Depressão e Risco de Suicídio em Militares da GNR

A taxa média de suicídio nas forças de segurança segundo fonte do Gabinete do Ministro da Administração interna, foi nos últimos 5 anos de 11,3%. Muito embora estes valores se mostrem inferiores às taxas registadas na sociedade civil, torna-se emergente actuar no sentido de reduzir as taxas de incidência do suicídio nas forças de segurança. A realização de estudos que abordem esta realidade assume assim especial pertinência. Para a investigação, a amostra contou com 95 sujeitos, todos militares da GNR, em funções na zona centro do país, e teve como objectivo central o estudo relacional entre a eventual existência de Depressão e comportamentos de risco Suicidários nos Militares da GNR. Para medir o risco de suicídio foi utilizada Escala de Risco Suicidário de Stork, bem como o Inventário Clínico da Depressão (IACLIDE) aferido para a população portuguesa, pelo psiquiatra Adriano Vaz Serra. Foram recolhidos alguns dados de caracterização sóciodemográfica. Os nossos resultados indicam que a amostra em estudo não apresenta valores de depressão, isto é, 90,5% (n= 95) da amostra encontra-se com um grau de depressão considerado normal. Contudo, 1,1% da amostra total apresenta um grau de depressão considerado grave. No que se reporta às dimensões do IACLIDE e tal como esperado, sintomas, factores e previsão de incapacidade apresentam valores mais elevados no caso do subgrupo dos sujeitos com depressão. O resultado dos estudos do questionário de risco suicidiário de J. Stork, revelaram que o índice de risco suicidiário para a amostra em estudo, corresponde a um risco considerado normal. Quanto ao estudo da relação entre variáveis, observa-se uma distribuição irregular em que os sujeitos sem depressão apresentam diversos graus de risco suicidiário, do mesmo modo que indivíduos com diferentes graus de depressão podem ou não estar em risco. / The middle tax of suicide in the strength of security according to the Office of the Ministro da Administração Interna was in the last five years of 11,3 %. Much though these values appear inferior to the taxes registered in the civil society. That makes emergent to act in the sense of reducing the taxes of incidence of suicide in the strength of security. The realization of studies that board this reality assumes so special relevance. For the investigation the sample disposed of 95 subjects, all soldiers of the GNR, in functions in the centre region of the country, and took as a central objective the relational study between the eventual existence of Depression and behaviours of secondary risks in the Soldiers of the GNR. To measure the risk of suicide was used the Stork Scale of Suicide Risk, as well as the Depression Clinical Inventory (IACLIDE) checked for the Portuguese population, by the psychiatrist Adriano Vaz Serra. They were gathered some data of demographic and social characterization. Our results indicate that the sample in study does not present values of depression, i.e. 90,5% (n = 95) of the sample represents a degree of depression that was evaluated as normal. Nevertheless, 1,1 % of the total sample presents a degree of depression that was evaluated as seriously. What concerns the dimensions of the IACLIDE and such as waited, symptoms, factors and foresight of incompetence present values more lifted up in case of the sub-group of the subjects with depression. The questionnaire study results of secondary risk of J. Stork showed that the rate of secondary risk for the sample in study corresponds to a risk evaluated as normal. As for the relation study between the variables there is observed an irregular distribution in which subjects without depression present several degrees of secondary risk in the same way which individuals with different degrees of depression can or can not to be in risk.

Printmare Against Nature

Nicky Coutts showed a work in the show "Printmare: Against Nature 1", reproducing a miniature storm scene from a Scottish five pound note and an essay titled "Animal Print Suicide" for the accompanying publication "Printmare Against Nature 2". Curated by Finlay Taylor, ‘Against Nature’ was an exhibition exploring conditions of current understandings of geography (or the geo-graphical), natural histories and landscapes. This exhibition concentrated on work that uses print, and the ways in which subtle innovations in this medium are used to investigate some of the complexities that arise when looking at nature in art. An associated publication has been published by Camberwell Press with essays by David Cross and Nicky Coutts, as well as page images by Bob Matthews, Denis Masi, Finlay Taylor, Kate Scrivener and Dick Jewell. Exhibiting artists included Franz Ackermann, Jasone Miranda Bilbao, Sarah Bodman, Ian Brown, Helen Chadwick, Paul Coldwell, Cornford and Cross, Nicky Coutts, Dunhill & O’Brien, Adam Gillam, Oona Grimes, Judith Goddard, Mark Harris, Katsushika Hokusai, Dan Howard-Birt, Susan Johanknecht, James Keith, Serena Korda, Michael Landy, Jo Love, Mike Marshall, Bob Matthews, Julian Opie, Tim O’Riley, Simon Patterson, David Rayson, Rebecca Salter, Kate Scrivener, Jo Stockham, and Herman de Vries.

Les facteurs de risque et de protection sociaux, individuels, organisationnels et hors travail au stress et à la détresse psychologique chez les avocats membres du Barreau du Québec

Depuis 20 ans, les demandes adressées au Programme d’Aide aux Membres du Barreau (PAMBA) sont en constante progression, passant de 120 demandes traitées annuellement en 1996, comparativement à 1 157 demandes en 2016 (PAMBA, 2006, 2016). Ces demandes concernaient notamment la dépression, l’anxiété, le stress, la toxicomanie et l’alcoolisme. En plus de ces problématiques, il s’avère que les avocats présenteraient une proportion plus élevée de dépression, d’alcoolisme, de toxicomanie et de suicide que les autres professionnels (Hill, 1998). Parallèlement, les modèles actuels en stress professionnel (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007; Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, & Schaufeli, 2001; Karasek, 1979; Karasek & Theorell, 1990; Siegrist, 1996) parviennent difficilement à cerner la complexité des déterminants de la détresse psychologique au travail chez les professions issues de l’économie du savoir dont font partie les avocats. En effet, les modèles traditionnels en stress professionnel évacuent les conditions et les contraintes propres aux professions règlementées. De plus, très peu d’études ont été réalisées chez les avocats, et aucune n’a été menée au Québec. Ce mémoire a pour but principal d’identifier les facteurs de risque et de protection qui influencent le stress et la détresse psychologique chez les avocats membres du Barreau du Québec. Ainsi, la présente recherche qualitative de type descriptive et exploratoire a permis de cartographier les facteurs de risque et de protection au stress et à la détresse psychologique, de cartographier les manifestations physiques, psychologiques et comportementales découlant du stress et de la détresse et finalement, de préciser les déterminants susceptibles d’influencer la détresse psychologique chez les avocats du Québec à partir d’un modèle conceptuel de départ inspiré du modèle de Marchand (2004). Pour ce faire, 22 entrevues semi-dirigées ont été menées en Estrie et dans le Grand Montréal auprès de femmes et d’hommes provenant du secteur public ou privé. Une analyse du contenu thématique des données s’inspirant de méthodes propres à la théorisation ancrée fut réalisée à l’aide du logiciel QDA Miner. Prenant appui sur le modèle théorique général d’analyse de la santé mentale de Marchand (2004), l’analyse des résultats a permis d’identifier et de classer hiérarchiquement 158 facteurs de risque et de protection selon les niveaux macro, micro et méso. Il en ressort que la culture professionnelle (macro) de même que les demandes psychologiques, émotionnelles et contractuelles (méso) sont les catégories ayant le plus d’importance dans l’explication du stress et de la détresse psychologique chez les avocats du Québec. Ainsi, la culture professionnelle a principalement trait à la compétitivité dans le milieu juridique et aux impératifs professionnels liés à la performance. Les demandes psychologiques concernent particulièrement la surcharge de travail et d’urgences de même que la complexité des dossiers, alors que les demandes émotionnelles ont trait notamment à la charge émotive importante envers le client et à la difficulté d’établir un détachement personnel vis-à-vis des dossiers traités. Enfin, les demandes contractuelles sont le type de demandes comportant le plus de facteurs (13), dont la majorité constitue des facteurs de risque pour la santé mentale des praticiens interrogés. Elles concernent principalement les longues heures de travail, les heures facturables et la facturation ainsi que la méthode d’évaluation de rendement se basant principalement sur les objectifs d’heures facturables dans le secteur privé. Il est également ressorti que le genre et le secteur de pratique (privé ou publique) influenceraient les stress et la détresse psychologique. Enfin, les retombées théoriques et pratiques, les limites de cette étude de même que les avenues de recherches futures concluent le présent mémoire.

La inevitable inconsistencia del Zeus/Júpiter épico

Durante años la investigación literaria ha encontrado fruición en buscar y encontrar inconsistencias narrativas en la Tebaida de Estacio. Concretamente, hay cierto grado de consenso respecto a que las incongruencias en que incurre Júpiter son debidas a negligencia o incuria por parte del poeta. De hecho, no se puede negar que el soberano del cielo se contradice en las ocasiones en que alude a su relación con el Destino. No obstante, no será únicamente el poeta flavio el objeto de mi atención en este artículo. Hoy día se continúa acudiendo a la autoridad filosófica de Séneca (fundamentalmente a Dial. 1.5.8) siempre que el Zeus/Júpiter poshomérico (también el virgiliano) incurre en lo que hemos dado en considerar «incoherencias». Sin embargo, excepción hecha de las composiciones hesiódicas, el estatuto teológico de Zeus/Júpiter es altamente inestable en toda la tradición literaria griega y romana. Quizá deberíamos aceptar, entonces, que durante siglos los que estudiamos literatura antigua hemos tendido a prescindir de la voz autorial y de su autoridad omnímoda para manipular el material literario preexistente con el objeto de generar nuevos significados y nuevas cosmovisiones. En definitiva, nos hemos mostrado proclives a calificar de inconsistencias todo aquello que no se adecua a nuestras expectativas o prejuicios.

Comorbid Migraine in Major Depressive Disorder Suggests a Subgroup Related to Bipolar Disorder

Aims: Previous small-scale studies suggest presence of migraine in major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with specific clinical characteristics that may overlap with those of bipolar disorder. We aimed to compare a broad range of characteristics in participants who have MDD with and without migraine, and to explore possible similarities between those characteristics associated with the presence of migraine in MDD and those in bipolar disorder in a large UK sample. Methods: Lifetime and episodic clinical characteristics and affective temperaments in DSM-IV MDD with (n=134) and without (n=218) migraine were compared. Characteristics associated with the presence of migraine were then compared with a sample of participants with DSM-IV bipolar disorder (n=407). All participants were recruited into the Bipolar Disorder Research Network (www.bdrn.org). Results: The presence of migraine in MDD was associated with female gender (76.9% vs 56.9%, p<0.001), younger age of onset (23 vs 27 years, p=0.002), history of attempted suicide (38.3% vs 22.7%, p=0.002), and more panic/agoraphobia symptomatology (6 vs 4, p<0.001). Female gender (OR=2.44, p=0.006) and younger age of onset (OR=0.97, p=0.013) remained significant in a multivariate model. These clinical characteristics were not significantly different to those of our participants with bipolar disorder. Conclusions: The presence of migraine in MDD delineates a subgroup of individuals with a more severe illness course. The clinical presentation of this subgroup more closely resembles that of bipolar disorder than that of MDD without migraine. The presence of migraine in major depression may be a marker of a specific subgroup that could be useful in future research.

Epilepsy in Bipolar Disorder: Impact on Clinical Features, Course and Outcome

Background and Aims: It is well recognized that mood disorders and epilepsy commonly co-occur. However, the relationship between epilepsy and the clinical features and course of illness in bipolar disorder (BD) is currently unknown. Here we explore the rate of epilepsy within a large sample of individuals with BD and examine bipolar illness characteristics according to the presence or absence of epilepsy. Methods: 1596 participants recruited to the Bipolar Disorder Research Network; a well-defined sample of UK subjects with a diagnosis of BD, completed a self-report questionnaire to assess lifetime history of epilepsy (Ottman et al., 2010). A subset of participants (n = 29) completed a telephone interview assessment to determine expert-confirmed epilepsy status. Lifetime clinical characteristics of illness were compared between BD subjects with and without a history of epilepsy. Results: 127 individuals (8%) screened positively for lifetime history of epilepsy. Bipolar subjects with epilepsy experienced higher rates of: suicide attempt (64.2% vs. 47.4%, p = 0.000367); panic disorder (29.6% vs. 16.1%, p = 0.001); phobias (13.6% vs. 5.7%, 0.004); alcohol abuse (18.6% vs. 10.6%, p = 0.017); and other substance abuse (10.2% vs. 4%, p = 0.009). History of suicide attempt (OR = 1.79, p = 0.013) remained significant within a multivariate model. Similar trends were observed within bipolar subjects with well-defined, expert-confirmed epilepsy (n = 29). Conclusions: Results demonstrate an increased rate of self-reported epilepsy in the BD sample, compared to the general population, and suggest differences in the clinical course of BD according to the presence of epilepsy. Comorbid epilepsy within BD may provide an attractive opportunity for subcategorising for future genetic studies, potentially identifying common underlying mechanisms.

Les symptômes et les troubles intériorisés chez les jeunes contrevenants

Chaque année, des adolescents québécois sont soumis à des sanctions judiciaires en raison de leurs actes de délinquance (Association des centres jeunesse du Québec, 2015). Plusieurs recherches récentes indiquent que ces jeunes sont plus à risque de répondre aux critères diagnostiques d’au moins un trouble mental que les adolescents de la population générale (Fazel, Doll, & Langstrom, 2008; Vermeiren, 2003). Les jeunes contrevenants sont également plus nombreux à présenter des symptômes et des troubles intériorisés (Abram et al., 2014; Skowyra & Cocozza, 2007; Teplin et al., 2006), soit des comportements anxieux, dépressifs, de retrait et des plaintes somatiques (Achenbach & McConaughy, 1992). Cette thèse contribue aux connaissances quant aux symptômes et aux troubles intériorisés chez les jeunes contrevenants en traitant de deux sujets peu étudiés : les problèmes intériorisés des jeunes contrevenants associés aux gangs de rue et l’identification de ces problèmes par les intervenants travaillant auprès d’eux. Le premier article composant la thèse présente une étude descriptive où le nombre de symptômes et de troubles intériorisés a été comparé entre des jeunes contrevenants révélant être ou avoir été associés aux gangs de rue (n = 62) et des jeunes contrevenants n’ayant pas révélé une telle association (n = 41). Les symptômes et les troubles intériorisés ont été mesurés à l’aide d’un questionnaire et d’une entrevue diagnostique semi-structurée. Les résultats indiquent que les jeunes associés aux gangs présentent davantage de symptômes de dépression-anxiété et sont plus nombreux à répondre aux critères diagnostiques d’au moins un trouble anxieux que ceux qui n’y sont pas associés. De plus, près de la moitié des participants, associés ou non aux gangs de rue, répondent aux critères diagnostiques d’au moins un trouble intériorisé. Cette forte prévalence de troubles intériorisés soulève l’importance que ceux-ci soient dépistés par les intervenants travaillant auprès des jeunes contrevenants. En effet, considérant que les troubles mentaux non traités entrainent de la souffrance, nuisent au fonctionnement et sont liés à des taux de tentatives de suicide, d’arrestations et de récidive plus élevés (Abram et al., 2014; Cottle, Lee, & Heilbrun, 2001; Hoeve, McReynolds, & Wasserman, 2013; Schonfeld et al., 1997), leur identification s’avère primordiale afin qu’ils puissent bénéficier des services dont ils auraient besoin. Le deuxième article de cette thèse est une étude exploratoire où sont recensés les symptômes et les troubles intériorisés mentionnés par les intervenants au rapport prédécisionnel (RPD) de 22 participants. La concordance entre ces symptômes et troubles intériorisés et ceux autorapportés par les jeunes contrevenants par un questionnaire et une entrevue semi-structurée est ensuite évaluée. Plusieurs symptômes et troubles intériorisés seraient « sous-identifiés » dans le RPD des jeunes contrevenants en comparaison de ce qui est révélé par les participants. Les résultats de ces deux études laissent croire qu’il serait pertinent d’offrir de la formation aux intervenants quant aux symptômes et aux troubles intériorisés chez les adolescents, d’implanter une procédure de dépistage systématique des troubles mentaux, et d’inclure les symptômes et les troubles intériorisés dans les programmes de prévention et de traitement offerts aux jeunes contrevenants.

The Influence of Borderline Personality Traits on the Course of Bipolar Disorder

Background and Aims: Bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder are commonly comorbid. Borderline personality disorder is diagnosed categorically, but personality pathology may be better characterised dimensionally. The impact of borderline personality traits (not diagnosis) on the course of bipolar disorder is unknown. We examined the presence and severity of borderline personality traits in a large UK sample of bipolar disorder, and the impact of these traits on illness course. Methods: Borderline Evaluation of Severity over Time (BEST) was used to measure presence and severity of borderline traits in 1447 individuals with DSM-IV bipolar I disorder (n = 1008) and bipolar II disorder (n = 439) recruited into the Bipolar Disorder Research Network (www.bdrn.org). Clinical course was measured via semi-structured interview (Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry) and case-notes. Results: BEST score was higher in bipolar II than bipolar I (36 v 27, p < 0.001) and 9/12 individual BEST traits were significantly more common in bipolar II than bipolar I. Within both bipolar I and bipolar II higher BEST score was associated with younger age of bipolar onset (p < 0.001), history of alcohol misuse (p < 0.010), and history of suicide attempt (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Borderline personality traits are common in bipolar disorder, and more severe in bipolar II than bipolar I disorder. Borderline trait severity was associated with more severe bipolar illness course; younger age of onset, alcohol misuse and suicidal behaviour. Clinicians should be vigilant for borderline personality traits irrespective of whether criteria for diagnosis are met, particularly in those with bipolar II disorder and younger age of bipolar onset.

Adolescent depression in schools: + Contigo Project

epidemiological data. It involves a high degree of mortality, namely by suicide, which is the third leading cause of death in the 15-24 age group. Objectives: To assess the presence and severity of depressive symptoms in a non-clinical population of adolescents. Methodology: This is a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study, using the Portuguese version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). The sample was composed of 741 adolescents. Results: The results show that 31.2% of the adolescents have depression and, of these, 17.7% have moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Girls have higher levels of depression (p=.00). The total mean score in the BDI-II was 12. Conclusion: Given the adolescents' high vulnerability to depression and suicide, it is essential to implement prevention programs in schools to promote the early detection of depression and suicidal behaviors, and the referral to mental health services.

L'influence des proches dans la demande d'aide formelle des hommes en difficulté

La majorité des écrits scientifiques concernant la demande d’aide chez les hommes fait état de l’importance des proches dans la demande d’aide, puisqu’une majorité d’hommes aurait de la difficulté à consulter sans le soutien de leurs proches, qui font souvent office de référents lors de la demande d’aide. Par contre, il semble y avoir peu d’information disponible concernant la manière avec laquelle les proches arrivent à influencer l’homme à demander de l’aide et sur la nature des interactions entre le proche et la personne aidée. Devant ce constat, cette recherche qualitative a pour objectif d’approfondir le point de vue des proches dans le processus de demande d’aide chez les hommes. Il s’agit d’une étude exploratoire dans laquelle huit personnes ayant influencé un homme de leur entourage à consulter un professionnel ont été rencontrées dans le cadre d’entretiens semi-dirigés. Les résultats révèlent que le proche intervient souvent peu après l’apparition des premiers signaux de détresse chez l’homme de son entourage, étant particulièrement sensible aux changements dans l’humeur de l’homme ainsi qu’au risque suicidaire. Ils tentent alors d’utiliser les moyens à leur disposition – les ressources informelles - jusqu’à ce que cela ne fonctionne plus. Les proches se tournent alors vers des ressources formelles et ce sont eux, la plupart du temps, qui transmettent l’information à l’homme quant à la nature des services professionnels disponibles. Les membres du réseau social sont également très actifs tout au long du processus de demande d’aide, utilisant plusieurs types de soutien social afin d’amener l’homme à modifier ses comportements problématiques sous forme d’échange de ressources instrumentales, de ressources émotionnelles et d’information. Les proches semblent également adapter leurs interventions aux besoins de l’homme, privilégiant des interventions axées davantage sur le maintien du lien de confiance au début du processus de changement, en intégrant progressivement des interventions plus informatives, pour finalement y aller de démarches instrumentales, peu avant la demande d’aide formelle. L’influence des proches est également présente après la demande d’aide afin de maintenir la motivation de l’homme à l’égard de l’intervention. Les entrevues menées auprès des proches mettent également en lumière un autre constat, soit que la demande d’aide peut amener une certaine détresse chez la personne aidante en étant témoin de la souffrance d’une personne de son entourage. De soutenir un homme dans ce processus peut amener le proche à ressentir un sentiment d’impuissance et s’accompagne d’une responsabilité importante quant au bien-être et à la sécurité de ce dernier. Cela fait en sorte que plusieurs répondants ressentent le besoin d’obtenir de l’aide durant ou après le processus de demande d’aide, que ce soit auprès de professionnels de la santé ou de membres de leur réseau informel. Somme toute, bien que cela constitue une expérience éprouvante, plusieurs répondants vivent toutefois positivement le fait de venir en aide à un homme de leur entourage.

The use of motivational interviews by nurses to promote health behaviors in adolescents: a scoping review protocol

Adolescents - defined as young people between 10 and 19 years of age1 - are, in general, a relatively healthy segment of the population.2 However, the developmental changes that take place during adolescence may affect their subsequent risk for diseases and for a variety of health-related behaviors. In fact, early onset of preventable health problems (e.g. obesity, malnutrition, STDs) and the engagement in health risk behaviors (e.g., sedentary life style, excessive alcohol consumption, unprotected sex) during adolescence, are likely to put them at greater risk for physical and mental health problems at a later stage in life. Moreover, health related problems and health risk behaviors may disrupt adolescents' physical and cognitive development and therefore may affect their ability to think and act in relation to decisions about their health in the future.1 In summary, health-related behaviors in adolescence, apart from their influence on the continuum of "health-disease", they also have the potential to influence future behaviors. In fact, several studies have shown that past behaviors are good predictors of future behaviors .3,4 Thus, promoting healthy practices during adolescence and taking measures to better protect young people from health risks are essential for the prevention of health problems in adulthood.5 According to the World Health Organization, the main problems affecting young people include mental health problems (such as behavioral disorders, eating disorders, suicide, anxiety or depression), the use of substances (illegal substances, alcohol and tobacco), interpersonal violence, nutrition (a proper nutrition consists of healthy eating habits and physical exercise), unintentional injuries (which are a leading cause of death and disability among young people, with road traffic injuries accounting for about 700 deaths per day), sexual and reproductive health (for example, risky sexual behaviors, early pregnancy and childbirth) and HIV (resulting from sexual transmission and drug injection).5,6 On the other hand, the number of children and youth with chronic health conditions has increased dramatically in the past four decades7 as larger numbers of chronically ill children survive beyond the age of 10.8 Despite the lack of data on adolescents' health making it difficult to determine the prevalence of chronic illnesses in this age group9, it is known that one in ten adolescents suffers from a chronic condition worldwide.10 In fact, national population based studies from Western countries show that 20-30% of teenagers have a chronic illness, defined as one that lasts longer than six months.8 The most prevalent chronic illness among adolescents is asthma and the one with the highest incidence is diabetes mellitus, particularly type II.9 Traditionally, healthcare professionals have been mainly investing in health education activities, through the transmission of knowledge with a view to creating habits, customs and behaviors, and promoting healthy lifestyles. However, empowering people does not only consist of giving them the right information11 , i.e. good information is not enough to cause people to make changes.12 The motivation or desire to change unhealthy behaviors and habits depends on many factors, namely intrinsic motivation, control over personal decisions, self-confidence and perception of effectiveness, personal ambivalence, and individualized assistance.12 Many professionals assume that supplying knowledge is sufficient for behavioral changes; however, even very good advice often fails to generate behavioral change. After all, people continue to engage in unhealthy behaviors despite clearly knowing what they should do and how to change. "What is lacking is the motivation to apply that knowledge".13, p.1233 In fact, behavioral change is a complex phenomenon with multiple determinants that also includes motivational variables. It is associated with ambivalent processes expressed in the dilemma between keeping the current status and moving on to new ways of acting. For example, telling adolescents that if they keep on engaging in a certain behavior, they are increasing the risk of developing a long-term condition such as cardiovascular disease, stroke or diabetes is rarely enough to trigger the desired behavioral change; people are more likely to change when they believe that the change is really effective and that they are able to implement it.12 Therefore, it is essential to provide specific training for "healthcare professionals to master motivational techniques, avoid confrontation with the users, and facilitate behavioral changes".14 In this context, motivating patients to make behavioral changes is also an important nursing task where change in lifestyle is a major element of patients' treatment and preventive interventions.15 One of the nurse's goals is to help improve a patient's health or help them to manage existing health conditions. Once nurses are in a position where they have to focus on accomplishing tasks and telling patients what needs to be accomplished16, the role of the nurse is expanding even more into the use of motivational strategies.17 MI is bringing nurses back to therapeutic communication and moving them closer to successful health promotion and disease management, by promoting behavior change and empowering their patients. As the nursing profession evolves, MI is seen as a challenge and the basis of nurse's interactions with individuals, families and communities.16, 17 In the same way, MI may be taken as an essential tool in the provision of nursing care to adolescents, being itself a workspace with possible therapeutic effects regarding problems, clarification of doubts, and development of skills.18 In fact, MI may be particularly applicable in work with adolescents because of their specific developmental stage. Adolescents attempt to establish their own autonomy and identity while struggling with social interactions and moral issues, which leads to ambivalence.19 Consistent with the developmental challenges during adolescence, "MI explicitly honors autonomy, people's right and irrevocable ability to decide about their own behavior"20 while allowing the person to explore possibilities for change of risky or maladaptive behaviours.19 MI can be defined as a directive, client-centred counselling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence. It is most centrally defined not by technique but by its spirit as a facilitative style of interpersonal relationship.21 It is a set of strategies and techniques widely used in clinical practice based on the transtheoretical model of change. The Stages of Change model describes five stages of readiness—precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance—and provides a framework for understanding behavior change.22 The MI has been widely tested and applied in different areas, such as modification of addictive behaviors, interventions with offenders in the context of justice, eating disorders, promotion of therapeutic adherence among chronic patients, promotion of learning in school settings or intervention with adolescents at risk.18,23 In general, clinical practice has been adopting the perspective of motivation as something relatively immutable, i.e., the adolescent is either motivated for change/treatment and, in these conditions, the professional's role is to help him/her, or the adolescent is not motivated and then change/treatment is not feasible. Alternatively the theoretical model underlying the MI technique postulates that the individual's adherence to change/treatment depends on his/her motivation, which can change throughout the therapeutic intervention. As several studies found positive results for effects of MI24-26 and its use by health professionals is encouraged23,27 nurses may play an important role in patients' process of change. As nurses have a crucial role in clinical contexts, they can facilitate the process of ending risk behaviors and/or adopting positive health behaviors through some motivational techniques, namely with adolescents. A considerable number of systematic reviews about MI already exist pointing to some benefits of its use in the treatment of a broad range of behavioral problems and diseases.13,28,29 Some of the current reviews focus on examining the effectiveness of MI for adolescents with diverse health risks/problems 30-32. However, to date there are no reviews that present and assess the evidence for the use of nurse-led MI in adolescents. Therefore, we have little knowledge of what works for whom (which adolescent subpopulation) under what circumstances (in which setting, for what problem) in relation to motivational interviewing by nurses. There is a clear need for scoping or mapping the use of MI by nurses with adolescents to identify evidence gaps and to inform opportunities for future development in nursing practice. On the other hand, information regarding nurse-led implemented and evaluated interventions, techniques and/or strategies used, contexts of application and adolescents subpopulation groups is dispersed in the literature33-36 which impedes the formulation of precise questions about the effectiveness of those interventions conducted by nurses and therefore the realization of a systematic review. In other words, it is known that different kind of motivational interventions have been implemented in different contexts by nurses, however does not exist a map about all the motivational techniques and/or strategies used. Furthermore the literature does not clarify which is the role of nurses at cross professional motivational intervention implemented programs and finally the outcomes and evaluation of interventions are unclear. Thus, the practical implication of this mapping will be clarifying all these aspects. Without this clarification is not possible to proceed to the realization of a systematic review about the effectiveness of the use of motivational interviews by nurses to promote health behaviors in adolescents, in a particular context and/or health risk behavior; or regarding the effectiveness of certain technique and/or strategy of MI. Consequently, there are important questions about the nature of the evidence in this area that need to be answered before formulating a precise question of effectiveness. This scoping review aims to respond to these questions. An initial search of the JBI Database of Systematic Reviews & Implementation Reports, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, , Database of promoting health effectiveness reviews (DoPHER), The Campbell Library, Medline and CINAHL, has revealed that currently there is no Scoping Review (published or in progress) on the subject. In this context, this scoping review will examine and map the published and unpublished research around the use of MI by nurses implemented and evaluated to promote health behaviors in adolescents; to establish its current extent, range and nature and identify its feasibility, outcomes and gaps in the evidence defining research priorities in this field. This scoping review will be informed by the JBI methodology37 that suggests a five stage methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews which includes: identifying the research question, searching for relevant studies, selecting studies, charting data, collating, summarizing and reporting the results.

El hombre perdido: Ramón Gómez de la Serna y Albert Camus

[es] Se establece aquí una relación entre dos obras narrativas publicadas durante los años posteriores a la Segunda Guerra Mundial: El hombre perdido (1947), de Ramón Gómez de la Serna, y La chute (1956), de Albert Camus. Se establece la relación en el plano del pensamiento filosófico y político y se señalan las coincidencias entre las obras. La ciudad, el paseante solitario, el distanciamiento del «gregarismo» y la defensa del individuo coinciden con un leitmotiv, el suicidio, que se da insistentemente en los años cuarenta como consecuencia del desasosiego contemporáneo, la guerra, el nazismo y el totalitarismo socialista impuesto en la URSS, defendido en numerosos núcleos de intelectuales europeos y americanos. [en] This article deals with the connection between two prose works published during the years after World War ii: El hombre perdido (1947) by Ramón Gómez de la Serna and La chute (1956) by Albert Camus. The article examines the relationship from a philosophical and political perspective and establishes the coincidences in both writers’ works. The city, the solitary stroller, the distance from «gregariousness» and the defense of the individual coincide with a leitmotiv, suicide, which has been insistently present during the 1940s as a consequence of contemporary unease, war, Nazism and the socialist totalitarianism imposed on the USSR and supported by many European and American intellectual groups.

Attachement amoureux et comportements suicidaires dans un contexte de rupture amoureuse

Les ruptures amoureuses et les divorces sont très fréquents dans la société actuelle. La rupture d’une relation amoureuse est une épreuve difficile (Holmes & Rahe, 1967; Scully, Tosi, & Banning, 2000) qui génère une détresse émotionnelle importante (Birnbaum, Orr, Mikulincer, & Florian, 1997; Sbarra, 2006). Certains individus qui vivent une rupture iront même jusqu’à poser un geste suicidaire. En effet, le lien entre la rupture amoureuse et le comportement suicidaire est bien documenté à ce jour (Ide, Wyder, Kolves, & De Leo, 2010). La présente étude a investigué le rôle des insécurités d’attachement amoureux (anxiété d’abandon, évitement de l’intimité) dans la survenue des symptômes dépressifs et des comportements suicidaires (pensées et tentatives) à la suite d’une rupture. Pour ce faire, 50 participants adultes ayant vécu une rupture amoureuse dans les six derniers mois ont été recrutés auprès d’organismes d’aide (centre de prévention de suicide, centre psychologique, organisme communautaire), ainsi qu’à l’aide de publicités affichées en milieu universitaire, sur les réseaux sociaux et sur des réseaux de partenaires. Un intervenant formé en crise suicidaire a administré verbalement des questionnaires validés d’attachement amoureux, de symptômes dépressifs et de comportements suicidaires lors d’une entrevue individuelle. Les résultats des analyses de régressions multiples ont montré que l’anxiété d’abandon des adultes qui vivent une rupture est liée à davantage de symptômes dépressifs, ainsi qu’à la sévérité et l’intensité des idées suicidaires. Ces effets demeurent lorsque l’utilisation du réseau social est contrôlée. L’évitement de l’intimité n’est pas lié à ces variables. La discussion porte sur l’importance de l’anxiété d’abandon comme facteur de vulnérabilité dans les difficultés d’adaptation à la rupture, au-delà du réseau social, et propose des pistes d’évaluation et d’intervention pour les cliniciens.

Identifying health inequalities in individuals with major mental illness (MMI) using routine data

Abstract and Summary of Thesis: Background: Individuals with Major Mental Illness (such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) experience increased rates of physical health comorbidity compared to the general population. They also experience inequalities in access to certain aspects of healthcare. This ultimately leads to premature mortality. Studies detailing patterns of physical health comorbidity are limited by their definitions of comorbidity, single disease approach to comorbidity and by the study of heterogeneous groups. To date the investigation of possible sources of healthcare inequalities experienced by individuals with Major Mental Illness (MMI) is relatively limited. Moreover studies detailing the extent of premature mortality experienced by individuals with MMI vary both in terms of the measure of premature mortality reported and age of the cohort investigated, limiting their generalisability to the wider population. Therefore local and national data can be used to describe patterns of physical health comorbidity, investigate possible reasons for health inequalities and describe mortality rates. These findings will extend existing work in this area. Aims and Objectives: To review the relevant literature regarding: patterns of physical health comorbidity, evidence for inequalities in physical healthcare and evidence for premature mortality for individuals with MMI. To examine the rates of physical health comorbidity in a large primary care database and to assess for evidence for inequalities in access to healthcare using both routine primary care prescribing data and incentivised national Quality and Outcome Framework (QOF) data. Finally to examine the rates of premature mortality in a local context with a particular focus on cause of death across the lifespan and effect of International Classification of Disease Version 10 (ICD 10) diagnosis and socioeconomic status on rates and cause of death. Methods: A narrative review of the literature surrounding patterns of physical health comorbidity, the evidence for inequalities in physical healthcare and premature mortality in MMI was undertaken. Rates of physical health comorbidity and multimorbidity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were examined using a large primary care dataset (Scottish Programme for Improving Clinical Effectiveness in Primary Care (SPICE)). Possible inequalities in access to healthcare were investigated by comparing patterns of prescribing in individuals with MMI and comorbid physical health conditions with prescribing rates in individuals with physical health conditions without MMI using SPICE data. Potential inequalities in access to health promotion advice (in the form of smoking cessation) and prescribing of Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) were also investigated using SPICE data. Possible inequalities in access to incentivised primary healthcare were investigated using National Quality and Outcome Framework (QOF) data. Finally a pre-existing case register (Glasgow Psychosis Clinical Information System (PsyCIS)) was linked to Scottish Mortality data (available from the Scottish Government Website) to investigate rates and primary cause of death in individuals with MMI. Rate and primary cause of death were compared to the local population and impact of age, socioeconomic status and ICD 10 diagnosis (schizophrenia vs. bipolar disorder) were investigated. Results: Analysis of the SPICE data found that sixteen out of the thirty two common physical comorbidities assessed, occurred significantly more frequently in individuals with schizophrenia. In individuals with bipolar disorder fourteen occurred more frequently. The most prevalent chronic physical health conditions in individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were: viral hepatitis (Odds Ratios (OR) 3.99 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.82-5.64 and OR 5.90 95% CI 3.16-11.03 respectively), constipation (OR 3.24 95% CI 3.01-3.49 and OR 2.84 95% CI 2.47-3.26 respectively) and Parkinson’s disease (OR 3.07 95% CI 2.43-3.89 and OR 2.52 95% CI 1.60-3.97 respectively). Both groups had significantly increased rates of multimorbidity compared to controls: in the schizophrenia group OR for two comorbidities was 1.37 95% CI 1.29-1.45 and in the bipolar disorder group OR was 1.34 95% CI 1.20-1.49. In the studies investigating inequalities in access to healthcare there was evidence of: under-recording of cardiovascular-related conditions for example in individuals with schizophrenia: OR for Atrial Fibrillation (AF) was 0.62 95% CI 0.52 - 0.73, for hypertension 0.71 95% CI 0.67 - 0.76, for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) 0.76 95% CI 0.69 - 0.83 and for peripheral vascular disease (PVD) 0.83 95% CI 0.72 - 0.97. Similarly in individuals with bipolar disorder OR for AF was 0.56 95% CI 0.41-0.78, for hypertension 0.69 95% CI 0.62 - 0.77 and for CHD 0.77 95% CI 0.66 - 0.91. There was also evidence of less intensive prescribing for individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder who had comorbid hypertension and CHD compared to individuals with hypertension and CHD who did not have schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Rate of prescribing of statins for individuals with schizophrenia and CHD occurred significantly less frequently than in individuals with CHD without MMI (OR 0.67 95% CI 0.56-0.80). Rates of prescribing of 2 or more anti-hypertensives were lower in individuals with CHD and schizophrenia and CHD and bipolar disorder compared to individuals with CHD without MMI (OR 0.66 95% CI 0.56-0.78 and OR 0.55 95% CI 0.46-0.67, respectively). Smoking was more common in individuals with MMI compared to individuals without MMI (OR 2.53 95% CI 2.44-2.63) and was particularly increased in men (OR 2.83 95% CI 2.68-2.98). Rates of ex-smoking and non-smoking were lower in individuals with MMI (OR 0.79 95% CI 0.75-0.83 and OR 0.50 95% CI 0.48-0.52 respectively). However recorded rates of smoking cessation advice in smokers with MMI were significantly lower than the recorded rates of smoking cessation advice in smokers with diabetes (88.7% vs. 98.0%, p<0.001), smokers with CHD (88.9% vs. 98.7%, p<0.001) and smokers with hypertension (88.3% vs. 98.5%, p<0.001) without MMI. The odds ratio of NRT prescription was also significantly lower in smokers with MMI without diabetes compared to smokers with diabetes without MMI (OR 0.75 95% CI 0.69-0.81). Similar findings were found for smokers with MMI without CHD compared to smokers with CHD without MMI (OR 0.34 95% CI 0.31-0.38) and smokers with MMI without hypertension compared to smokers with hypertension without MMI (OR 0.71 95% CI 0.66-0.76). At a national level, payment and population achievement rates for the recording of body mass index (BMI) in MMI was significantly lower than the payment and population achievement rates for BMI recording in diabetes throughout the whole of the UK combined: payment rate 92.7% (Inter Quartile Range (IQR) 89.3-95.8 vs. 95.5% IQR 93.3-97.2, p<0.001 and population achievement rate 84.0% IQR 76.3-90.0 vs. 92.5% IQR 89.7-94.9, p<0.001 and for each country individually: for example in Scotland payment rate was 94.0% IQR 91.4-97.2 vs. 96.3% IQR 94.3-97.8, p<0.001. Exception rate was significantly higher for the recording of BMI in MMI than the exception rate for BMI recording in diabetes for the UK combined: 7.4% IQR 3.3-15.9 vs. 2.3% IQR 0.9-4.7, p<0.001 and for each country individually. For example in Scotland exception rate in MMI was 11.8% IQR 5.4-19.3 compared to 3.5% IQR 1.9-6.1 in diabetes. Similar findings were found for Blood Pressure (BP) recording: across the whole of the UK payment and population achievement rates for BP recording in MMI were also significantly reduced compared to payment and population achievement rates for the recording of BP in chronic kidney disease (CKD): payment rate: 94.1% IQR 90.9-97.1 vs.97.8% IQR 96.3-98.9 and p<0.001 and population achievement rate 87.0% IQR 81.3-91.7 vs. 97.1% IQR 95.5-98.4, p<0.001. Exception rates again were significantly higher for the recording of BP in MMI compared to CKD (6.4% IQR 3.0-13.1 vs. 0.3% IQR 0.0-1.0, p<0.001). There was also evidence of differences in rates of recording of BMI and BP in MMI across the UK. BMI and BP recording in MMI were significantly lower in Scotland compared to England (BMI:-1.5% 99% CI -2.7 to -0.3%, p<0.001 and BP: -1.8% 99% CI -2.7 to -0.9%, p<0.001). While rates of BMI and BP recording in diabetes and CKD were similar in Scotland compared to England (BMI: -0.5 99% CI -1.0 to 0.05, p=0.004 and BP: 0.02 99% CI -0.2 to 0.3, p=0.797). Data from the PsyCIS cohort showed an increase in Standardised Mortality Ratios (SMR) across the lifespan for individuals with MMI compared to the local Glasgow and wider Scottish populations (Glasgow SMR 1.8 95% CI 1.6-2.0 and Scotland SMR 2.7 95% CI 2.4-3.1). Increasing socioeconomic deprivation was associated with an increased overall rate of death in MMI (350.3 deaths/10,000 population/5 years in the least deprived quintile compared to 794.6 deaths/10,000 population/5 years in the most deprived quintile). No significant difference in rate of death for individuals with schizophrenia compared with bipolar disorder was reported (6.3% vs. 4.9%, p=0.086), but primary cause of death varied: with higher rates of suicide in individuals with bipolar disorder (22.4% vs. 11.7%, p=0.04). Discussion: Local and national datasets can be used for epidemiological study to inform local practice and complement existing national and international studies. While the strengths of this thesis include the large data sets used and therefore their likely representativeness to the wider population, some limitations largely associated with using secondary data sources are acknowledged. While this thesis has confirmed evidence of increased physical health comorbidity and multimorbidity in individuals with MMI, it is likely that these findings represent a significant under reporting and likely under recognition of physical health comorbidity in this population. This is likely due to a combination of patient, health professional and healthcare system factors and requires further investigation. Moreover, evidence of inequality in access to healthcare in terms of: physical health promotion (namely smoking cessation advice), recording of physical health indices (BMI and BP), prescribing of medications for the treatment of physical illness and prescribing of NRT has been found at a national level. While significant premature mortality in individuals with MMI within a Scottish setting has been confirmed, more work is required to further detail and investigate the impact of socioeconomic deprivation on cause and rate of death in this population. It is clear that further education and training is required for all healthcare staff to improve the recognition, diagnosis and treatment of physical health problems in this population with the aim of addressing the significant premature mortality that is seen. Conclusions: Future work lies in the challenge of designing strategies to reduce health inequalities and narrow the gap in premature mortality reported in individuals with MMI. Models of care that allow a much more integrated approach to diagnosing, monitoring and treating both the physical and mental health of individuals with MMI, particularly in areas of social and economic deprivation may be helpful. Strategies to engage this “hard to reach” population also need to be developed. While greater integration of psychiatric services with primary care and with specialist medical services is clearly vital the evidence on how best to achieve this is limited. While the National Health Service (NHS) is currently undergoing major reform, attention needs to be paid to designing better ways to improve the current disconnect between primary and secondary care. This should then help to improve physical, psychological and social outcomes for individuals with MMI.