Data compilation on the biological response to ocean acidification: environmental and experimental context of data sets and related literature

The exponential growth of studies on the biological response to ocean acidification over the last few decades has generated a large amount of data. To facilitate data comparison, a data compilation hosted at the data publisher PANGAEA was initiated in 2008 and is updated on a regular basis (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.149999). By January 2015, a total of 581 data sets (over 4 000 000 data points) from 539 papers had been archived. Here we present the developments of this data compilation five years since its first description by Nisumaa et al. (2010). Most of study sites from which data archived are still in the Northern Hemisphere and the number of archived data from studies from the Southern Hemisphere and polar oceans are still relatively low. Data from 60 studies that investigated the response of a mix of organisms or natural communities were all added after 2010, indicating a welcomed shift from the study of individual organisms to communities and ecosystems. The initial imbalance of considerably more data archived on calcification and primary production than on other processes has improved. There is also a clear tendency towards more data archived from multifactorial studies after 2010. For easier and more effective access to ocean acidification data, the ocean acidification community is strongly encouraged to contribute to the data archiving effort, and help develop standard vocabularies describing the variables and define best practices for archiving ocean acidification data.

Sedimentology of core GeoTu_SL110 from the eastern Mediterranean Sea

Clay mineral assemblages in a sediment core from the distal Nile discharge plume off Israel have been used to reconstruct the late Quaternary Nile sediment discharge into the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS). The record spans the last ca. 140 ka. Smectite abundances indicate the influence of the Blue Nile and Atbara that have their headwaters in the volcanic rocks of the Ethiopian highlands. Kaolinite abundances indicate the influence of wadis, which contribute periodically to the suspension load of the Nile. Due to the geographical position, the climate and the sedimentary framework of the EMS is controlled by two climate systems. The long-term climate regime was governed by the African monsoon that caused major humid periods with enhanced sediment discharge at 132 to <126 ka (AHP5), 116 to 99 ka (AHP4), and 89 to 77 ka (AHP3). They lasted much longer than the formation of the related sapropel layers S5 (>2 ka), S4 (3.5 ka) and S3 (5 ka). During the last glacial period (MIS 4-2) the long-term changes of the monsoonal system were superimposed by millennial-scale changes of an intensified mid-latitude glacial system. This climate regime caused short but pronounced drought periods in the Nile catchment, which are linked to Heinrich Events and alternate with more humid interstadials. The clay mineral record further implies that feedback mechanisms between vegetation cover and sediment discharge of the Nile are detectable but of minor importance for the sedimentary record in the southeastern Mediterranean Sea during the investigated African Humid Periods.

Operator's manual : compressor unit, reciprocating, power-driven, flamethrower, 3-1/2 cfm, AN-M4 (Walter Kidde), NSN 4310-00-592-8560, AN-M4B (Stewart-Warner), NSN 4310-00-848-6075, AN-M4C (Stewart-Warner), NSN 4310-00-078-5431, AN-M4D (Walter Kidde), NSN 4310-00-181-5054.

"November 1976."

Determination of l-dopa using electropolymerized 3,3′,3″,3‴-tetraaminophthalocyanatonickel(II) film on glassy carbon electrode

Electropolymerized film of 3,3′,3″,3‴-tetraaminophthalocyanatonickel(II) (p-NiIITAPc) on glassy carbon (GC) electrode was used for the selective and stable determination of 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (l-dopa) in acetate buffer (pH 4.0) solution. Bare GC electrode fails to determine the concentration of l-dopa accurately in acetate buffer solution due to the cyclization reaction of dopaquinone to cyclodopa in solution. On the other hand, p-NiIITAPc electrode successfully determines the concentration of l-dopa accurately because the cyclization reaction was prevented at this electrode. It was found that the electrochemical reaction of l-dopa at the modified electrode is faster than that at the bare GC electrode. This was confirmed from the higher heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k0) of l-dopa at p-NiIITAPc electrode (3.35 × 10−2 cm s−1) when compared to that at the bare GC electrode (5.18 × 10−3 cm s−1). Further, it was found that p-NiIITAPc electrode separates the signals of ascorbic acid (AA) and l-dopa in a mixture with a peak separation of 220 mV. Lowest detection limit of 100 nM was achieved at the modified electrode using amperometric method. Common physiological interferents like uric acid, glucose and urea does not show any interference within the potential window of l-dopa oxidation. The present electrode system was also successfully applied to estimate the concentration of l-dopa in the commercially available tablets.

Genome-wide association study of CNVs in 16,000 cases of eight common diseases and 3,000 shared controls

Copy number variants (CNVs) account for a major proportion of human genetic polymorphism and have been predicted to have an important role in genetic susceptibility to common disease. To address this we undertook a large, direct genome-wide study of association between CNVs and eight common human diseases. Using a purpose-designed array we typed 19,000 individuals into distinct copy-number classes at 3,432 polymorphic CNVs, including an estimated 50% of all common CNVs larger than 500 base pairs. We identified several biological artefacts that lead to false-positive associations, including systematic CNV differences between DNAs derived from blood and cell lines. Association testing and follow-up replication analyses confirmed three loci where CNVs were associated with diseaseIRGM for Crohns disease, HLA for Crohns disease, rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes, and TSPAN8 for type 2 diabetesalthough in each case the locus had previously been identified in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based studies, reflecting our observation that most common CNVs that are well-typed on our array are well tagged by SNPs and so have been indirectly explored through SNP studies. We conclude that common CNVs that can be typed on existing platforms are unlikely to contribute greatly to the genetic basis of common human diseases. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.