706 resultados para Rochas fosfatadas


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In this work we developed a computer simulation program for physics porous structures based on programming language C + + using a Geforce 9600 GT with the PhysX chip, originally developed for video games. With this tool, the ability of physical interaction between simulated objects is enlarged, allowing to simulate a porous structure, for example, reservoir rocks and structures with high density. The initial procedure for developing the simulation is the construction of porous cubic structure consisting of spheres with a single size and with varying sizes. In addition, structures can also be simulated with various volume fractions. The results presented are divided into two parts: first, the ball shall be deemed as solid grains, ie the matrix phase represents the porosity, the second, the spheres are considered as pores. In this case the matrix phase represents the solid phase. The simulations in both cases are the same, but the simulated structures are intrinsically different. To validate the results presented by the program, simulations were performed by varying the amount of grain, the grain size distribution and void fraction in the structure. All results showed statistically reliable and consistent with those presented in the literature. The mean values and distributions of stereological parameters measured, such as intercept linear section of perimeter area, sectional area and mean free path are in agreement with the results obtained in the literature for the structures simulated. The results may help the understanding of real structures.

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Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, 2016.

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Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, 2015.

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Metal-ceramic interfaces are present in tricone drill bits with hard ceramic inserts for oil well drilling operations. The combination of actions of cutting, crushing and breaking up of rocks results in the degradation of tricone drill bits by wear, total or partial rupture of the drill bit body or the ceramic inserts, thermal shock and corrosion. Also the improper pressfitting of the ceramic inserts on the bit body may cause its total detachment, and promote serious damages to the drill bit. The improvement on the production process of metal-ceramic interfaces can eliminate or minimize some of above-mentioned failures presented in tricone drill bits, optimizing their lifetime and so reducing drilling metric cost. Brazing is a widely established technique to join metal-ceramic materials, and may be an excellent alternative to the common mechanical press fitting process of hard ceramic inserts on the steel bit body for tricone drill bit. Wetting phenomena plays an essential role in the production of metal/ceramic interfaces when a liquid phase is present in the process. In this work, 72Silver-28Copper eutectic based brazing alloys were melted onto zirconia, silicon nitride and tungsten carbide/Co substrates under high vacuum. Contact angle evolution was measured and graphically plotted, and the interfaces produced were analysed by SEM-EDX. The AgCu eutectic alloy did not wet any ceramic substrates, showing high contact angles, and so without chemical interaction between the materials. Better results were found for the systemns containing 3%wt of titanium in the AgCu alloy. The presence os titanium as a solute in the alloy produces wettable cand termodinamically stable compounds, increasing the ceramics wetting beahviour

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The sharp consumption of natural resources by the construction industry has motivated numerous studies concerning the application of waste to replace partially or fully, some materials, such as aggregates, thereby reducing the environmental impact caused by the extraction of sand and crushing process. The application of stone dust from crushing process arising as an aggregate for the production of Portland cement concrete is a viable alternative in view of the high cost of natural sands, in addition to the environmental damage which causes its operation to the environment. The stone dust has reduced cost compared to natural sand because it is produced in the beds of their own quarries, which are usually located close to major urban centers. This study examined the feasibility of using stone dust from the crushing of rock gneisses in the state of Bahia, replacing natural quartz sand. In the development of scientific study was conducted to characterize physical and chemical raw materials applied and molded cylindrical specimens , using as reference values Fck 20, Fck 25 and Fck 30 MPa ( resistance characteristic of the concrete after 28 days) in following compositions stone powder: 10%, 30%, 50 %, 100% and 100% with additive. The specimens were cured and subjected to the tests of compressive strength and water absorption, then the samples were subjected to the tests of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained showed that the composition with 10% stone powder showed the best results regarding the physical and mechanical tests performed, confirming the reduction in compressive strength and increased water uptake increased as the content of the powder stone in the concrete composition

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The industrial production of ornamental rocks and the burning of coffee husk generate waste that is discarded into the environment. However, with the study of the incorporation of these residues in ceramic products, may be found an alternative to reducing environmental impacts and detrimental effects on human health caused by its indiscriminate disposal of waste in nature. Thus, this work aimed to study the addition of ashes of the coffee husk and granite residue in matrix of red ceramic. The raw materials were dry milled and sieved to mesh 100. To characterize the raw materials were carried out analyzes of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), particle size analysis (PSA), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Six formulations were prepared where the clay content was kept constant (70%wt) and ashes contents and granite residue varied from 10, 15, 20 and 30%. Dilatometrics analyzes were performed at four selected formulations, containing them: 100% clay (A100); 70% clay and 30% ashes (A70C30); 70% clay and 30% granite residue (A70G30); and 70% clay, 15% granite residue and 15% ashes (A70G15C15). The samples were prepared by uniaxial compaction with pressure of 25 MPa, and fired at temperatures of 800°C, 850ºC, 900ºC, 950ºC, 1000ºC and 1100°C. Assays were performed to determine the linear shrinkage of burning (LSB), water absorption (WA), apparent porosity (AP), density (D) and tensile bending. Also were performed analyzes of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the samples fired. The formulations incorporating granite residue and/or ashes reached the required limits of water absorption according to NBR 15270-1 and NBR 15310 and tensile bending according to classical literature (SANTOS, 1989) necessary for the production of tiles and ceramic block for masonry sealing

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The general objective of this study was to contribute to the understanding of the chemical evolution of fluids that percolate through carbonate rocks of the Jandaíra Formation. The oxidation and reduction conditions in which grains, source and cement were formed was investigated using the cathodoluminescence technique (CL). The study area is located in the west part of the Potiguar Basin (Fazenda Belém field) and Rosário Ledge (Felipe Guerra municipality, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). The analysis of thin sections of carbonate rocks under CL revealed that grains (allochemical or not) and diagenetic products (micritization, dolomitization, neomorphism and cementation) exhibit since absence of luminescence the various luminescence colors (yellow, orange, red, brown, and blue) in a variety of intensities. As pure calcite shows dark blue luminescence, the occurrence of different luminescence colors in calcite crystals suggest one or more punctual crystal defects such as free electron, free space and impurity. The dyeing of thin sections with alizarin and potassium ferrocyanide revealed the absence of ferrous carbonate in the different lithotypes of Jandaíra Formation. Therefore, the different colors and intensities of CL observed in these rocks are probably caused by the presence of ion activators such as Mn2+ and is not an activator/inhibitor combination. In the same way, the absence of luminescence is very probably caused by the absence of activator ions and not due to the low concentration of inhibitor ions such as Fe2+. The incorporation of Mn2+ in the different members of the Jandaíra Formation must have been controlled by the redox state of the depositional environment and diagenesis. Therefore, it is possible that the luminescent members have been formed (e.g.,ooids) or have been modified (gastropod neomorphism) under reduction conditions in the depositional environments, in subsurface during the burial, or, in the case of Rosario Ledge samples , during the post-burial return to surface conditions. As regards the sudden changes from low to moderate and to strong luminescence, these features should indicate the precipitation of a fluid with chemical fluctuations, which formed the frequent zonations in the block cement of the Rosario Ledge samples. This study suggests that the different intensities and colors of CL should be correlated with the Mn2+ and Fe2+ contents, and stable isotopes of samples to determine the salinity, temperature, pH e Eh conditions during deposition

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As rochas carbonáticas ocupam, numa visão global, um expressivo volume da crosta terrestre. De maneira geral, pode-se dizer que essas rochas estão presentes nas diversas unidades litoestatigráficas da Terra. Os reservatórios carbonáticos são reservas naturalmente fraturadas que exigem uma abordagem diferenciada na modelagem em programas de simulação numérica. Os modelos de dupla porosidade são descritos por funções de tranferências que modelam o fluxo de óleo entre matriz e fraturas. Em um reservatório carbonático naturalmente fraturado o sistema de fraturas é determinante no escoamento de fluidos dentro da reserva. Os maiores reservatórios carbonáticos do mundo estão situados no Oriente Médio e na América do Norte. As maiores reservas de óleo brasileiras encontradas neste tipo de reservatório estão localizadas nos campos do Pré-Sal. No Pré-Sal, um volume significativo de dióxido de carbono é produzido juntamente com o óleo. A disponibilidade de um volume consideravél de dióxido de carbono derivado da produção de óleo no Pré-Sal favorece a utilização dos processos de EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) por injeção de gás. O processo de injeção de dióxido de carbono vem sendo utilizado em uma grande quantidade de projetos pelo mundo. A afinidade existente entre o óleo e o dióxido de carbono causa uma frente miscível entre as duas fases causando inchamento e vaporização do óleo dentro do reservatório. Para o estudo, foi utilizado um modelo base de reservatório de dupla-porosidade, desenvolvido pela CMG para o 6° Projeto de Soluções Comparativas da SPE, que modela sistemas de fraturas e de matriz e a tranferência de massa fluida entre elas, características de reservatórios naturalmente fraturados. Foi feita uma análise da injeção de diferentes vazões de dióxido de carbono no modelo base e em modelos semelhantes, com aumento e redução de 5 e 0.5 pontos nas propriedades de porosidade e permeabilidade da matriz, respectivamente, tendo a produção de óleo como resultado. A injeção de 25 milhões de pés cúbicos por dia de CO2 foi a vazão que obteve a melhor fator de recuperação

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The Rio do Peixe Basin represents a main basin of northeastern Brazil and pioneering work positioned the rocks of this basin in the Early Cretaceous. However, a recent study, based on integrated pollen analysis from three wells, found an unprecedented siliciclastic sedimentary section, in the region, of early Devonian age. Therefore, the present study aims a detailed petrographic and petrological analysis of this devonian section, in the Rio do Peixe Basin and proposes a diagenetic evolution, to understand the characteristics of the porous system, identify the main reservoir petrofacies with the main factors impacting on the quality of these rocks as reservoirs and a quick study on the provenance of this section. The petrographic study was based on samples obtained from subsurface and surface. The diagenetic evolution of petrofacies and its identification were based only on subsurface samples and the study of provenance was based on surface samples. The thin sections were prepared from sandstones, pelites and sandstones intercalated with pelites. The original detrital composition for this section is arcosean and the main diagenetic processes that affected these rocks occur in various depths and different conditions, which resulted in extensive diagenetic variety. The following processes were identified: early fracture and healing of grains; albitization of K-feldspar and plagioclase; siderite; precipitation of silica and feldspar; mechanical infiltration of clay and its transformation to illite/esmectite and illite; autigenesis of analcime; dissolution; autigenesis of chlorite; dolomite/ferrous dolomite/anquerite; apatite; calcite; pyrite; titanium minerals and iron oxide-hidroxide. The occurrence of a recently discovered volcanism, in the Rio do Peixe Basin, may have influenced the diagenetic evolution of this section. Three diagenetic stages affected the Devonian section: eo, meso and telodiagenesis. This section is compositionally quite feldspathic, indicating provenance from continental blocks, between transitional continental and uplift of the basement. From this study, we observed a wide heterogeneity in the role of the studied sandstones as reservoirs. Seven petrofacies were identified, taking into account the main diagenetic constituent responsible for the reduction of porosity. It is possible that the loss of original porosity was influenced by intense diagenesis in these rocks, where the main constituent for the loss of porosity are clays minerals, oxides and carbonate cement (calcite and dolomite)

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This Thesis presents the elaboration of a methodological propose for the development of an intelligent system, able to automatically achieve the effective porosity, in sedimentary layers, from a data bank built with information from the Ground Penetrating Radar GPR. The intelligent system was built to model the relation between the porosity (response variable) and the electromagnetic attribute from the GPR (explicative variables). Using it, the porosity was estimated using the artificial neural network (Multilayer Perceptron MLP) and the multiple linear regression. The data from the response variable and from the explicative variables were achieved in laboratory and in GPR surveys outlined in controlled sites, on site and in laboratory. The proposed intelligent system has the capacity of estimating the porosity from any available data bank, which has the same variables used in this Thesis. The architecture of the neural network used can be modified according to the existing necessity, adapting to the available data bank. The use of the multiple linear regression model allowed the identification and quantification of the influence (level of effect) from each explicative variable in the estimation of the porosity. The proposed methodology can revolutionize the use of the GPR, not only for the imaging of the sedimentary geometry and faces, but mainly for the automatically achievement of the porosity one of the most important parameters for the characterization of reservoir rocks (from petroleum or water)

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Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever as propriedades e a distribuição dos solos na Fazenda Cristalina (São Domingos do Araguaia, sudeste do Pará). O clima é tropical semi-úmido com estacionalidade pluviométrica. Rochas da Formação Itapecuru dão origem a solos arenosos e relevos pouco dissecados, havendo relevos forte-ondulados nas partes inferiores da paisagem. Cerca de 30 ha de pastagem plantada foram selecionados para o estudo. O levantamento de solos (escala 1:3.000) foi feito através da abertura de 13 perfis de solos, destinados à descrição morfológica e à coleta de amostras para análise química, granulométrica e física. Os solos da propriedade são arenosos, com baixos teores de carbono, baixa CTC e elevado teor de alumínio trocável. São profundos nas porções elevadas (Neossolos Quartzarênicos e Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos) e rasos (Plintossolos Pétricos e afloramentos de rocha) nas porções inferiores. Apesar de o relevo, nas partes elevadas serem altamente favorável ao uso, fatores intrínsecos como textura e a baixa saturação por bases determinam restrição. Mas nas partes baixas da paisagem, onde os horizontes petroplínticos e os afloramentos de rocha predominam é que se encontram as maiores restrições que levam à impossibilidade de uso

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A pesquisa acima intitulada objetiva analisar a influência do Geoparque no Geossítio Colina do Horto desde a visão geoturística e ambiental bem como as políticas de conservação para essa área. Localizado no Sul do Estado do Ceará, Brasil, na Região do Complexo Sedimentar do Araripe, os geossítios selecionados contêm rochas, sedimentos e fósseis, correspondentes aos diferentes períodos geológicos. A metodologia adotada se deu com o levantamento in loco, diagnosticando as potencialidades geoturísticas, o espaço, paisagem, além de pesquisas em literatura específica. O geossítio Colina do Horto, objeto da pesquisa, se encontra na Serra do Horto em Juazeiro do Norte/Ceará, onde está situado também o monumento do Pe. Cícero. Este geossítio é de suma importância por ser uma área de interesse cultural, turístico e religioso. Identifica-se uma presença maciça de romeiros para cultuar suas devoções ao Padre, é ocupado por comerciantes, vendedores e os moradores do entorno. É necessária a conservação ambiental, planejamento, arborização e uma melhor ocupação do espaço, pois trata-se de área de visitação e pesquisa.

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Para avaliar os efeitos da inoculação com Bradyrhizobium, fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e níveis de fósforo em mudas de sabiá Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth, plantadas em um solo espodossolo humilúvico de restinga degradada, adubado com cinco níveis de fósforo e duas fontes fosfatadas, no crescimento, nodulação, colonização micorrízica e teores e acúmulos de macro e micronutrientes, foi realizado um experimento em vasos plásticos, utilizando um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial completo 2 X 4 X 5 com 4 repetições.

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Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo a realização de um diagnóstico da fragilidade ambiental da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Almada, Bahia, Brasil. Para tanto, foi realizada a caracterização da área de estudo, com base em dados primários e pré-existentes; elaboração do mapa de solo - a partir da interpretação da paisagem e de sessenta perfis de solo distribuídos na bacia, além de análises físicas e químicas em trinta perfis e análises mineralógicas em amostras representativas; determinação do grau de fragilidade ambiental. O mapa de fragilidade ambiental foi obtido a partir da integração das características climática, substrato rochoso, declividade, solo e uso e ocupação do solo, por meio de álgebra de mapas em ambiente de Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) na escala de 1:100.000, sendo classificado em cinco graus de fragilidade, assim identificadas: muito baixo, baixo, médio, alto e muito alto. As maiores fragilidade incluem as áreas urbanas, os sedimentos arenosos expostos na zona de praia, manguezais e bolsões degradados da planície costeira localizados na porção leste e as áreas de pastagem e solo exposto nas porções oeste da bacia. Nas classes que apresentaram fragilidade baixa estão incluídos as rochas do embasamento cristalino, recobertas pela floresta de mata atlântica e da cabruca.

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O trabalho apresenta a geoquímica dos elementos traços em solos de origem vulcânica da Ilha da Trindade, Atlântico Sul, Brasil, e sua relação com a posição geomorfológica e altimétrica.Foi realizada a amostragem sequencial de solos por altitudes nas encostas da Ilha de Trindade em 10 perfis representativos para cada tipo topográfico, para fins de determinar as fases específicas para cada elemento presente no solo. O vertente sul da ilha é mais frio e úmido e coberto por vegetação exuberante de samambaias gigantes. Devido ao acúmulo de material orgânico ocorrem Organossolos ou Cambissolos nas partes mais protegidas. Em altitudes superiores a 400 m, os solos são mais ácidos e lixiviados, com a predominância de Cambissolos, já nas cotas mais baixas encontram-se solos mais jovens, os Neossolos. Os dados analíticos apresentaram que Cu, K, Mn, Ni e Zn são altos na fração ligada a Matéria Orgânica e na fração ligada a óxidos de Fe amorfos. De forma geral, os teores disponíveis de cada metal na fração solúvel e trocável dos solos são muito baixos em comparação com àqueles em solos totais. Os elementos metálicos estão presentes nos solos na forma insolúvel, tanto nas estruturas dos minerais quanto nos complexos de Matéria Orgânica e de Al e Fe, sejam amorfos ou cristalinos denotando ser os solos mais intemperizados conhecidos no território brasileiro.