Fishing capacity management

Excess fishing capacity has been identified as one of the most pernicious problems affecting long-term sustainability and biodiversity of fishery resources and economic viability of fishing operations. Significant economic gains could be achieved by eliminating excess capacity, in addition to attaining objectives of resource sustainability. In this paper, approaches to fishing capacity management are reviewed in the context of Indian fisheries. A rights based regulated access system under a co-management regime based on a strong inclusive cooperative movement of stakeholders with built-in transferable quota system and buy-back or rotational right of entry schemes seems to hold potential for capacity management in the shelf fisheries of Indian states, which need to be implemented in collaboration with the Union Government and the neighboring states with confluent ecosystems and shared fishing grounds. A key advantage of the use of rights based approaches for managing fishing capacity is that they provide a mechanism through which stakeholders can more easily and actively participate in the management process.

Aquaculture Asia, Vol.13, No.4, pp.1-51, October-December 2008

Editorial An increasingly secure future for wastewater-fed aquaculture in Kolkata, India? by Peter Edwards. First culture-based fisheries growth cycle in Lao PDR is overwhelmingly encouraging, by Sena De Silva. Revival of abandoned shrimp farms in Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh, by National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture (NaCSA). Growth of forward and backward industries linked with aquaculture in Kolleru Lake area, Andhra Pradesh, India, by A. K. Roy, G. S. Saha, P. Kumaraiah and N. Sarangi Effective marketing strategies for economic viability of prawn farming in Kuttanad, India, by Ranjeet K. and B. Madhusoodana Kurup. Applications of nutritional biotechnology in aquaculture, by S.D. Singh, S.K. Nayak, M. Sekar and B.K. Behera. Some technical and management aspects of catfish hatcheries in Hong Ngu district, Dong Thap province, Vietnam, by H. P. Hung, N. T. T. An, N. V. Trieu, D. T. Yen, U. Na-Nakorn, Thuy T. T. Nguyen. Nodavirus: An emerging threat to freshwater prawn farming, by Biju Sam Kamalam, J., Saravanan, S. and Ajith Stalin, J.L. Asia-Pacific Marine Finfish Aquaculture Network Magazine: Asian seabass farming: Brainstorming workshop and training in India. Comparative study for broodstock management of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) in cages and earthen ponds with hormone treatment, by Nani Gopal Das, Md. Shahadat Hossain, Sushanta Bhattacharjee and Prabal Barua. Cultivation of gilthead sea bream (Sparus auratus L.) in low saline inland water of the southern part of Israel desert, by Samuel Appelbaum and A. Jesu Arockia Raj. Mariculture development opportunities in SE Sulawesi, Indonesia, by La Ode M. Aslan, Hotman Hutauruk, Armen Zulham,Irwan Effendy, Mhummaed Atid, Michael Phillips, Lars Olsen, Brendan Larkin, Sena S De Silva, Geoff Gooley. Improved hatchery and grow-out technology for marine finfish. NACA Newsletter

U.S. Caribbean fish trap fishery costs and earnings study

Executive Summary: This study describes the socio-economic characteristics of the U.S. Caribbean trap fishery that encompasses the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and Territory of the U.S. Virgin Islands. In-person interviews were administered to one hundred randomly selected trap fishermen, constituting nearly 25% of the estimated population. The sample was stratified by geographic area and trap tier. The number of traps owned or fished to qualify for a given tier varied by island. In Puerto Rico, tier I consisted of fishermen who had between 1-40 fish traps, tier II was made up of fishermen who possessed between 41 and 100 fish traps, and tier III consisted of fishermen who held in excess of 100 fish traps. In St. Thomas and St. John, tier I was composed of fishermen who held between 1 and 50 fish traps, tier II consisted of fishermen who had between 51-150 fish traps and tier III was made up of fishermen who had in excess of 150 fish traps. Lastly, in St. Croix, tier I was made up of fishermen who had less than 20 fish traps and tier II consisted of fishermen who had 20 or more fish traps. The survey elicited information on household demographics, annual catch and revenue, trap usage, capital investment on vessels and equipment, fixed and variable costs, behavioral response to a hypothetical trap reduction program and the spatial distribution of traps. The study found that 79% of the sampled population was 40 years or older. The typical Crucian trap fisherman was older than their Puerto Rican and St. Thomian and St. Johnian counterparts. Crucian fishermen’s average age was 57 years whereas Puerto Rican fishermen’s average age was 51 years, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen’s average age was 48 years. As a group, St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen had 25 years of fishing experience, and Puerto Rican and Crucian fishermen had 30, and 29 years, respectively. Overall, 90% of the households had at least one dependent. The average number of dependents across islands was even, ranging between 2.8 in the district of St. Thomas and St. John and 3.4 in the district of St. Croix. The percentage utilization of catch for personal or family use was relatively low. Regionally, percentage use of catch for personal or family uses ranged from 2.5% in St. Croix to 3.8% in the St. Thomas and St. John. About 47% of the respondents had a high school degree. The majority of the respondents were highly dependent on commercial fishing for their household income. In St. Croix, commercial fishing made up 83% of the fishermen’s total household income, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John and Puerto Rico it contributed 74% and 68%, respectively. The contribution of fish traps to commercial fishing income ranged from 51% in the lowest trap tier in St. Thomas and St. John to 99% in the highest trap tier in St. Croix. On an island basis, the contribution of fish traps to fishing income was 75% in St. Croix, 61% in St. Thomas and St. John, and 59% in Puerto Rico. The value of fully rigged vessels ranged from $400 to $250,000. Over half of the fleet was worth $10,000 or less. The St. Thomas and St. John fleet reported the highest mean value, averaging $58,518. The Crucian and Puerto Rican fleets were considerably less valuable, averaging $19,831 and $8,652, respectively. The length of the vessels ranged from 14 to 40 feet. Fifty-nine percent of the sampled vessels were at least 23 feet in length. The average length of the St. Thomas and St. John fleet was 28 feet, whereas the fleets based in St. Croix and Puerto Rico averaged 21 feet. The engine’s propulsion ranged from 8 to 400 horsepower (hp). The mean engine power was 208 hp in St. Thomas and St. John, 108 hp in St. Croix, and 77 hp in Puerto Rico. Mechanical trap haulers and depth recorders were the most commonly used on-board equipment. About 55% of the sampled population reported owning mechanical trap haulers. In St. Thomas and St. John, 100% of the respondents had trap haulers compared to 52% in Puerto Rico and 20% in St. Croix. Forty-seven percent of the fishermen surveyed stated having depth recorders. Depth recorders were most common in the St. Thomas and St. John fleet (80%) and least common in the Puerto Rican fleet (37%). The limited presence of emergency position indication radio beacons (EPIRBS) and radar was the norm among the fish trap fleet. Only 8% of the respondents had EPIRBS and only 1% had radar. Interviewees stated that they fished between 1 and 350 fish traps. Puerto Rican respondents fished on average 39 fish traps, in contrast to St. Thomian and St. Johnian and Crucian respondents, who fished 94 and 27 fish traps, respectively. On average, Puerto Rican respondents fished 11 lobster traps, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian respondents fished 46 lobster traps. None of the Crucian respondents fished lobster traps. The number of fish traps built or purchased ranged between 0 and 175, and the number of lobster traps built or bought ranged between 0 and 200. Puerto Rican fishermen on average built or purchased 30 fish traps and 14 lobster traps, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen built or bought 30 fish traps and 11 lobster traps. Crucian fishermen built or bought 25 fish traps and no lobster traps. As a group, fish trap average life ranged between 1.3 and 5 years, and lobster traps lasted slightly longer, between 1.5 and 6 years. The study found that the chevron or arrowhead style was the most common trap design. Puerto Rican fishermen owned an average of 20 arrowhead traps. St. Thomian and St. Johnian and Crucian fishermen owned an average of 44 and 15 arrowhead fish traps, respectively. The second most popular trap design was the square trap style. Puerto Rican fishermen had an average of 9 square traps, whereas St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen had 33 traps and Crucian fishermen had 2 traps. Antillean Z (or S) -traps, rectangular and star traps were also used. Although Z (or S) -traps are considered the most productive trap design, fishermen prefer the smaller-sized arrowhead and square traps because they are easier and less expensive to build, and larger numbers of them can be safely deployed. The cost of a fish trap, complete with rope and buoys, varied significantly due to the wide range of construction materials utilized. On average, arrowhead traps commanded $94 in Puerto Rico, $251 in St. Thomas and St. John, and $119 in St. Croix. The number of trips per week ranged between 1 and 6. However, 72% of the respondents mentioned that they took two trips per week. On average, Puerto Rican fishermen took 2.1 trips per week, St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen took 1.4 trips per week, and Crucian fishermen took 2.5 trips per week. Most fishing trips started at dawn and finished early in the afternoon. Over 82% of the trips lasted 8 hours or less. On average, Puerto Rican fishermen hauled 27 fish traps per trip whereas St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen and Crucian fishermen hauled 68 and 26 fish traps per trip, respectively. The number of traps per string and soak time varied considerably across islands. In St. Croix, 84% of the respondents had a single trap per line, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John only 10% of the respondents had a single trap per line. Approximately, 43% of Puerto Rican fishermen used a single trap line. St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen soaked their traps for 6.9 days while Puerto Rican and Crucian fishermen soaked their traps for 5.7 and 3.6 days, respectively. The heterogeneity of the industry was also evidenced by the various economic surpluses generated. The survey illustrated that higher gross revenues did not necessarily translate into higher net revenues. Our analysis also showed that, on average, vessels in the trap fishery were able to cover their cash outlays, resulting in positive vessel income (i.e., financial profits). In Puerto Rico, annual financial profits ranged from $4,760 in the lowest trap tier to $32,467 in the highest tier, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John annual financial profits ranged from $3,744 in the lowest tier to $13,652 in the highest tier. In St. Croix, annual financial profits ranged between $9,229 and $15,781. The survey also showed that economic profits varied significantly across tiers. Economic profits measure residual income after deducting the remuneration required to keep the various factors of production in their existing employment. In Puerto Rico, annual economic profits ranged from ($9,339) in the lowest trap tier to $ 8,711 in the highest trap tier. In St. Thomas and St. John, annual economic profits ranged from ($7,920) in the highest tier to ($18,486) in the second highest tier. In St. Croix, annual economic profits ranged between ($7,453) to $10,674. The presence of positive financial profits and negative economic profits suggests that higher economic returns could be earned from a societal perspective by redirecting some of these scarce capital and human resources elsewhere in the economy. Furthermore, the presence of negative economic earnings is evidence that the fishery is overcapitalized and that steps need to be taken to ensure the long-run economic viability of the industry. The presence of positive financial returns provides managers with a window of opportunity to adopt policies that will strengthen the biological and economic performance of the fishery while minimizing any adverse impacts on local fishing communities. Finally, the document concludes by detailing how the costs and earnings information could be used to develop economic models that evaluate management proposals. (PDF contains 147 pages)

Identification of non fishing income opportunities around Kainji Lake

The findings are presented of a study carried out in the Kainji Lake region of Nigeria in order to identify alternative income opportunities for the fisherfolk, so as to increase their acceptance of fishery management measures and also to reduce the harmful short-term economic effects that such management options can have. A description is given of the main non-fishing income earning activities in the Kainji Lake area and an assessment is made of the economic viability and expected acceptance of the identified income earning opportunities. (PDF contains 84 pages)

Evaluation of two alternative carbon capture and storage technologies

4 p.

Certificación energética y propuesta para la mejora del comportamiento térmico de una vivienda situada en un bloque residencial en Leioa

[ES]El documento que se presenta tiene como finalidad realizar la certificación energética de una vivienda perteneciente a un bloque residencial situado en Leioa. Además, se estudian diferentes medidas para obtener un mejor comportamiento térmico y se analiza la viabilidad económica de las mismas

Integração de dados geofísicos de poços e geoquímicos na avaliação do potencial gerador dos folhelhos betuminosos da Formação Tremembé, Bacia de Taubaté

Nos depósitos cenozóicos da Bacia de Taubaté são encontrados depósitos de folhelhos betuminosos (oleígenos) pertencentes à Formação Tremembé, de idade oligocênica, que durante alguns anos na década de 50 foram investigados com relação ao seu aproveitamento econômico através da extração industrial do óleo nele contido. Entretanto, em face de aspectos tecnológicos e conjunturais da época, esse aproveitamento industrial foi considerado inviável do ponto de vista econômico. Nesta dissertação é proposta uma aplicação da perfilagem geofísica para a caracterização da faciologia dos folhelhos betuminosos da Formação Tremembé, tendo como objetivo principal a identificação das eletrofácies nos perfis elétricos, através de uma metodologia robusta e consistente. A identificação de eletrofácies é importante para ajudar na determinação da caracterização de uma reserva não convencional e na análise da viabilidade econômica. Neste estudo foram utilizados os perfis convencionais de poço: Raio gama, resitividade, potencial espontâneo e sônico. Os dados de perfis de poços foram integrados com os testemunhos e dados geoquímicos, mais precisamente os dados de COT, S, IH, S2 para uma caracterização realística das eletrofácies. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de três sondagens rotativas realizadas na Bacia de Taubaté, resultantes de testemunhagem contínua e perfilagem a cabo ao longo do intervalo de folhelhos da Formação Tremembé. A partir disto, obtém-se como resposta um modelo específico para cada litologia, onde cada pico corresponde a uma eletrofácies, permitindo o estabelecimento de alguns padrões ou assinaturas geofísicas para as principais fácies ocorrentes. Como resultado deste trabalho, foi possível correlacionar as eletrofácies entre os poços numa seção modelo, a partir de similaridade lateral das eletrofácies entre os marcos estratigráficos representado, foi possível observar a continuidade de duas sequências de folhelhos betuminoso com alto teores de COT, S, IH, S2, considerados os mais importantes do ponto de vista econômico e gerado um modelo faciológico 2D e 3D dessas camadas. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho são bastante promissores, apontando para a possibilidade de aplicação desta técnica a outros poços da Bacia de Taubaté, fornecendo subsídios relevantes à determinação da evolução sedimentar.

Break through in 10 million fry production at Khutelabhata fish seed farm, Durg, Madhya Pradesh

This paper presents a resume of the work carried on the production of 10 million major carp fry by stocking at the rate of 10 million spawn per hectare in 38 nursery ponds covering 2.1 ha. water spread area at Khutelabhata fish seed farm, Durg, Madhya Pradesh. Observations made on the effect of various types of feed on survival and growth rate of Indian Major carp fry in nurseries are reported. Physico-chemical parameters and plankton populations in the three sets of nurseries are given. The experiments indicates that optimum survival rate of fry can be obtained by feeding tender spawn with animal protein feed. The economic viability of the experiment discussed shows that for a little increase in the expenditure on improved artificial food the survival and growth of fry can be enhanced.

Performance of paddy-cum-prawn culture in rainfed low land ecosystem of Sunderbans

Performance of both paddy (Var. NC 492) and prawn Penaeus monodon were assessed for two years during wet-season in rainfed lowland ecosystem with a view to study the economic viability of paddy-cum-prawn culture in the coastal saline zone of West Bengal. Both mono and dual culture of paddy and prawn were tried in the study. Fingerlings of prawn (α 35,000 haˉ¹) of 10-15 mm size were reared for about three and half months with and without fish feed. It was observed that addition of fish feed resulted in higher (57.7%) production of prawn (2.65 mg/haˉ¹) but not rice. Such increase in prawn production was 1.6 times higher when no feed was provided and 1.4 times higher when grown as sole crop. However, paddy, whether grown as mono or mixed culture, did not differ in yield significantly. In dual culture, the benefit - cost ratio was higher (6.83) when prawn was grown with feed and it was maximum (36.0) when grown without feed as sole crop. The study, therefore, indicates that paddy-cum-prawn culture under low land ecosystem of the coastal saline zone is enterprising particularly for small and marginal farmers who fear to take risk of growing prawn alone at the cost of paddy.

Cathodic protection of aluminium sheathed wooden fishing boats with ternary aluminium anodes

Results of laboratory and field trials on cathodic protection of aluminium sheathing in fishing boats by ternary aluminium anodes are presented. The high negative potential of 1.06 V with respect to saturated calomel electrode, its appreciably low anodic polarization and high current output are favourable factors for using the ternary aluminium anodes. The low rate of consumption of the anode material under service trials attests its economic viability.

The performance of closed reactor grade plutonium-thorium fuel cycles in reduced-moderation pressurised water reactors

The production of long-lived transuranic (TRU) waste is a major disadvantage of fission-based nuclear power. Previous work has indicated that TRU waste can be virtually eliminated in a pressurised water reactor (PWR) fuelled with a mixture of thorium and TRU waste, when all actinides are returned to the reactor after reprocessing. However, the optimal configuration for a fuel assembly operating this fuel cycle is likely to differ from the current configuration. In this paper, the differences in performance obtained in a reduced-moderation PWR operating this fuel cycle were investigated using WIMS. The chosen configuration allowed an increase of at least 20% in attainable burn-up for a given TRU enrichment. This will be especially important if the practical limit on TRU enrichment is low. The moderator reactivity coefficients limit the enrichment possible in the reactor, and this limit is particularly severe if a negative void coefficient is required for a fully voided core. Several strategies have been identified to mitigate this. Specifically, the control system should be designed to avoid a detrimental effect on moderator reactivity coefficients. The economic viability of this concept is likely to be dependent on the achievable thermal-hydraulic operating conditions. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Design and Performance Analysis of a 2.5 MW-Class HTS Synchronous Motor for Ship Propulsion

The development of cryogenic technology and high temperature superconducting (HTS) materials has seen continued interest worldwide in the development of HTS machines since the late 1980s. In this paper, the authors present a conceptual design of a 2.5 MW class synchronous motor. The structure of the motor is specified and the motor performance is analyzed via a three-dimensional model using the finite element method (FEM). Rotor optimization is carried out to decrease the harmonic components in the air gap field generated by HTS tapes. Based on the results of this 3D simulation, the determination of the operating conditions and load angle is discussed with consideration to the HTS material properties. The economic viability of air-core and iron-core designs is compared. The results show that this type of HTS machine has the potential to achieve an economic, efficient and effective machine design, which operates at a low load angle, and this design process provides a practical way to simulate and analyze the performance of such machines.

苯乙酮、氨甲酸酯参与的直接Mannich反应

Mannich反应是有机化学中最重要的碳-碳键形成反应，其产物是合成手性胺的通用中间体。间接Mannich反应使用不稳定的预制烯醇等当体，以未修饰的酮为给体的直接方法将增强Mannich反应的效率。针对低活性苯乙酮、氨甲酸酯参与的直接Mannich反应，研究工作将更具挑战性。 在前期实验中，我们发现Lewis酸-NbCl5可高效催化苯乙酮、芳香醛、芳香胺三组分直接Mannich反应，反应在环境温度下进行，高收率获得Mannich碱。这是以苯乙酮参与的Mannich反应中，实现催化量Lewis酸催化的首次报道。该方法高效且操作简单。但就底物而言，对易去保护、低活性的氨甲酸酯类底物收率较低。我们设想Brønst酸可解决此类底物问题。令人高兴的是，杂多酸可高效催化芳香酮、芳香醛、氨甲酸酯三组分直接Mannich反应，反应在环境温度下进行，高收率获得N-保护的β-氨基酮。该方法底物范围广泛，普适性强且催化剂便宜。 基于杂多酸在苯乙酮、氨甲酸酯为底物直接Mannich反应中的高效性，我们设想杂多酸与功能化的手性有机小分子-手性伯胺组装可解决催化剂回收问题，同时实现不对称催化。实验结果表明，非共价键固载手性伯胺不能有效催化苯乙酮为底物的直接Mannich反应，无论是对映选择性还是收率均较低。随后，我们以丙二酸酯及α-氨基砜为底物，以增强底物活性，同时绕开亚胺的不稳定性。辛可宁伯胺以氢键双活化底物，有效催化原位产生氨甲酸酯类亚胺与丙二酸酯的Mannich反应，高收率获得Mannich碱，ee值中等。 我们采用逐步解决问题的策略解决Mannich反应中的部分问题并在Lewis酸催化、Brønst酸催化、非共价键固载手性伯胺催化及手性伯胺氢键催化的直接Mannich反应中做出了有益探索。 The Mannich reactions are among the most fundamental carbon-carbon bond forming reactions in organic chemistry, and the reaction products are versatile intermediates in the synthesis of chiral amines. The indirect Mannich reaction uses preformed enolate equivalents. However the preformed enolates are unstable. Thus, a direct methodology based on unmodified ketone donors would enhance the efficiency of the Mannich reaction. Especially researches for the directed Mannich reactions of acetophenone, carbamate, which own lower activities, will be more challengeable. In the initial experiments, we found an efficient Lewis acid-NbCl5 which could catalyze three-component Mannich-type reaction of acetophenone, aromatic aldehydes and aromatic amines at ambient temperature in high yields. This is the first report that use catalytic amount of Lewis acid in the Mannich reactions of .acetophenone. The method reported is not only simple to operate but also efficient. However, as far as amines are concerned, the substrates of carbamates which can be deprotected more easily and less reactive than amines give low yields. We envisaged that Brønsted acid would resolve this problem. Pleasingly, heteropoly acids (HPA) efficiently catalyzed one-pot three-component Mannich reactions of aryl aldehydes, aryl ketones, and carbamates at ambient temperature and afforded the corresponding N-protected β-amino ketones in good to excellent yields. This method provides a novel and improved modification of three-component Mannich reactions in terms of a wide scope of aldehydes, ketones and carbamates, economic viability. Based on the high efficiency of heteropoly acids in the Mannich reaction of acetophenone and carbamates, we envisaged that if HPA were combined with functionalized chiral organocatalysts–chiral primary amines the assemblies may be able to act as recoverable asymmetric organocatalysts. The results of exprimentals showed that noncovalently supported heterogeneous chiral primary amine couldn’t effectively catalyze the Mannich reactions which own two the substrate of acetophenone regardless of enantioselectivity and yield. Then, we employed malonates and α-amido sulfones as substrates to enhance reactivity of substrates and circumvent the instability of imines. A moderately enantioselective and highly yield Mannich reaction with in situ generation of carbamate-protected imines from stable α-amido sulfones catalyzed by cinchonine primary amine catalyst was developed. It is noteworthy that cinchonine primary amine can dual activate substrates through H-bond activation and thus promote the reaction. We applied step-by-step-strategy to resolve some problems in the Mannich reactions and did some instructive explorations in Lewis acid catalysis, Brønst acid catalysis, noncovalently supported heterogeneous chiral primary amine catalysis and chiral primary amine as hydrogen-bond catalysis.

Sistema de produção agrossilvipastoril no semiárido do Ceará.

2010

Rola środków Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej Unii Europejskiej w przekształceniach rolnictwa w województwie wielkopolskim

Nauk Geograficznych i Geologicznych:Geografii Społeczno-Ekonomicznej i Gospodarki Przestrzennej