The potential application of pyroligneous acid in the UK agricultural industry

This paper highlights the potential benefits of smoke recovery from the production of biochar in crop management through it application as an antimicrobial agent against plant disease and as a pesticide. The study reports on the findings of zone inhibition assays on selected plant pathogens (Agrobacterium tumefacien and Xanthomonas campestris), growth studies on selected plants (Raphanus sativus and Vicia faba), and toxicity studies performed on arthropods (Myzus persicae and Tetranychus urticae). The results suggested a strong benefit to crop management in terms of crop protection against selected causal agents responsible for plant disease, with zones of inhibition observed on both Agrobacterium tumefacien and Xanthomonas campestris when inoculated with pyroligneous acid (liquid smoke) at 10% dilution. Similarly, its potential as a bio-pesticide are favorable, with a reported 20%–30% of arthropods affected (knocked out/mortality) after exposure for 48 hours.

Härkäpapulisäyksen merkitys jauhelihapihvien aistittaviin ominaisuuksiin

Härkäpapu (Vicia faba) on hernekasvien heimoon kuuluva palkokasvi, jota kasvatetaan sekä ravinnoksi että rehuksi. Se sisältää noin 30 % proteiinia kuivapainosta ja on kasviproteiinin lähteenä lupaava kotimainen vaihtoehto soijapavulle, joka on maailman käytetyin palkokasvilajike. Palkokasvit yksinään eivät kuitenkaan sisällä riittävästi kaikkia välttämättömiä aminohappoja ihmisen tarpeeseen, joten niiden ohella proteiinia on saatava myös muista lähteistä. Työn tavoitteena on selvittää härkäpavun ja umamin lisäämisen vaikutusta jauhelihapihvien aistittavien ominaisuuksien muuttumiseen, kun osa jauhelihasta korvataan. Vertailunäytteenä härkäpavulle käytettiin soijaa. Aistittavan laadun tutkimukset jaettiin kahteen vaiheeseen. Ensimmäisen osion aistinvaraisissa arvioinneissa osallistujilta kysyttiin esikokeissa valituista näytteistä sanallisia kuvailuja sekä miellyttävyyttä. Toisessa osassa koulutettiin 10-henkinen analyyttinen arviointiraati. Arvioijat osallistuivat koulutuksiin, joissa valittiin arvioitavat ominaisuudet ja niille vertailunäytteet, sekä sovittiin arviointiasteikkojen ankkuroinnista. Raati koulutettiin arvioimaan lihaisaa hajua, papumaista hajua, rakeisuutta, tummuutta, suolaisuutta, umamia, rasvaisuutta, jauhoisuutta ja mehevyyttä. Koulutuksen jälkeen raati osallistui arviointeihin, joissa näytteinä olivat kaksi täysjauhelihapihviä, joista toiseen oli lisätty umamia lisäävää hiivauutetta, neljä härkäpapupihviä, joissa jauhelihaa oli korvattu 25 % tai 50 % ja joissa osaan oli lisätty hiivauutetta tai natriumglutamaattia, sekä soijapihvi, jossa korvausosuus oli 50 %. Arvioinnit toistettiin kolme kertaa kullekin osallistujalle ja niissä käytettiin samoja näytteitä satunnaistetussa järjestyksessä. Härkäpapu lisäsi erityisesti jauhoista suutuntumaa ja vaalensi pihvien väriä. Rasvaisuus ja mehevyys laskivat hieman verrattuna täysjauhelihapihveihin. Soijaa sisältänyt jauhelihapihvi erosi muista näytteistä varsinkin papumaisen hajun sekä miedomman umamin puolesta. Toisaalta 25 % korvatut härkäpapupihvit koettiin ensimmäisissä arvioinneissa miellyttävämpinä kuin täysjauhelihapihvi tai 50 % korvatut pihvit. Jauhelihan osittainen korvaaminen pavulla muutti aistittavia ominaisuuksia, mutta miellyttävyys ei kärsinyt ennen kuin korvausaste oli puolet. Tuotekehitystä kuitenkin tarvitaan, minkä lähtökohtana voisi pitää 25 %:n korvausosuutta, jossa miellyttävyys ja aistinvaraiset ominaisuudet kohtaavat.

Response of some chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes to Orobanche foetida Poir. parasitism

In Tunisia, broomrape ( Orobanche foetida Poir.) causes major drawbacks especially in faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) suffers little damage compared to faba bean, but with the winter sowing chickpea cultivars, broomrape might become a serious problem for chickpea cultivation. The development of resistant cultivars remains the most efficient way to solve this problem. The behavior of six chickpea genotypes to O. foetida was studied under field natural infestation and artificial inoculation in pots and petri dishes in greenhouse conditions. During the cropping seasons 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 the level of infection was very low. The number of emerged parasites per host plant varied from 0.18 to 0.43 and the incidence from 6.5% to 23%. Among the six tested genotypes, G1, G2, and G4 showed partial resistance to O. foetida with low number and dry weight of emerged parasite and high grain yield compared to the other genotypes, although no significant differences were recorded. In pot experiments, the number and total dry weight of broomrape per plant were lower for G1 and G2 genotypes than the other genotypes. Parasitism does not affect significantly the shoot dry weight and number of pods of these genotypes. The total chlorophyll content was significantly reduced under infestation in all genotypes. In Petri dishes experiments, results showed that percent germination of O. foetida seeds varied from 49% to 65% and does not play a role in the resistance of chickpea genotypes. In contrast, broomrape attachment was lower and slower for the genotypes G1, G2, and G4 than the other genotypes. Resistance in chickpea genotypes was characterized by few parasite attachments on roots and a limited growth of established tubercles. No necrosis of attached tubercles was observed in the different experiments.

Broad Bean Stain Virus: Identification, Detectability with ELISA in Faba Bean Leaves and Seeds, Occurrence in West Asia and North Africa and Possible Wild Hosts

Abstract During a survey of faba bean viruses in West Asia and North Africa a virus was identified as broad bean stain virus (BBSV) based on host reactions, electron microscopy, physical properties and serology. An antiserum to a Syrian isolate was prepared. With this antiserum both the direct double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) and dot-ELISA were very sensitive in detecting BBSV in leaf extracts, ground whole seeds and germi nated embryos. Sens it i vity was not reduced when the two-day procedure was replaced by a one-day procedure. us i ng ELISA the vi rus was detected in 73 out of 589 faba bean samples with virus-like symptoms collected from Egypt (4 out of 70 samples tested), Lebanon (6/44) , Morocco (017), Sudan (19/254), Syria (36/145) and Tunisia (8/69). This is the first report of BBSV infection of faba bean in Lebanon, Sudan, Syria and Tunisia. speci es i ndi genous to Syri a were Fourteen wild legume susceptible to BBSV infection, with only two producing obvious symptoms. The virus was found to be seed transmitted ~n Vicia palaestina.

Survey of Viruses Affecting Faba Bean in Six Arab Countries

A field survey of faba bean (Vicia [aba L.) for viruses in six Arab countries showed the presence of nine viruses. Bean leaf roll virus (BLRV), bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) and to a lesser extent broad bean stain virus (BBSV) were the most common. When testing with ELISA 789 samples with symptoms suggestive of virus infection collected from Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, Sudan, Syria and Tunisia, BBMV was detected in 203 samples, BBSV in 151, broad bean true mosaic virus (BBTMV) in 7, broad bean wilt virus (BBWV) in 47, BYMV in 314, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in 96, pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) in 31, and pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) in 49 samples. Identity of selected field isolates was confirmed by electron microscopy and host reaction studies. In a yield experiment, infection with BYMV, BBMV and BBSV 11 weeks after sowing (pre-flowering) led to 81, 54 and 84% yield loss, respectively. Inoculation with the same viruses 15 weeks after sowing (flowering) and 20 weeks after sowing (pod setting) led to 56, 84 and 18%, and 39, 37 and 18% yield loss, respectively.

Seed Transmission of Broad Bean Stain Virus in the Wild Legume Vicia Palestina Boiss

Abstract Seed-transmissibility of brood bean stain virus (BBSV) was investigated in a number of wild legume species. Genninating axes of seeds coliected from BBSV -infected plants were tested by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The virus was found to be seedtransmitted in Vida pal«stina.

石灰岩和砂岩地区豆科类植物紫花光叶苕（Vicia villosa）中铁和锰的不同分配模式

豆科类植物生物量的减少主要与氮和磷之间的平衡受到影响而有紧密的相关性。然而,其他营养元素之间的不平衡也能响应生物量的减少,比如铁和锰营养元素。选择了贵州茂兰相邻的石灰岩和砂岩地区土壤进行了野外种植实验。实验结果表明:生长着的豆科类植物铁(Fe) 和锰(Mn) 出现互为相反的分配模式:在砂岩地区生长的豆科类植物根部对铁的吸收相对高于石灰岩地区;而对锰的吸收,石灰岩地区高于砂岩地区。因此,植物根部的Fe∶Mn ,砂岩地区高于石灰岩地区。这个结果说明豆科类植物根部对Fe 和Mn 的吸收存在不同模式。然而,在叶片中的Fe∶Mn 砂岩地区和石灰岩地区之间基本没有区别,这说明铁和锰从根部到叶片的迁移具有不同模式。当叶片的Fe∶Mn (质量之比) 低于2. 9 时,有可能响应豆科类植物生物量的减少。我们在研究植物与土壤的营养元素含量之间相关性时,越过环境因素,必须考虑植物内部随生长过程而发生变化的营养元素的化学计量,比如,生长着的植物中Fe∶Mn 比值的变化等。

Effect of supplementation silage ("Festuca dolichophylla, Avena sativa and Vicia sativa") on weight gain and mortality in adult alpacas ("Vicugna pacos")

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of supplementation with silage (Festuca dolichophylla, Avena sativa and Vicia sativa) on weight gain and mortality in adult alpacas, during the months of dry season (June to August) in Huancavelica region. 300 female alpacas 3 and 4 years of age (physiological state: pregnant) were used, which were assigned to the following treatments: SP, grazing only PSE15, grazing plus supplementation of 1.5 kg of silage. Alpacas were supplemented once daily. In each alpaca they were recorded live weight at the beginning and end of the experiment. The weight gain was -0.02 y 2.05 kg for SP and PSE15 respectively (p <0.001) treatments. Mortality was 5.3% and 2.7% for SP and PSE15 respectively (p=0.073) treatments. It can be concluded under the conditions of this trial silage supplementation has effect on weight gain and maybe also on mortality in alpacas.

Inoculación de Vicia villosa R (Veza) y Melilotus alba M (Trébol dulce) con cepas de Rhizobium y su efecto como abonos verdes en la fertilización del suelo

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Microbiología) UANL