The energetics of lactation in cooperatively breeding meerkats Suricata suricatta

Species may become obligate cooperative breeders when parents are unable to raise their offspring unassisted. We measured the daily energy expenditure of mothers, helpers and offspring during peak lactation in cooperatively breeding meerkats Suricata suricatta using the doubly labelled water technique. Lactating mothers expended more energy per day than allo-lactating subordinate females, non-lactating females or suckling offspring. Metabolizable energy intakes of lactating mothers were calculated from isotope-based estimates of offspring milk energy intake, and were not significantly different from the previously suggested maximal limit for mammals. Allo-lactating females were the only category of animals that lost weight during the period of study, probably because they spent more time babysitting than non-lactating females. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) of lactating mothers increased with litter size but decreased with the number of helpers. Calculations show that for every 10 helpers, even in the absence of allo-lactators, mothers are able to reduce their DEE during peak lactation by an amount equivalent to the energy cost of one pup. These results indicate that helpers have beneficial energetic consequences for lactating mothers in an obligate cooperatively breeding mammal.

Insight into association reactions on metal surfaces: Density-functional theory studies of hydrogenation reactions on Rh(111)

Hydrogenation reaction, as one of the simplest association reactions on surfaces, is of great importance both scientifically and technologically. They are essential steps in many industrial processes in heterogeneous catalysis, such as ammonia synthesis (N-2+3H(2)-->2NH(3)). Many issues in hydrogenation reactions remain largely elusive. In this work, the NHx (x=0,1,2) hydrogenation reactions (N+H-->NH, NH+H-->NH2 and NH2+H-->NH3) on Rh(111) are used as a model system to study the hydrogenation reactions on metal surfaces in general using density-functional theory. In addition, C and O hydrogenation (C+H-->CH and O+H-->OH) and several oxygenation reactions, i.e., C+O, N+O, O+O reactions, are also calculated in order to provide a further understanding of the barrier of association reactions. The reaction pathways and the barriers of all these reactions are determined and reported. For the C, N, NH, and O hydrogenation reactions, it is found that there is a linear relationship between the barrier and the valency of R (R=C, N, NH, and O). Detailed analyses are carried out to rationalize the barriers of the reactions, which shows that: (i) The interaction energy between two reactants in the transition state plays an important role in determining the trend in the barriers; (ii) there are two major components in the interaction energy: The bonding competition and the direct Pauli repulsion; and (iii) the Pauli repulsion effect is responsible for the linear valency-barrier trend in the C, N, NH, and O hydrogenation reactions. For the NH2+H reaction, which is different from other hydrogenation reactions studied, the energy cost of the NH2 activation from the IS to the TS is the main part of the barrier. The potential energy surface of the NH2 on metal surfaces is thus crucial to the barrier of NH2+H reaction. Three important factors that can affect the barrier of association reactions are generalized: (i) The bonding competition effect; (ii) the local charge densities of the reactants along the reaction direction; and (iii) the potential energy surface of the reactants on the surface. The lowest energy pathway for a surface association reaction should correspond to the one with the best compromise of these three factors. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.

Room Temperature, Electrochemical Generation of Ozone with 50% Current Efficiency in 0.5M Sulfuric Acid at Cell Voltages <3V.

The electrochemical generation of ozone by Ni/Sb-SnO2 anodes immersed in 0.5M H2SO4 was assessed in both flow and recycle systems using the same electrochemical cell. The anodes were found to exhibit current efficiencies of up to 50% for ozone generation under flow conditions at room temperature, with an optimum mole ratio in the precursor solutions of ca. 500:8:3 Sn:Sb:Ni and optimum cell voltage of 2.7V. A comparison of the data obtained under flow and recycle conditions suggests that the presence of ozone in the anolyte inhibits its formation. The minimum electrical energy cost achieved, of 18 kWh kg1 compares favorably with estimated costs for Cold Corona Discharge generally reported in the literature, especially when the very significant advantages of electrochemical ozone generation are taken into account.

Iso-Quality of Service: Fairly Ranking Servers for Real-Time Data Analytics

We present a mathematically rigorous Quality-of-Service (QoS) metric which relates the achievable quality of service metric (QoS) for a real-time analytics service to the server energy cost of offering the service. Using a new iso-QoS evaluation methodology, we scale server resources to meet QoS targets and directly rank the servers in terms of their energy-efficiency and by extension cost of ownership. Our metric and method are platform-independent and enable fair comparison of datacenter compute servers with significant architectural diversity, including micro-servers. We deploy our metric and methodology to compare three servers running financial option pricing workloads on real-life market data. We find that server ranking is sensitive to data inputs and desired QoS level and that although scale-out micro-servers can be up to two times more energy-efficient than conventional heavyweight servers for the same target QoS, they are still six times less energy efficient than high-performance computational accelerators.

Pain expressiveness and altruistic behavior

Predictions which invoke evolutionary mechanisms ar e hard to test. Agent-based modeling in artificial life offers a way to simulate behaviors and interac tions in specific physical or social environments o ver many generations. The outcomes have implications fo r understanding adaptive value of behaviors in context. Pain-related behavior in animals is communicated to other animals that might protect or help, or might exploit or predate. An agent-based model simulated the effects of displaying or not displaying pain (expresser/non-expresser strategies) when injured, and of helping, ignoring or exploiting another in pain (altruistic/non-altruistic/selfish strategies) . Agents modeled in MATLAB interacted at random while foraging (gaining energy); random injury inte rrupted foraging for a fixed time unless help from an altruistic agent, who paid an energy cost, speeded recovery. Environmental and social conditions also varied, and each model ran for 10,000 iterations. Findings were meaningful in that, in general, conti ngencies evident from experimental work with a variety of mammals, over a few interactions, were r eplicated in the agent-based model after selection pressure over many generations. More energy-demandi ng expression of pain reduced its frequency in successive generations, and increasing injury frequ ency resulted in fewer expressers and altruists. Allowing exploitation of injured agents decreased e xpression of pain to near zero, but altruists remained. Decreasing costs or increasing benefits o f helping hardly changed its frequency, while increasing interaction rate between injured agents and helpers diminished the benefits to both. Agent- based modeling allows simulation of complex behavio urs and environmental pressures over evolutionary time.

Estudo técnico-económico para otimização do projeto e implementação de uma bomba de calor "heat machine"

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

DC Fuzzy Multicriteria Approach to Increase the Probability of Delivering Power in Distribution Networks

This paper proposes a methodology to increase the probability of delivering power to any load point through the identification of new investments. The methodology uses a fuzzy set approach to model the uncertainty of outage parameters, load and generation. A DC fuzzy multicriteria optimization model considering the Pareto front and based on mixed integer non-linear optimization programming is developed in order to identify the adequate investments in distribution networks components which allow increasing the probability of delivering power to all customers in the distribution network at the minimum possible cost for the system operator, while minimizing the non supplied energy cost. To illustrate the application of the proposed methodology, the paper includes a case study which considers an 33 bus distribution network.

Eficiência energética na iluminação pública

O presente trabalho aborda a temática da eficiência energética em sistemas de iluminação pública. A principal motivação prende-se com o peso significativo que a parcela energética destes sistemas ocupa na economia mundial. O uso eficiente de energia é uma crescente preocupação devido à diminuição de recursos, às consequências climáticas cada vez mais marcadas e ao elevado custo da energia, representando ainda um papel fundamental ao nível económico e de competitividade. A Iluminação Pública (IP) representa um peso importante nas despesas correntes dos municípios. É assim importante encontrar uma solução que permita manter níveis de segurança e conforto necessários às populações e que proporcione uma redução substancial do peso da IP nas despesas municipais. Neste sentido, este trabalho propõe-se estudar esta problemática, apresentando uma sistematização de soluções eficientes, quer a nível de lâmpadas e luminárias como também ao nível de tecnologias que auxiliem e complementem a eficiência de uma instalação de iluminação pública. A dissertação está dividida em duas partes. A primeira parte sistematiza os consumos verificados em Portugal, a vários níveis (consumo de energia elétrica, evolução do consumo energético de iluminação pública, etc.) abordando as políticas de eficiência energética, e são descritos alguns procedimentos que possibilitam a poupança energética na iluminação pública, aliada a instalações eficientes. A segunda parte da dissertação contempla o estudo de um caso prático cujo objetivo é propor soluções técnicas que permitam melhorar a eficiência energética na iluminação pública de Esposende, face à situação atual do concelho. Serão propostas várias soluções, tais como luminárias LED, balastros electrónicos reguláveis, lâmpadas de menor consumo e até mesmo o uso da telegestão.

Eficiência Energética no Hospital Pedro Hispano

Os crescentes custos ligados ao consumo elétrico, não apenas de cariz financeiro mas também ambiental, despertam cada vez mais para a importância da definição de estratégias de melhor utilização de recursos e eficiência energética. Esta importância tem sido reforçada pela definição de decretos-lei que vêm colocar metas e limites relativamente às despesas energéticas. Estes diplomas são também acompanhados por programas de incentivo para um setor ligado à eficiência energética. Em Portugal as medidas ligadas ao setor tem vindo a ser redirecionadas para o consumo final de energia, com a definição de metas para as instalações de maior consumo. As instalações hospitalares são grandes centros de consumo energético devido não só ao elevado número de utentes que recebem mas também pelos diversos tipos de equipamentos elétricos usados para a prestação dos serviços médicos. Como consequência disso, os investimentos e os custos operacionais são elevados, o que reforça a necessidade de gerir os gastos e consumos energéticos com a procura constante de melhoria na recolha de informação sobre todo o sistema e na adequação de intervenções com vista a uma maior eficiência energética. O Hospital Pedro Hispano vem desde algum tempo a investir no sentido de conhecer mais e melhor toda a instalação bem como os consumos energéticos a ela associados. Algumas medidas foram tomadas nesse sentido nomeadamente a instalação de analisadores de energia, de modo a obter um retrato mais fiel e fidedigno dos principais vetores de consumo. Neste momento a gestão técnica do hospital tem em análise uma grande parte da instalação recolhendo dados do consumo elétrico real do hospital. Nesta dissertação procurou-se fazer uma análise e enquadramento dos programas e metas ligados ao setor energético com ênfase nos diplomas que visão e abrangem as instalações hospitalares. Dos vários programas de incentivo à adoção de políticas de maior eficiência energética é dado especial destaque ao programa ECO.AP que visa a celebração de contratos para implementação de medidas de poupança energética ao setor público. Em colaboração com o HPH, iniciaram-se os trabalhos pelo estudo e identificação das principais fases e ferramentas utilizadas na gestão energética do edifício tendo como objetivo a reavaliação dos vetores energéticos já identificados no HPH e a criação e contabilização de novos grupos de consumo. Através de várias medições do consumo elétrico, num total superior a 650 horas de funcionamento, foi possível a criação do mapa de desagregação de consumos para o ano de 2013. A desagregação realizada conta com 3 novos vetores energéticos e com a reavaliação do peso relativo de mais 5 grupos de consumo. Das medições efetuadas destaca-se a reavaliação do consumo da central de bombagem onde a parcela considerada até à data estava 3 vezes acima do valor real medido. Com base na desagregação feita foram apontadas e estudadas medidas de implementação com o objetivo de reduzir os consumos energético em todo o hospital, destacando-se a solução apresentada para a central de bombagem. Esta medida traria um grande impacto em toda a fatura energética, não só pela sua viabilidade, mas também porque atuaria num grande centro de consumo onde até ao momento nenhuma ação do género foi implementada.

Objective analysis of gait coordination for total knee arthroplasty outcome

Introduction: Coordination is a strategy chosen by the central nervous system to control the movements and maintain stability during gait. Coordinated multi-joint movements require a complex interaction between nervous outputs, biomechanical constraints, and pro-prioception. Quantitatively understanding and modeling gait coordination still remain a challenge. Surgeons lack a way to model and appreciate the coordination of patients before and after surgery of the lower limbs. Patients alter their gait patterns and their kinematic synergies when they walk faster or slower than normal speed to maintain their stability and minimize the energy cost of locomotion. The goal of this study was to provide a dynamical system approach to quantitatively describe human gait coordination and apply it to patients before and after total knee arthroplasty. Methods: A new method of quantitative analysis of interjoint coordination during gait was designed, providing a general model to capture the whole dynamics and showing the kinematic synergies at various walking speeds. The proposed model imposed a relationship among lower limb joint angles (hips and knees) to parameterize the dynamics of locomotion of each individual. An integration of different analysis tools such as Harmonic analysis, Principal Component Analysis, and Artificial Neural Network helped overcome high-dimensionality, temporal dependence, and non-linear relationships of the gait patterns. Ten patients were studied using an ambulatory gait device (Physilog®). Each participant was asked to perform two walking trials of 30m long at 3 different speeds and to complete an EQ-5D questionnaire, a WOMAC and Knee Society Score. Lower limbs rotations were measured by four miniature angular rate sensors mounted respectively, on each shank and thigh. The outcomes of the eight patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty, recorded pre-operatively and post-operatively at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year were compared to 2 age-matched healthy subjects. Results: The new method provided coordination scores at various walking speeds, ranged between 0 and 10. It determined the overall coordination of the lower limbs as well as the contribution of each joint to the total coordination. The difference between the pre-operative and post-operative coordination values were correlated with the improvements of the subjective outcome scores. Although the study group was small, the results showed a new way to objectively quantify gait coordination of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty, using only portable body-fixed sensors. Conclusion: A new method for objective gait coordination analysis has been developed with very encouraging results regarding the objective outcome of lower limb surgery.

Optimal slopes and speeds in uphill ski mountaineering: a laboratory study.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the energy cost of linear (EC) and vertical displacement (ECvert), mechanical efficiency and main stride parameters during simulated ski mountaineering at different speeds and gradients, to identify an optimal speed and gradient that maximizes performance. 12 subjects roller skied on a treadmill at three different inclines (10, 17 and 24 %) at three different speeds (approximately 70, 80 and 85 % of estimated peak heart rate). Energy expenditure was calculated by indirect calorimetry, while biomechanical parameters were measured with an inertial sensor-based system. At 10 % there was no significant change with speed in EC, ECvert and mechanical efficiency. At 17 and 24 % the fastest speed was significantly more economical. There was a significant effect of gradient on EC, ECvert and mechanical efficiency. The most economical gradient was the steepest one. There was a significant increase of stride frequency with speed. At steep gradients only, relative thrust phase duration decreased significantly, while stride length increased significantly with speed. There was a significant effect of gradient on stride length (decrease with steepness) and relative thrust phase duration (increase with steepness). A combination of a decreased relative thrust phase duration with increased stride length and frequency decreases ECvert. To minimize the energy expenditure to reach the top of a mountain and to optimize performance, ski-mountaineers should choose a steep gradient (~24 %) and, provided they possess sufficient metabolic scope, combine it with a fast speed (~6 km h(-1)).

Myosin Regulatory Light Chain Phosphorylation and Its Effect on the Contractile Economy of Mouse Fast Muscle

Activated by elevations in myoplasmic calcium concentration, myosin light chain kinase (skMLCK) phosphorylates the regulatory light chains (RLCs) of fast muscle myosin. This covalent modification potentiates force production, but requires an investment of ATP. Our objective was to investigate the effect of RLC phosphorylation on the contractile economy (mechanical output:metabolic input) of fast twitch skeletal muscle. Extensor digitorum longus muscles isolated from Wildtype and skMLCK-/- mice mounted in vitro (25°C) were subjected to repetitive low-frequency stimulation (10Hz,15s) known to cause activation of skMLCK, and staircase potentiation of force. With a 3-fold increase in RLC phosphate content, Wildtype generated 44% more force than skMLCK-/- muscles over the stimulation period (P = .002), without an accompanied increase in energy cost (P = .449). Overall, the contractile economy of Wildtype muscles, with an intact RLC phosphorylation mechanism, was 73% greater than skMLCK /- muscles (P = .043), demonstrating an important physiological function of skMLCK during repetitive contractile activity.

Metabolic requirements of boxing exercises

Face aux données conflictuelles de la littérature sur le VO2 requis d’exercices de boxe (sparring, palettes de frappe et sac de frappe), surtout pour le “vrai” sparring avec coups de poings au visage, une nouvelle méthode basée sur une mesure de VO2 “post-exercice” fut développée, validée (Annexe 1) et utilisée pour ré-évaluer le coût énergétique de ces exercices de boxe. Neufs boxeurs mâles expérimentés, de 22.0±3.5 ans et 71.4±10.9 kg avec un VO2pic de 62.2±4.1 ml·kg-1·min-1 (moyenne ± écart type) furent mesurés lors 1) d’un test progressif maximal sur tapis roulant en laboratoire 2) d’un entrainement standardisé de boxe en gymnase et 3) d’exercices de boxe standardisés en laboratoire. Des VO2 requis de 43.4±5.9, 41.1±5.1, 24.7±6.1, 30.4±5.8 et 38.3±6.5 ml·kg-1·min-1, respectivement obtenues pour le sparring, les palettes de frappe et le sac de frappe à 60, 120 et 180 coup·min-1, situe l’intensité de ces exercices autour de ~70 %VO2pic.

Relations entre la mobilité, la condition physique et les fonctions cognitives dans une perspective de vieillissement sain

Thèse effectuée en cotutelle (Université de Poitiers, France)

Coût bioenergetique des modes de déplacements irréguliers en sport

The objective of this thesis was to quantify the physiological responses such as O2 uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR) and blood lactate ([LA]) to some types of activities associated with intermittent sports in athletes. Our hypothesis is that the introduction of accelerations and decelerations with or without directional changes results in a significative increase of the oxygen consumption, heart rate and blood lactate. The purpose of the first study was to measure and compare the VO2 and the HR of 6 on-court tennis drills at both high and low displacement speeds. These drills were done with and without striking the ball, over full and half-width court, in attack or in defense mode, using backhand or forehand strokes. Results show that playing an attacking style requires 6.5% more energy than playing a defensive style (p < 0.01) and the backhand stroke required 7% more VO2 at low speed than forehand stroke (p < 0.05) while the additional cost of striking the ball lies between 3.5 and 3.0 mL kg-1 min-1. Finally, while striking the ball, the energy expanded during a shuttle displacement on half-width court is 14% higher than running on full-width court. Studies #2 and #3 focused on different modes of displacement observed in irregular sports. The objective of the second study was to measure and compare VO2, HR and [LA] responses to randomly performed multiple fractioned runs with directional changes (SR) and without directional changes (FR) to those of in-line running (IR) at speeds corresponding to 60, 70 and 80% of the subject’s maximal aerobic speed (MAS). All results show that IR’s VO2 was significantly lower than SR’s and FR’s (p<0.05). SR’s VO2 was greater than FR’s only at speeds corresponding to 80%MAS. On the other hand, HR was similar in SR and FR but significantly higher than IR’s (p<0.05). [LA] varied between 4.2 ± 0.8 and 6.6 ± 0.9 mmol L-1 without significant differences between the 3 displacement modes. Finally, the third study’s objective was to measure and compare VO2 , HR and [LA] responses during directional changes at different angles and at different submaximal running speeds corresponding to 60, 70 and 80% MAS. Subjects randomly performed 4 running protocols 1) a 20-m shuttle running course (180°) (SR), 2) an 8-shaped running course with 90-degree turns every 20 m (90R), 3) a Zigzag running course (ZZR) with multiple close directional changes (~ 5 m) at different angle values of 91.8°, 90° and 38.6°, 4) an In-line run (IR) for comparison purposes. Results show that IR’s was lower (p<0.001) than for 90R’s, SR’s and ZZR’s at all intensities. VO2 obtained at 60 and 70%MAS was 48.7 and 38.1% higher during ZZR when compared to IR while and depending on the intensity, during 90R and SR was between 15.5 and 19.6% higher than during IR. Also, ZZR’s VO2 was 26.1 and 19.5% higher than 90R’s, 26.1 and 15.5% higher than SR’s at 60 and 70%MAS. SR’s and 90R’s VO2 were similar. Changing direction at a 90° angle and at 180° angle seem similar when compared to continuous in-line running. [LA] levels were similar in all modalities. Overall, the studies presented in this thesis allow the quantification of the specific energetic demands of certain types of displacement modes in comparison with conventional forward running. Also, our results confirm that the energy cost varies and increase with the introduction of accelerations and decelerations with and without directional changes.