3.7 Frederick Middlebush, 13th President of University of Missouri, 1935-54

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3.7 Chief Justice Hughes Delivered the Opinion of the Court for Gaines vs. Canada Case

Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes announced the 6-2 decision on Gaines v Canada on December 12, 1938. Writing for the majority, Hughes held that when the state provides legal training, it must provide it to every qualified person; it cannot send them to other states. Key to the conclusion was that there was no provision for legal education of blacks in Missouri, which is where Missouri law guaranteeing equal protection applies. To the court, sending Gaines to another state would have been irrelevant.

sqv-3, -7, and -8, a set of genes affecting morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans, encode enzymes required for glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis

sqv (squashed vulva) genes comprise a set of eight independent loci in Caenorhabditis elegans required zygotically for the invagination of vulval epithelial cells and maternally for normal oocyte formation and embryogenesis. Sequencing of sqv-3, sqv-7, and sqv-8 suggested a role for the encoded proteins in glycolipid or glycoprotein biosynthesis. Using a combination of in vitro analysis of SQV enzymatic activities, sqv+-mediated rescue of vertebrate cell lines, and biochemical characterization of sqv mutants, we show that sqv-3, -7, and -8 all affect the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans and therefore compromise the function of one specific class of glycoconjugates, proteoglycans. These findings establish the importance of proteoglycans and their associated glycosaminoglycans in epithelial morphogenesis and patterning during C. elegans development.

Induction of cytochrome P4501A1 by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or indolo(3,2-b)carbazole is associated with oxidative DNA damage.

Induction of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) in the hepatoma Hepa1c1c7 cell line results in an elevation in the excretion rate of 8-oxoguanine (oxo8Gua), a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage and the major repair product of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (oxo8dG) residues in DNA. Treatment of this cell line with 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dibenzodioxin (TCDD), a nonmetabolized environmental contaminant, and indolo(3,2-b)carbazole (ICZ), a metabolite of a natural pesticide found in cruciferous vegetables, is shown to both induce CYP1A1 activity and elevate the excretion rate of oxo8Gua; 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF or alpha-naphthoflavone), an inhibitor of CYP1A1 activity and an antagonist of the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor, reduced the excretion rate of oxo8Gua. The essential role of Ah-receptor, which mediates the induction of CYP1A1, is shown by the inability of TCDD to induce CYP1A1 and to increase excretion of oxo8Gua in Ah receptor-defective c4 mutant cells. While there was a significant 7.0-fold increase over 2 days in the excretion rate of oxo8Gua into the growth medium of TCDD-treated Hepa1c1c7 cells compared to control, no significant increase was detected in the steady-state level of oxo8dG in the DNA presumably due to efficient DNA repair. Thus, the induction of CYP1A1 appears to lead to a leak of oxygen radicals and consequent oxidative DNA damage that could lead to mutation and cancer.