo 1). Sin embargo, la frecuencia de positividad para TPOAb y TgAb fue de 21% y 10%, respectivamente (Grupo 2). Los pacientes con LES sin HA, hipotiroidismo no autoinmune ni positividad para TPOAb/TgAb constituyeron el 40% de la corhorte. Los pacientes con HA confirmada fueron estadísticamente significativo de mayor edad y tuvieron un inicio tardío de la enfermedad. El tabaquismo (ORA 6.93, IC 95% 1.98-28.54, p= 0.004), la presencia de Síndrome de Sjögren (SS) (ORA 23.2, IC 95% 1.89-359.53, p= 0.015) y la positividad para anticuerpos anti-péptido cíclico citrulinado (anti-CCP) (ORA 10.35, IC 95% 1.04-121.26, p= 0.047) se asociaron con la coexistencia de LES-HA, ajustado por género y duración de la enfermedad. El tabaquismo y el SS fueron confirmados como factores predictivos para LES-HA (AUC del modelo CART = 0.72). En la RSL, la prevalencia de ETA en LES varío entre 1% al 60%. Los factores asociados con esta poliautoinmunidad fueron el género femenino, edad avanzada, tabaquismo, positividad para algunos anticuerpos, SS y el compromiso articular y cutáneo. Conclusiones: La ETA es frecuente en pacientes con LES, y no afecta la severidad del LES. Los factores de riesgo identificados ayudarán a los clínicos en la búsqueda de ETA. Nuestros resultados deben estimular políticas para la suspensión del tabaquismo en pacientes con LES.

Discussing sex at work can be a costly business: Translating the science, language and law behind M v A & U (2007) QADT 8...

On 16 March 2007, in the matter of M v A & U [2007] QADT 8, the Anti-Discrimination Tribunal of Queensland found that a complaint of discrimination in the supply of goods and services had been made out by the complainant on two grounds: her female sex and lawful sexual activity. The decision would have been quite unremarkable except that ‘M’, as the complainant was known for the purposes of the hearing, is a woman of difference, one who had unusually arrived at her legal female state by completing the sex reassignment process now more commonly described as ‘sex affirmation’.

This article seeks to elaborate on the language and law of transsexualism used by the Tribunal. Its aim is to enhance practitioners’ understanding of the legal and social issues peculiar to those who affirm a sex opposite that first assigned to them so that those practitioners may better interpret the law to their clients. As the instant decision shows, the failure by an employer to take reasonable steps to avoid infringing the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld), either on its own part or by the actions of its employees, can prove a costly business indeed.

The author offers a brief synopsis of the current medical viewpoint regarding transsexualism and reviews recent Australian legal developments in the jurisprudence. She reminds practitioners that the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) has since been further strengthened by the inclusion of ‘gender identity’ as a protected attribute, and concludes by proposing the existence of a heightened duty on the part of practitioners to ensure business clients are aware of the full extent of their legal obligations to not discriminate against employees or clients.

Gender-specific inhibition of platelet aggregation following omega-3 fatty acid supplementation

Background and Aims : Increased platelet aggregation is a major risk factor for heart attacks, stroke and thrombosis. Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA; eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA; docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) reduce platelet aggregation; however studies in the published literature involving EPA and/or DHA supplementation have yielded equivocal results. Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that inhibition of platelet aggregation by LCn-3PUFA is gender specific. We examined the acute effects of dietary supplementation with EPA or DHA rich oils on platelet aggregation in healthy male and females.

Methods and Results : A blinded placebo controlled trial involving 15 male and 15 female subjects. Platelet aggregation was measured at 0, 2, 5 and 24 h post-supplementation with a single dose of either a placebo or EPA or DHA rich oil capsules. The relationship between LCn-3PUFA and platelet activity at each time point was examined according to gender vs. treatment. EPA was significantly the most effective in reducing platelet aggregation in males at 2, 5 and 24 h post-supplementation (−11%, −10.6%, −20.5% respectively) whereas DHA was not effective relative to placebo. In contrast, in females, DHA significantly reduced platelet aggregation at 24 h (−13.7%) while EPA was not effective. An inverse relationship between testosterone levels and platelet aggregation following EPA supplementation was observed.

Conclusion : Interactions between sex hormones and omega-3 fatty acids exist to differentially reduce platelet aggregation. For healthy individuals, males may benefit more from EPA supplementation while females are more responsive to DHA.

Professional response and attitudes toward female-perpetrated child sexual abuse : a study of psychologists, probationary psychologists and child protection workers

Previous studies have suggested that lay people and professionals both tend to deny or minimise female-perpetrated sexual abuse of children. However, such abuse has been shown to have negative impacts on the victims. This study investigated whether professionals who might work with victims or perpetrators of childhood sexual abuse show a bias in processing scenarios and making decisions when confronted such abuse. A sample of 231 psychiatrists, psychologists, probationary psychologists and child protection workers responded to variations in vignettes in which women and men offended against children, and completed a questionnaire assessing attitudes to women's sexually abusive/offending behaviour toward children. All professional groups regarded cases involving female perpetrators of child sexual abuse as serious and deserving of professional attention. However, while there were some differences between groups, female perpetrators were more likely than male perpetrators to be considered leniently, suggesting that minimisation of female-perpetrated sexual abuse of children may persist in the professional arena. As a result, both female perpetrators of sexual abuse and their victims may go untreated, and in the case of perpetrators, their behaviour may go unsanctioned. Training for professionals to enhance their understanding of the seriousness of sexual abuse perpetrated by women is indicated.

Sex-linked neuroanatomical basis of human altruistic cooperativeness

Human altruistic cooperativeness, one of the most important components of our highly organized society, is along with a greatly enlarged brain relative to body size a spectacular outlier in the animal world. The "social-brain hypothesis" suggests that human brain expansion reflects an increased necessity for information processing to create social reciprocity and cooperation in our complex society. The present study showed that the young adult females (n = 66) showed greater Cooperativeness as well as larger relative global and regional gray matter volumes (GMVs) than the matched males (n = 89), particularly in the social-brain regions including bilateral posterior inferior frontal and left anterior medial prefrontal cortices. Moreover, in females, higher cooperativeness was tightly coupled with the larger relative total GMV and more specifically with the regional GMV in most of the regions revealing larger in female sex-dimorphism. The global and most of regional correlations between GMV and Cooperativeness were significantly specific to female. These results suggest that sexually dimorphic factors may affect the neurodevelopment of these "social-brain" regions, leading to higher cooperativeness in females. The present findings may also have an implication for the pathophysiology of autism; characterized by severe dysfunction in social reciprocity, abnormalities in social-brain, and disproportionately low probability in females.

The effects of ethinylestradiol and progestins ("the pill") on cognitive function in pre-menopausal women

Oral contraceptives (OCs), often referred to as "the pill", are the most commonly employed form of reversible contraception. OCs are comprised of combined synthetic estrogen and progestin, which work to suppress ovulation and subsequently protect against pregnancy. To date, almost 200 million women have taken various formulations of OC, making it one of the most widely consumed classes of medication in the world. While a substantial body of literature has been dedicated to understanding the physical effects of OCs, much less is known about the long term consequences of OC use on brain anatomy and the associated cognitive effects. Accumulating evidence suggests that sex hormones may significantly affect human cognition. This phenomenon has been commonly studied in older populations, such as in post-menopausal women, while research in healthy, pre-menopausal women remains limited. The current review focused on the effects of OCs on human cognition, with the majority of studies comparing pre-menopausal OC users to naturally cycling women. Human neuroimaging data and animal studies are also described herein. Taken together, the published findings on OC use and human cognition are varied. Of those that do report positive results, OC users appear to have improved verbal memory, associative learning and spatial attention. We recommend future research to employ blinding procedures and randomised designs. Further, more detailed information pertaining to the specific generation and phasic type of OCs, as well as menstrual cycle phase of the OC non-users should be considered to help unmask the potential impact of OC use on human cognition.

Efeitos de diferentes tipos estressores sobre a memória e aprendizagem de ratas

The exposure to stressors produces physiological changes of the organism in order to adapt the individual to the environment. Depending on the type, intensity and duration, stress can affect some cognitive functions, particularly processes of learning and memory. Several studies have also proposed that some level of anxiety would be necessary for memory formation. In this context, memories of previously aversive experiences may determine the manner and intensity with which are expressed fear responses, which explains the great interest in analyzing both anxiety and memory in animals. In addition, males and females demonstrate different reactions in relation to stressful stimuli, showing different levels of anxiety and differences in processing of the acquisition, retention and recall of information. Based on this information, the present study aimed to verify the effect of stress on learning, memory and anxiety behavioral parameters in rats exposed at different types of stressors of long duration (seven consecutive days): restraint (4h/day), overcrowding (18h/day) and social isolation (18h/day) in the different phases of the estrous cycle. Our results showed that the stress induced by restraint and social isolation did not cause changes in the acquisition process, but impaired the recall of memory in rats. Furthermore, it is suggested a protective effect of sex hormones on retrieval of aversive memory, since female rats in proestrus or estrus phase, characterized by high estrogen concentrations, showed no aversive memory deficits. Furthermore, despite the increased plasma levels of corticosterone observed in female rats subjected to restraint stress and social isolation, anxiety levels were unaltered, compared to those various stress conditions. Animal models based on psychological and social stress have been extensively discussed in the literature. Correlate behavioral responses, physiological and psychological have contributed in increasing the understanding of stress-induced psychophysiological disorders

Variations in maternal care alter corticosterone and 17beta-estradiol levels, estrous cycle and folliculogenesis and stimulate the expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta in the ovaries of UCh rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Screening and characterization of sex-specific DNA fragments in the freshwater fish matrinch, Brycon amazonicus (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Impact of breed and sex on porcine endocrine transcriptome: a bayesian biometrical analysis

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Chromosome mapping of repetitive sequences in Anostomidae species: Implications for genomic and sex chromosome evolution

Background: Members of the Anostomidae family provide an interesting model system for the study of the influence of repetitive elements on genome composition, mainly because they possess numerous heterochromatic segments and a peculiar system of female heterogamety that is restricted to a few species of the Leporinus genus. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify important new repetitive DNA elements in Anostomidae through restriction enzyme digestion, followed by cloning, characterisation and chromosome mapping of this fragment. To identify repetitive elements in other Leporinus species and expand on studies of repetitive elements in Anostomidae, hybridisation experiments were also performed using previously described probes of LeSpeI repetitive elements. Results: The 628-base pair (bp) LeSpeII fragment was hybridised to metaphase cells of L. elongatus individuals as well as those of L. macrocephalus, L. obtusidens, L. striatus, L. lacustris, L. friderici, Schizodon borellii and S. isognathus. In L. elongatus, both male and female cells contained small clusters of LeSpeII repetitive elements dispersed on all of the chromosomes, with enrichment near most of the terminal portions of the chromosomes. In the female sex chromosomes of L. elongatus (Z2,Z2/W1W 2), however, this repeated element was absent. In the remaining species, a dispersed pattern of hybridisation was observed on all chromosomes irrespective of whether or not they were sex chromosomes. The repetitive element LeSpeI produced positive hybridisations signals only in L. elongatus, L. macrocephalus and L. obtusidens, i.e., species with differentiated sex chromosomes. In the remaining species, the LeSpeI element did not produce hybridisation signals. Conclusions: Results are discussed in terms of the effects of repetitive sequences on the differentiation of the Anostomidae genome, especially with respect to sex chromosome evolution. LeSpeII showed hybridisation patterns typical of Long Interspersed Elements (LINEs). The differential distribution of this element may be linked to sex chromosome differentiation in L. elongatus species. The relationship between sex chromosome specificity and the LeSpeI element is confirmed in the species L. elongatus, L. macrocephalus and L. obtusidens. © 2012 da Silva et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Desenvolvimento gonadal inicial e reversão sexual em Astyanax altiparanae (Teleostei, characidae)

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Celular e Molecular) - IBRC

Hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses in rats with polycystic ovaries

In female rats, a single injection of estradiol valerate (EV) results in effects that are similar to those observed in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We hypothesized that EV-induced PCOS affects breathing control based on evidence showing an influence of sex hormones on ventilation. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of EV treatment on the ventilation of female rats in air, in 7% CO2 and in 7% O2, at 30, 45 and 60 days after EV injection. The group examined 30 days after EV treatment showed a 61% reduction in the hypercapnic ventilatory response compared to the control group. Basal ventilation, hypoxic ventilatory response, and body temperature were not affected. These results, suggest that the hormonal changes observed in PCOS may result in a temporary inhibition of the central chemoreflex but do not influence basal ventilation or the hypoxic peripheral chemoreflex.