Unexpectedly high catch-and-release rates in European marine recreational fisheries: implications for science and management

While catch-and-release (C&R) is a well-known practice in several European freshwater recreational fisheries, studies on the magnitude and impact of this practice in Europeanmarine recreational fisheries are limited. To provide an overview of the practice andmagnitude of C&R among marine recreational anglers in Europe, the existing knowledge of C&R and its potential associated release mortality was collected andsummarized. The present study revealed that in several European countries over half of the total recreational catch is released by marine anglers. High release proportions of > 60% were found for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), pollack (Pollachius pollachius), and sea trout (Salmo trutta) in at least one of the studied European countries. In the case of the German recreational Baltic Sea cod fishery, release proportions varied considerably between years, presumably tracking a strong year class ofundersized fish. Reasons for release varied between countries and species, and included legal restrictions (e.g. minimumlanding sizes and daily bag limits) and voluntary C&R. Considering the magnitude of C&R practice among European marine recreational anglers, post-release mortalities of released fish may need to be accounted for in estimated fishingmortalities.However, as the survival rates of Europeanmarine species aremostly unknown, there is a need to conduct post-release survival studies and to identify factors affecting post-release survival. Such studies could also assist in developing species-specific, best-practice guidelines to minimize the impacts of C&R on released marine fish in Europe.

Potential of cottonseed oil as fish oil replacer in European Sea Bass feed formulation

Triplicate groups of 20 European sea bass (35 g) were fed five diets in which the added lipid was 100% fish oil (FO), 40% (CSO40), 60% (CSO60), 80% (CSO80) and 100% (CSO100) refined cottonseed oil (CSO), for a period of 120 days. Overall fish growth, feed conversion ratio and protein utilization were unaffected by dietary treatment, but hepatosomatic and visceral fat indexes increased with increasing dietary CSO. Fillet fatty acid composition of total lipids reflected the fatty acids in the test diets. The monounsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in fillet of fish fed diet FO, CSO40 and CSO60 compared to other treatments while saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were not affected by the dietary treatment. Some fatty acids (18:0, 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) were present in higher concentration in fillet lipid than in the CSO100 dietary lipid indicating accumulation in fillet relative to test diets. Retention of n-3 LC-PUFA within the fillet was increasingly inefficient among fish fed increasing levels of FO. Thus, this study suggests that CSO can be considered as a relatively effective substitute for fish oil in European sea bass (35 g) in terms of growth performances and feed efficiency as far as fish meal is present in the diet.

Efeitos genotóxicos e bioquímicos de xenobióticos em animais aquáticos

No presente trabalho, foi estudado um largo espectro de efeitos genotóxicos e bioquímicos na tainha-garrento (Liza aurata). Nos Capítulos II e III são descritos os efeitos de exposição de curta duração ao fenantreno, um hidrocarboneto aromático policíclico (HAP). A exposição de curta duração (16 horas) demonstrou a capacidade deste composto induzir a actividade da enzima de fase I da biotransformação, etoxiresorufina O-desetilase (EROD), provocar decréscimos de integridade no ADN hepático e aumento de anomalias nucleares eritrocíticas (ANE). Em termos de respostas de stresse, os níveis plasmáticos de cortisol e glucose aumentaram face à exposição a este HAP. A exposição ao fenantreno induziu o decréscimo da glutationa peroxidase (GPx) nas guelras, enquanto que no fígado a actividade da GPx aumentou. No rim, a actividade da glutationa S-transferase (GST) foi inibida. Nas guelras, verificou-se um aumento da catalase. O fenantreno demonstrou igualmente a capacidade de induzir um aumento dos níveis de glutationa nas guelras e fígado. Estas respostas demonstraram a sensibilidade de L. aurata, a este HAP, realçando a especificidade das respostas em termos de órgãos. Apesar dos aumentos das defesas antioxidantes, o potencial tóxico deste composto foi demonstrado pelo aumento da peroxidação lipídica nos três órgãos. Nos capítulos seguintes, são descritas as respostas de L. aurata capturada na Ria de Aveiro, em locais com diferentes perfis de contaminação, inicialmente no Outono de 2005 (Capítulos III a IX) e posteriormente analisando respostas sazonais (Capítulos X e XI). A análise de respostas de stresse (cortisol, glucose e lactato) revelou que L. aurata capturada em Vagos (local contaminado por HAPs) apresentava níveis baixos de cortisol, enquanto que no Laranjo (local contaminado por mercúrio) apresentavam elevados níveis de glucose e lactato. Relativamente às hormonas do eixo hipotálamo – hipófise – tiróide (HHT), foram observados elevados níveis plasmáticos da hormona estimuladora da tiróide (TSH) nos organismos capturados no Laranjo, baixos níveis de tiroxina (T4) nos organismos da Barra (local sujeito a tráfego naval) e baixos níveis de triiodotironina (T3) no Rio Novo do Príncipe (próximo de um antigo efluente de pasta de papel), Laranjo e Vagos. A avaliação das defesas antioxidantes, dano oxidativo e genotóxico nas guelras, rim e fígado revelou diferenças significativas nas respostas dos órgãos. L. aurata capturada na Barra apresentou dano oxidativo nas guelras (Capítulo V). No rim foi detectada uma diminuição da integridade do ADN no Rio Novo do Príncipe e Vagos (Capítulo VI), enquanto que no fígado foi observado dano lipídico na Gafanha e Vagos (Capítulo VIII). O dano não esteve sempre associado a um decréscimo das defesas. As análises da água e do sedimento da Ria de Aveiro (Outono de 2005) revelaram elevadas concentrações de metais (Cd, Hg, Cu e Zn),principalmente, no Laranjo e Rio Novo do Príncipe. L. aurata capturada nestes locais apresentou os níveis mais elevados de metalotioninas hepáticas (Capítulo VII) que parecem responsáveis pela inexistência de danos no fígado (Capítulo VIII). O dano oxidativo no ADN, avaliado através da quantificação dos níveis plasmáticos de 8-hidroxi-2-desoxiguanosina (8-OHdG) e o dano clastogénico/aneugénico, avaliado através da quantificação da frequência de ANE, foram estudados, no Outono de 2005, em duas espécies de peixes (L. aurata e Dicentrarchus labrax - robalo) (Capítulo IX). Os resultados revelaram grande sensibilidade de D. labrax em termos de dano oxidativo no ADN na Gafanha, Rio Novo do Príncipe e Vagos, enquanto que L. aurata apresentou dano oxidativo apenas no Laranjo. O aumento da frequência de ANE apenas foi detectado em L. aurata, em Vagos, não se tendo detectado correlação entre estes dois parâmetros. O estudo sazonal (Maio de 2006 a Março de 2007) do dano oxidativo no ADN e frequência de ANE em L. aurata (Capítulo X) demonstrou a variação destes parâmetros com a estação do ano, apesar de não se ter verificado correlação com os parâmetros hidrológicos determinados. No entanto, no local de referência não se verificaram diferenças sazonais, o que sugere que estes biomarcadores reflectem variações de biodisponibilidade de contaminantes. A análise global dos resultados das diferentes estações do ano revelou que L. aurata capturada no Rio Novo do Príncipe e em Vagos apresentou maior susceptibilidade a dano oxidativo no ADN. No entanto, apenas L. aurata capturada em Vagos apresentou frequência de ANE superior à do local de referência. Os dados do estudo sazonal revelaram uma correlação entre dano oxidativo e ANE, sugerindo o stresse oxidativo como um possível mecanismo envolvido na formação de anomalias. A integridade do ADN das guelras, rim, fígado e sangue de L. aurata foi igualmente estudada ao longo de um ano (Capítulo XI), tendo-se verificado uma grande variabilidade ao longo deste período. Não foi demonstrada sensibilidade a um perfil de contaminação específico, tendo-se verificando variabilidade sazonal no local de referência. Globalmente, os resultados demonstraram a importância da utilização de uma bateria de biomarcadores na monitorização ambiental e a especificidade da resposta dos diferentes órgãos de L. aurata.

Heritability estimates for growth in the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina using microsatellites to assign parentage

The tropical abalone Haliotis asinina is a wild-caught and cultured species throughout the Indo-Pacific as well as being an emerging model species for the study of haliotids. H. asinina has the fastest recorded natural growth rate of any abalone and reaches sexual maturity within one year. As such, it is a suitable abalone species for selective breeding for commercially important traits such as rapid growth. Estimating the amount of variation in size that is attributable to heritable genetic differences can assist the development of such a selective breeding program. Here we estimated heritability for growth-related traits at 12 months of age by creating a single cohort of 84 families in a full-factorial mating design consisting of 14 sires and 6 dams. Of 500 progeny sampled, 465 were successfully assigned to their parents based on shared alleles at 5 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Using an animal model, heritability estimates were 0.48 +/- 0.15 for shell length, 0.38 +/- 0.13 for shell width and 0.36 +/- 0.13 for weight. Genetic correlations were > 0.98 between shell parameters and weight, indicating that breeding for weight gains could be successfully achieved by selecting for shell length. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Compilation of growth rate data for marine pelagic organisms

The metabolic rate of organisms may either be viewed as a basic property from which other vital rates and many ecological patterns emerge and that follows a universal allometric mass scaling law; or it may be considered a property of the organism that emerges as a result of the organism's adaptation to the environment, with consequently less universal mass scaling properties. Data on body mass, maximum ingestion and clearance rates, respiration rates and maximum growth rates of animals living in the ocean epipelagic were compiled from the literature, mainly from original papers but also from previous compilations by other authors. Data were read from tables or digitized from graphs. Only measurements made on individuals of know size, or groups of individuals of similar and known size were included. We show that clearance and respiration rates have life-form-dependent allometries that have similar scaling but different elevations, such that the mass-specific rates converge on a rather narrow size-independent range. In contrast, ingestion and growth rates follow a near-universal taxa-independent ~3/4 mass scaling power law. We argue that the declining mass-specific clearance rates with size within taxa is related to the inherent decrease in feeding efficiency of any particular feeding mode. The transitions between feeding mode and simultaneous transitions in clearance and respiration rates may then represent adaptations to the food environment and be the result of the optimization of tradeoffs that allow sufficient feeding and growth rates to balance mortality.

Fish nodavirus lytic cycle and semipermissive expression in mammalian and fish cell cultures

In this study, Dicentrarchus labrax encephalitis virus (DIEV), which causes sea bass encephalitis, was propagated in cell culture, thus allowing study of its lytic cycle, DIEV infection of mammalian and fish cells induced different patterns of expression of capsid proteins, which were assembled as virus-like particles, accumulating in the cytoplasm either as diffuse masses or in vesicles, as shown by electron microscopy, These particles correspond to virions, as shown by their ability to induce Secondary infection, Fish cells proved to be more permissive for DIEV than mammalian cells, although virus yield remained low, RNA analysis of infected sea bass cells revealed DIEV RNA3, in addition to genomic RNA1 and RNA2, and the presence of the RNA;! minus strand, thus demonstrating the replication of the DIEV genome, In addition, DIEV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase was associated with mature virions even after purification by a CsCl gradient, but it was dissociated when capsids were destabilized, In addition to providing more information about the relatedness of DIEV to the members of the family Nodaviridae, this study shows that fish nodaviruses may not be able to infect as wide a variety of cells as insect nodaviruses can.

Sources de variation intra-populationelle de la morphologie des otolithes: asymétrie directionnelle et régime alimentaire

Otoliths are calcified structures located in Osteichthyes’ inner ear that are involved in audition and balance. Their morphology is used as an indicator of various ecological processes or properties. This application requires identifying the endogenous and exogenous factors that act simultaneously as sources of shape variation. This thesis aims at detecting and quantifying the relative contributions of directional asymmetry and diet to otolith shape variation at the intra-population level. Directional asymmetry between left and right otoliths was found in flat-fishes, the blind-side otolith being always longer and larger, whereas it was negligible in round-fishes. However, asymmetry amplitude never exceeded 18 %, which suggests evolutionary canalization of otolith shape symmetry. A correlation between global diet and otolith was detected in 4 species studied in situ. Diet composition contributed more than food amount to morphological variation and affected otolith shape both globally and locally. An experimental study on sea bass (Dicentrarchus larbrax) showed that diet composition in terms of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids at larval stage affects otolith morphogenesis during juvenile stage without impacting on individuals’ somatic growth. This result suggests a direct effect of diet on otolith shape and not an indirect one through the somatic-otolith growth relationship. This effect disappeared at later stages, morphogenetic trajectories converging back to a similar shape, which suggests ontogenetic canalization of otolith shape.

Avaliação do impacto de poluentes estrogénicos em peixes

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Utilização de minhocas (Eisenia fetida Savigny, 1826) na alimentação de achigãs (Micropterus salmoides, Lacépède, 1802) - resultados preliminares

A minhoca (Eisenia fetida Savigny, 1826) é uma boa fonte de proteína. O elevado teor em humidade (82,80% ±2,128) e cinzas (10,70% ±2,345), principalmente terra, poderão ser um fator limitante à sua utilização como alimento para peixes. Com o objetivo de avaliar o interesse da utilização de E. fetida na alimentação de peixes, em 23 setembro 2014 foram capturados 22 juvenis de achigã (Micropterus salmoides Lacépède, 1802) (0+ anos) numa pequena barragem de rega Os achigãs foram colocados em três aquários para habituação a um alimentos compostos comercial. Três semanas depois 86,4% já ingeriam o alimento. A taxa de sobrevivência foi de 100%. Em 13 outubro 2014 foram escolhidos aleatoriamente 16 achigãs e colocados em dois aquários (8 peixes/aquário; 0,048 m3 de água). Os valores médios iniciais de peso, comprimento, fator K e densidade foram semelhantes nosdois aquários. No aquário G1 (minhocas) e aquário G2 (alimento composto) o peso, o comprimento, o fator K e a densidade iniciais foram, respetivamente, 13,62 g (±3,171) e 13,40 g (±3,002) (P>0,05); 10,49 cm (±0,757) e 10,39 cm (±0,649) (P>0,05); 1,160 (±0,043) e 1,179 (±0,082) (P>0,05); 2,27 kg/m3 e 2,23 kg/m3. No nosso estudo laboratorial a temperatura média da água variou entre 19,9ºC e 16,8ºC. Como em Portugal não se produzem alimentos específicos para achigãs foi utilizado um alimento composto comercial formulado para douradas (Sparus aurata L., 1758) e robalos (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758) (proteína 49,74%MS; gordura 18,07%MS; cinzas 11,57%MS; fibra bruta 0,84%MS; humidade 6,55%). No dia 88 do estudo (09 janeiro 2015) os valores médios de peso, comprimento, fator K e densidade nos aquários G1 e G2 foram, respetivamente, 17,57 g (±4,071) e 19,19 g (±4.811) (P<0,05); 10,88 cm (±0,875) e 11,29 cm (±0,871) (P<0,05); 1,346 (±0,051) e 1,311 (±0,061) (P>0,05); 2,93 kg/m3 e 3,20 kg/m3). Os resultados obtidos até agora parecem indicar que a E. fetida pode ser utilizada na alimentação de achigãs.

An assessment of catches and harvest of recreational shore angling in the north of Portugal

Recreational shore angling in the Atlantic Ocean between Moledo and Aveiro (Portugal) was examined using roving creel surveys (March/September 2001). Cooperation was high (90% of 2310 anglers approached). At least 39 species of fish were caught at a rate of approximately 0.5 fish angler h(-1). An estimated 7319 kg of Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), with 45.6% below the minimum legal size, and 2040 kg of sea breams (genus Diplodus), correspond to 5.75% and 1.19% of the commercial landings in the same geographical area, respectively. The results shed light on a number of issues relevant to integrated coastal management, including temporal and spatial distribution of fishing effort, species caught, sizes of fish, catch rates, and factors influencing catches and angler satisfaction. Whilst the results suggest that the catches of sea breams and sea bass by day-time recreational shore angling in northern Portugal are small compared with commercial fishing, other recreational activities, such as boat fishing and spear-fishing, must be assessed.

The effect of predation on artificial reef juvenile demersal fish species

There is a concern that artificial reefs (AR) may act purely as fishing aggregation devices. Predators attracted to ARs can influence the distribution and abundance of prey fish species. Determining the role of predators in AR is important in advancing the understanding of community interactions. This paper documents the effects of predation on fish assemblages of AR located near a coastal lagoon fish nursery. The Dicentrarchus labrax is a very opportunistic species preying on juveniles (0(+) and 1(+) age classes) of several demersal fish species on the ARs. Reef prey and sea bass abundance were negatively correlated. The mean numbers of prey per sea bass stomach increased with the increase of reef fish prey abundance, suggesting that predation has a significant influence, resulting in a decrease in prey abundance. Prey mortality (4-48%) of demersal reef fish associated species depends on bass density. Prey selection was related both with prey abundance and vulnerability. Results showed that D. labrax predation on AR-fish associated species can increase prey natural mortality. However, the role of bass predation on the ecological functioning of exploited ARs is not clear. There may be increases in local fishing yields due either to an increase in predator biomass through aggregation of sea bass attracted to ARs or to greater production. In contrast, predation on juveniles of economically important reef fish preys, especially the most frequent and abundant (Boops boops), can contribute to a decrease in recruitment to the fishery. Our results indicate that inter-specific interactions (predator-prey) are important in terms of conservation and management, as well as for the evaluation of the long-term effects of reef deployment. Thus, it is necessary to consider ecological interactions, such as predation, prior to the development and deployment of artificial habitats as a tool for rehabilitation.

Catches of the sport fishing competitions along the Algarve coast (Portugal): species, sizes, catch rates, and trends

Background. Stocks of many marine fishes are in decline and a number of studies suggest that for some species the impact of recreational angling may be important. To date, only recreational (leisure) fishing surveys have been conducted in Portugal, with no studies on beach angling competitions, dynamically increasing in number over the past 10 to 20 years. In view of the above, we decided to evaluate the impact of such events on the Algarve coast (southern Portugal) in terms of the abundance, diversity, and respective weight of fish species caught and outline some conservation measures and recommendations for the management of the targeted species. Materials and methods. Participants of 22 angling competitions taking place between February and June 2007 were surveyed. In each competition a random sample of anglers was interviewed, and the specimens caught by each participant were identified, weighed, and measured. Results. Thirteen taxa belonging to eight families were identified, and the most common were: garfish, Belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761); mullets, Mugilidae (not identified); and mackerels, Scomber spp. A total of 563 specimens were sampled, totalling 75.4 kg of weight, with the average catch per angler weighing 0.5 +/- 0.05 SE (n = 153) kg. Differences were also observed between the length at first maturity (L(50)) of the specimens caught and their respective Minimum Landing Size (MLS) and Allowed Minimum Size (AMS), most particularly in the case of the European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), with almost all individuals caught measuring below the species-specific L50. Analysis of time series of competition results (1996-2009) showed no evidence of a decrease in catches or in mean weight. Conclusion. Based on the results we propose that the AMS for beach angling competitions should be increased to the MLS in order to prevent the capture of juvenile fishes, especially the sea bass. Future studies should address the size selectivity of the hooks used in beach competitions, with a view to the implementation of a minimum hook size for competitions.

Análise das capturas de concursos de pesca desportiva na Costa Algarve

Dissertação de mest., Biologia Marinha (Ecologia e Conservação Marinha), Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Five gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptors in a teleost fish: isolation, tissue distribution and phylogenetic relationships

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the main neurohormone controlling gonadotrophin release in all vertebrates, and in teleost fish also of growth hormone and possibly of other adenohypophyseal hormones. Over 20 GnRHs have been identified in vertebrates and protochoordates and shown to bind cognate G-protein couple receptors (GnRHR). We have searched the puffer fish, Fugu rubripes, genome sequencing database, identified five GnRHR genes and proceeded to isolate the corresponding complementary DNAs in European sea bass, Dicentrachus labrax. Phylogenetic analysis clusters the European sea bass, puffer fish and all other vertebrate receptors into two main lineages corresponding to the mammalian type I and II receptors. The fish receptors could be subdivided in two GnRHR1 (A and B) and three GnRHR2 (A, B and C) subtypes. Amino acid sequence identity within receptor subtypes varies between 70 and 90% but only 50–55% among the two main lineages in fish. All European sea bass receptor mRNAs are expressed in the anterior and mid brain, and all but one are expressed in the pituitary gland. There is differential expression of the receptors in peripheral tissues related to reproduction (gonads), chemical senses (eye and olfactory epithelium) and osmoregulation (kidney and gill). This is the first report showing five GnRH receptors in a vertebrate species and the gene expression patterns support the concept that GnRH and GnRHRs play highly diverse functional roles in the regulation of cellular functions, besides the ‘‘classical’’ role of pituitary function regulation.