974 resultados para RNA 5.8S


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  毛冠菊属是菊科21个“有问题”属中的一个,主要分布于青藏高原地区。按照林镕、陈艺林的概念,它包含了Nannoglottis、.Stereosanthus、Vierhapperia、Senecio和Doronicum5个属的成员。它曾先后被放入旋覆花族、千里光族和紫菀族,在上述三族中的亚族位置也不确定。它的许多重要性状,如舌片颜色、染色体数目等等,人们所知甚少。由于缺乏野外工作以及看不到大多数名字的模式,林镕、陈艺林对该属的修订有待深入的研究。本文研究了该属的外部形态学、微形态学、解剖学、孢粉学、细胞学、生态学以及ITS序列,确定了毛冠菊属的分类位置,并建立了一个新的属下分类系统。 1.外部形态 在检查大量标本(包括大多数模式)和野外居群考察的基础上,分析了主要外部形态学性状的变异式样及其对划定物种范围的价值。共确认以下9个种:青海毛冠菊、厚毛毛冠菊、狭舌毛冠菊、虎克毛冠菊、宽苞毛冠菊、大果毛冠菊、毛冠菊、玉龙毛冠菊和云南毛冠菊。川西毛冠菊被处理成狭舌毛冠菊的异名。 2.微形态学 在光镜下检查了毛冠菊属9种和紫菀族2个代表属的花柱的形状、花药顶端不育附属物、花药基部、花药基部、花盘、花丝领、药室内壁细胞等微形态性状。除了花柱基外,其他的微形态学在属内一致。管状花的花柱形态支持将毛冠菊属放在紫菀族,但其药室内壁细胞两极加厚式样表明它和广义的旋覆花有某些联系。 3.叶表皮研究 在光镜和电镜下检查了毛冠菊属8个种的叶表皮特征。.所有种的气孔器都为不规则型。青海毛冠菊表皮细胞的为多边形,而其他种都为不规则型。青海毛冠菊表皮角质层的加厚方式也与其他种明显不同。 4.扫描电镜下的舌片和花柱分枝特征 在扫描电镜下观察毛冠菊属8种和紫菀族7个代表种的舌片近轴面表皮细胞。发现毛冠菊属的舌片近轴面表皮细胞都为板状,并且沿细胞中央特征性加厚,这与紫菀族类型的表皮细胞一致,但毛冠菊属表皮细胞的角质层主要是纵向条纹或皱纹,而紫菀族总是横向的条纹或皱纹,明显不同。 在扫描电镜下又检查了毛冠菊属8种和紫菀族8个代表种的管状花花柱分枝近轴面的结构,结果在毛冠菊属管状花花柱分枝的近轴面都发现了柱头毛状的突起,而在紫菀族8种中没有发现。从突起的形状和位置判断,它可能是残存的、未充分发育的柱头毛。这表明雌性不育管状花可能刚刚从两性管状花演化而来。 也在扫描电镜下观察了毛冠菊属6种和紫菀族8个代表种的舌状花和丝状花的花柱分枝的远轴面,结果在毛冠菊属4种中发现了类似扫集毛状的突起。从这种突起的位置和形状判断,它可能是残余的扫集毛。这种突起在除雏菊以外的其他紫菀族代表种中缺失。 5.细胞学 检查了毛冠菊属8种的细胞学性状。结果发现毛冠菊属所有种的染色体基数都为x -9。染色体长度大约4um-lOum。核型公式:毛冠菊、厚毛毛冠菊、狭舌毛冠菊、宽苞毛冠菊和云南毛冠菊都为2n=14m+2sm+2st;玉龙毛冠菊、大果毛冠菊和青海毛冠菊都为2n=12m+4sm+2st。A1、A2值在属内没有明显差异。所有种的核型都是2A型。这表明在物种形成的过程中没有多倍化参与,毛冠菊属宜放在紫菀族而不是千里光族。细胞学证据支持毛冠菊属为一单系类群。 6.分子生物学 测定了毛冠菊属7种的ITS序列,并从基因库里下载了46个ITS序列,涵盖紫菀族14个亚属和旋覆花族、春黄菊族、金盏菊族。以旋覆花族、春黄菊族、金盏菊族为外类群。简约性分析显示,毛冠菊属在紫菀族中,并有较高的bootstrap值,在紫菀族中处于基部位置。Olearia和Chiliotrichum两个Hinterhuberinae亚族的代表属与毛冠菊属密切相关。在属下系统发育分析中,Olearia和Chiliotrichum被选做外类群。652个性状中,共有7】个信息位点(31个在ITSI,33个在ITS2,7个在5.8S)。简约性分析时只获得一棵最简约树。树上有两个明显的进化支,一支仅有青海毛冠菊一种,另一支包含其他种类。这种分支方式也得到形态学和生态学证据的支持。 7.毛冠菊属的系统学 从上述结果可以看出,毛冠菊属宜放入紫菀族中,在紫菀族中处于基部位置,与Hinterhuberinae亚族关系密切。综合上述研究结果,提出一个新的属下 分类系统: 毛冠菊属的新系统 组I单头组Sect. Monocephala T.G.Gao et YL.Chen Sect nov. 青海毛冠菊Nannoglottis ravida (C.Winkl.)Y.L.Chen 组II毛冠菊组Sect. Nannoglottis 系1.长舌系Ser. Delavayanae Ling et YL.Chen 厚毛毛冠菊Nannoglottis delavayi(Franch.)Ling et Y.L.Chen 狭舌毛冠菊Nannoglottis gynura(C.Winkl.) Ling et YL.Chen 虎克毛冠菊Nannoglottis hookeri (C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f.)Kitam. 宽苞毛冠菊Nannoglottis latisquama Ling et Y.L.Chen 大果毛冠菊Nannoglottis macrocarpa Ling et YL.Chen 系2.短舌系Ser. Nannoglottis 毛冠菊Nannoglottis carpesioides Maxim. 玉龙毛冠菊Nannoglottis hieraciphylla (Hand.-Mzt.)Ling et YL.Chen 云南毛冠菊Nannoglottis yuennanensis (Hand.-Mzt.) Hand.-Mzt.

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被子植物的rRNA基因已经得到深入研究。二倍体被子植物一般拥有1-4对18S-5.8S-26S rDNA位点和1-2对5S rDNA位点。作为特殊的多基因家族成员,rDNA会受均一化力 (homogenizing forces) 的作用,通过基因转换、不等交换等机制,形成基因的致同进化 (concerted evolution)。长期以来,我们一直认为动植物rDNA致同进化水平很高,各种拷贝的序列几乎完全一致,因此可以直接应用PCR测序的方法进行分子系统学研究。但是在裸子植物中由于研究资料的匮乏,使我们对裸子植物rDNA的变异模式了解甚少。松属植物作为裸子植物的最大类群,它的rDNA变异和进化有何特点、与被子植物是否相同,是这个重要类群的进化研究中目前尚未解决的问题。本文的研究内容从三个方面进行: (1)rDNA的染色体定位 目前,松属的18S-5.8S-26S rDNA的染色体定位研究只包括5种植物,其中的3种同时涉及到5S rDNA定位。这些研究结果表明,不同种存在相异的rDNA位点数目,甚至不同的个体的rDNA位点均有变化。其共同点是,18S-5.8S-26S rDNA位点数平均较被子植物多,5S rDNA除Pinus radiata外,在其它种里则与被子植物相似。这种现象是松属或裸子植物的共同特征,亦或是特例呢?有限的研究限制了对裸子植物rDNA的了解。本研究的目的之一就是研究松属植物rDNA的染色体空间分布特征,希望借此了解松属植物间的关系,比较裸子植物和被子植物rDNA在染色体组水平的差异。 (2)5S rDNA的分子进化 5S rDNA的序列水平的进化研究在松属中尚属空白。5S rDNA在染色体数目上没有显示裸子植物与被子植物的差异,是否意味着松属乃至裸子植物的5S rDNA也同被子植物一样——致同进化完全,序列高度一致呢?利用克隆测序方法对松属植物5S rDNA的研究无疑是有开创性的工作,可以探讨裸子植物的5S rDNA的进化机制和种间关系。 (3)杂种基因组研究 杂交物种的起源演化是当前生物学研究的热点,通过杂种基因组的研究,可以了解杂种的的基因组构成,组织方式和进化历史,探讨杂交事件对成种过程的影响及意义。这项研究涉及到高山松、云南松和油松。之所以采用这三种植物,因为等位酶、cpDNA和mtDNA证据证明高山松为油松和云南松的自然杂交种。但这些证据不足以反映杂种核基因组的重组特征和构成及其进化规律。我们利用rDNA-FISH、5S rDNA和基因组原位杂交分析三种松树间的基因组关系,为揭示高山松的进化机制和历史提供新的依据。 本项研究得到以下结果: 一. rDNA荧光原位杂交 (FISH) 通过对华山松和白皮松两种单维管束亚属植物及油松、云南松、高山松、马尾松和南亚松等五种双维管束亚属植物的18S rDNA与5S rDNA的荧光原位杂交,结果表明: ⑴ 裸子植物的18S rDNA位点数目明显多于二倍体被子植物。其中主要位点数目,油松有7对,高山松5对,云南松8对,马尾松10对,南亚松6对,白皮松3对,华山松10对,平均在7对;另外,部分松树还存在弱位点。无论强弱位点都有部分存在于染色体的着丝粒区,除了赤松 (Pinus densiflora),在其它松科植物中并没有发现这种现象。究竟是基因转移的结果或该位点是18S rDNA的原始起源位置还有待确证。 ⑵ 5S rDNA位点相对变异较小,与被子植物相当。除了华山松5S rDNA有4对位点,马尾松只有1对位点外,其它松树的5S rDNA位点数目均为2对,并且在双维管束亚属植物中有一对属于弱位点。 ⑶ 两种rDNA存在不同连锁模式。双维管束亚属植物中,5S与18S rDNA连锁在同一染色体的同一臂或两条臂上。在同一染色体臂时,18S rDNA在臂的远端。单维管束亚属植物的5S与18S rDNA或连锁于同一染色体的同一臂上,或分别处于不同染色体。前一情况,5S rDNA位于臂的远端。据此可以说明两个亚属的rDNA结构在染色体组水平的很大分化。 ⑷ 松属植物的关系及高山松核型特征。由于5S与18S rDNA连锁关系的不同,可以将单维管束亚属和双维管束亚属分开。各亚属的不同物种可以依据杂交位点的多少、位置、信号强弱构成的核型图加以区分,并且构成一定的系统关系。杂交起源的高山松在染色体组上,表现出对油松和云南松两亲本不同染色体特征的分别继承与重组,并产生独有的特征。其II同源染色体之一18S rDNA位点的缺失,可能是染色体重组的痕迹。 二. 5S rDNA的序列变异与分子进化 利用分子克隆和DNA测序分析了油松、云南松、马尾松、白皮松和不同遗传背景的高山松居群的5S rRNA基因序列变异及基因进化规律,得到以下主要结果: ⑴ 5S rDNA的结构特征。双维管束亚属植物长度在658-728 bp,白皮松则为499-521 bp。长度差异体现在基因间隔区,而基因区极端保守,基本为120 bp。基因转录区内部存在着转录控制区,决定了5S rRNA的转录起始与转录效率。5S rRNA基因能够折叠成正常的二级结构,其中,相对于干区来说,环区要保守,但环E却表现出异乎寻常的变异,转换/颠换比值高达7.1,这种突变可能是假基因的产物。基因间隔区存在一定的保守单元,其中一些与转录的起始和终止调控相关,有些是裸子植物未知功能的特异保守区。 ⑵ 松属植物5S rDNA存在着基因组内与种间的异质性。基因组内的各个克隆中有超过80%的特异的,彼此不相同。整个5S rDNA分化距离为0.042 - 0.051,其中,间隔区的分化比基因区高,其速度约是基因区的3-7倍。比较种间5S rDNA序列发现:在122个克隆中,基因区只有50个特异的序列。基因组间的序列变异度与基因组内 (个体内) 没有明显差别。白皮松的间隔区与双维管束亚属松树的5S rDNA间隔区差异极大,几乎不能排序,而四种双维管束亚属植物的5S rDNA间隔区种间种内差异不大。 ⑶ 松属植物5S rDNA进化。PAUP分析建立的5S rRNA基因树显示,5S rRNA基因在基因组内是多系的 (polyphyletic),表明成种事件以前,祖先种就已经存在序列的分化。观测到的5S rRNA基因序列变异状况,并非完全是致同进化或独立进化的单一因素造成的,而是二者的相互作用的结果。致同进化确实存在,只是速度较慢而已。 ⑷ 高山松5S rDNA 组成。高山松拥有最高的基因组内的序列多样性,高山松的5S rDNA拷贝既有亲本类型,又有重组类型,并且不同地理及遗传来源的高山松显示一定的分化趋势,有更多的拷贝来自母系亲本。 三. 基因组原位杂交 以油松和云南松总DNA作为探针,相互进行基因组原位杂交,结果显示云南松和油松的染色体组可以完全被对方探针标记,在现有基因组原位杂交的分辨率下不能将两个基因组区分开。说明云南松和油松基因组之间存在高比例的同源序列,两种松树的基因组组成十分相似。利用油松和云南松总DNA作为探针,对高山松的染色体组进行双探针基因组原位杂交。结果表明,高山松全部基因组都能与两亲本探针完全杂交,说明三者间有着异乎寻常的亲缘关系。但在PH失调影响下,高山松只有部分基因组被杂交,并且两种探针的杂交信号有轻微差异。这可能是高度重复序列优先杂交的结果。这些情况表明,高山松虽然在基因组构成上与两个亲本基本一致,但基因在染色体组的空间排布上是存在差异的,这一点可以从rDNA-FISH中证明。

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 利用RNA减法杂交、差异筛选和5’-RACE等方法从水稻分离到了一花药绒毡层特异表达的基因RA39。Southern 杂交表明,RA39在水稻基因组中是以单拷贝的形式存在的。RT-PCR 结果初步表明,RA39是一水稻花药特异表达的基因。RNA原位杂交进一步表明,RA39主要在水稻花药的绒毡层中表达,而且在小孢子母细胞减数分裂期和四分体时期表达量最高。RA39 cDNA全长1013bp,编码298个氨基酸残基。 RA39 cDNA与数据库中的已知序列没有明显的相似性,由其推测的多肽与核糖体失活蛋白(ribosome-inactivating protein, RIP)的序列相似在19-34%之间。多重序列排列分析结果表明构成RIPs活性位点的5个关键氨基酸残基在RA39中是保守的,在蓖麻毒蛋白中分别为Tyr80、 Tyr123、 Glu177、 Arg180 and Trp211 。利用原核表达系统,通过蛋白质分离和纯化获得了在SDS电泳图谱上为单一条带的纯的RA39蛋白,用兔rRNA作底物进行的酶活性分析证明该蛋白有N-糖基化作用,是一种类型I的核糖体失活蛋白。反义转基因植株的花粉用TTC进行活性染色结果显示其活性明显减弱,成熟的T0代反义转基因植株的结实率明显降低,只有对照的20-60%。这说明,RA39蛋白可能和小孢子母细胞的发育相关。   酵母DMC1是减数分裂过程中同源染色体配对和重组修复所必需的减数分裂特异基因。根据酵母Dmc1和拟南芥AtDmc1的保守区设计简并性引物,通过RT-PCR和RACE等方法,从水稻中分离出了酵母DMC1的同源基因OsDMC1。RT-PCR分析表明,OsDMC1在花中表达量最高,在根中表达量较低,在叶片和幼芽几乎不表达。水稻基因组中有两个拷贝的OsDMC1。OsDmc1蛋白与酵母Dmc1和拟南芥AtDmc1氨基酸一致性分别为53%和81%。   酵母Spo11在减数分裂过程中具有催化DNA双链断裂从而起始同源重组的功能。以酵母Spo11氨基酸序列为探针和现有的数据库通过数据分析,结合RACE技术,克隆了水稻SPO11同源基因OsSPO11-1, OsSPO11-1是一个单拷贝基因,有3个外显子和2个内含子,在转录过程中通过内含子的可变剪切产生4个不同的转录本(OsSPO11-1A、OsSPO11-1B、OsSPO11-1C和OsSPO11-1),其中,OsSPO11-1A是一个未剪切的转录本,OsSPO11-1B包含内含子2,OsSPO11-1C包含内含子1,OsSPO11-1D是一个完全剪切的转录本。这些转录本编码的蛋白有一致的246氨基酸残基的C-端,包含了Spo11/TopVIA家族蛋白共有的5个功能基元,是该家族的新成员。OsSPO11-1A和 OsSPO11-1C在花中优势积累,OsSPO11-1B是花特异的,而OsSPO11-1D在营养器官中优势积累。在花中该基因主要在减数分裂的花粉母细胞和胚曩中表达,在减数分裂期的绒毡层细胞和不同花器官的微管束细胞中也表达。这些结果说明内含子涉及到了OsSPO11-1表达的器官特异性调节,该基因除了参与减数分裂的调节外,在体细胞的发育中可能起重要作用。

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对松口蘑和假松口蘑进行ITS 序列测序,通过DNAStar 软件比较分析,发现松口蘑与 假松口蘑的5.8S rDNA 序列完全一致,ITS1 和ITS2 呈现不同程度的多态性。松口蘑ITS 序列 长度为601bp,假松口蘑ITS 序列长度为563bp。设计了扩增松口蘑和假松口蘑ITS1 的特异性 引物,能够快速地区别松口蘑与假松口蘑。

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分子生物学的“中心法则表明”: 遗传信息的方向是从DNA-RNA-蛋自质. 然而, 截止目前为止, 中心法则仍未从控制论和信息论获得足够的理论支持. 此外, 生物学中的一些特殊情况, 例如, 虽然用碱可使羊骚痒病基因不可逆地失活, 但用对核酸具专一修饰作用的5种方法却都未能使其失活; 另外, 当间期细胞被某些因素激活并造成分裂时, 在 DNA 合成之前蛋白质的合成就已经开始等, 也都很难用中心法则来解释清楚. 基于正常的翻泽过程, 也能容易地“设计”一个逆翻译机制的大概轮廓, 并且这种机制既可以证明为什么中心法则没有理论基础,同时又可以说明遗传密码的简并性。

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海洋喇叭虫Maristentordinoferus 1996年在关岛(Guam)的珊瑚暗礁上被发现 ,至今尚未阐明其确切的系统发育地位。克隆到的海洋喇叭虫的 18S ITS1 5 8SrDNA序列包括 2 2 2bp的 18S序列 ,77bp的ITS1序列和 2 2bp的 5 8S序列。比较分析了纤毛虫主要类群的ITS1序列后得出 :短的ITS1序列可能是异毛类纤毛虫的特征。根据 18S序列 ,利用邻接法构建 ,最大简约法和最大似然法构建系统发育树。其拓扑结构显示海洋喇叭虫属于异毛纲纤毛虫 ,但并不隶属喇

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从斜带石斑鱼垂体提取总RNA ,再取其 5 0ng合成SMARTcDNA。从所构建的垂体SMARTcDNA质粒文库中筛选到生长激素 /催乳素基因家族的 2个成员的全长cDNA片段 :生长激素 (GH )基因全长为 938bp ,编码 2 0 4个氨基酸 ;催乳素基因 (PRL)全长为 14 2 9bp ,编码 2 12个氨基酸。采用计算机软件Mega 2和CLUSTALW1 6 4b对 9种鱼的生长激素 /催乳素基因家族的 3个成员 (GH、PRL和生长催乳素SL)的氨基酸序列进行系统分析 ,构建NJ分支

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Two Saprolegnia isolates, JY isolated from silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch) and BMY isolated from zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio Hamilton) came from infections occurring concurrently in different locations in China. To confirm whether the two isolates were from the same Saprolegnia clone, comparative studies have been carried out based on their morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics. Observations showed that morphologically (both asexual and sexual organs) the two isolates were broadly similar and both isolates under-went repeated zoospore emergence. Comparing 704 base pairs of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the 5.8S rDNA, we found isolates JY and BMY shared an identical ITS sequence with a minor variation (99.6 % similarity). Forty available sequences for representatives Saprolegnia spp. belonged to four phylogenetically separate clades. The two studied isolates fell within clade I that comprised a group of isolates which showed almost an identical ITS sequence but had been identified as a number of different morphological species. our findings suggest that isolates JY and BMY appear to belong to the S. ferax clade and this clade (1) contains a number of closely related phylogenetic species. This is distinct from the more common fish pathogenic isolates, which belong to the S. parasitica clade (III) and are characterized by having cysts decorated by bundles of long hooked hairs and two further clades (II and IV) containing largely saprotrophic or soil born species. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The British Mycological Society.

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The objective of this study was to illustrate the phylogenetic relationship of the species in the genus Craspedacusta in China. The medusae samples were collected at 28 localities in China representing seven described species with their entire ITS region (the contiguous sequences of ITS-1, 5.8S and ITS-2 rDNA) rDNA sequences cloned. Among the 28 samples, the range of sequence variation in the complete ITS and 5.8S region was between 0 and 36.2%. Three main clades were revealed by both maximum likelihood and neighbour-joining trees, with sequence difference of 0-0.9, 0-3.7 and 0.1-1.5% in the three clades. The nesting of C. xinyangensis representatives within C. sowerbii, C. brevinema within C. sinensis and C. sichuanensis within C. kiatingi is strongly supported, with interspecific sequence divergence of 0-0.9, 0.1-1.4 and 0.0-0.4%, respectively. Thus, it is suggested that C. xinyangensis should be the synonym of C. sowerbii, C. sichuanensis the synonym of C. kiatingi and C. brevinema the synonym of C. sinensis. However, the taxonomic status of C. ziguiensis is still uncertain. According to the tree topology, C. kiatingi was closer to C. sowerbii than to C. sinensis. Craspedacusta sinensis was the most genetically distinct from distance matrix values, and located at the base of the phylogenetic trees, so it can be speculated that the C. sinensis may be the ancestral form in the genus Craspedacusta.

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Phylogenetic relationships among six species of Epistylis (i.e. E. plicatilis, E. urceolata, E. chrysemydis, E. hentscheli, E. wenrichi, and E, galea) were investigated using sequences of the first internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-1) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Amplified rDNA fragment sequences consisted of 215 or 217 bases of the flanking 18S and 5.8S regions, and the entire ITS-1 region (from 145 to 155 bases). There were more than 33 variable bases between E. galea and the other five species in both the 18S region and the ITS-1 region. The affiliation of them was assessed using Neighbor-joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses. In all the NJ, MP and ML analyses E. galea, whose macronucleic position and shape are distinctly different from those of the other five species, was probably diverged from the ancestor of Epistylis earlier than the other five species. The topology in which E. plicatilis and E, hentscheli formed a strongly supported sister clade to E. urceolata, E. chrysemydis, and E. wenrichi was consistent with variations in the thickness of the peristomial lip. We concluded that the macronucleus and peristomial lip might be the important phylogenetic characteristics within the genus Epistylis.

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对15株白腐真菌进行了以玉米秸秆为基质的初步筛选,从中获得一株选择性系数较高的菌株Y10,并对其降解玉米秸秆的情况进行了研究。结果表明,在30天的培养过程中菌株Y10对玉米秸秆降解的选择性系数都大于1,第15天选择性系数最高为3.88。对未经降解和降解过的玉米秸秆分别作了紫外光谱和红外光谱分析,结果表明,经该菌降解后玉米秸秆的化学成分发生了很大变化,且木质素的降解程度要大于纤维素的降解程度。对菌株Y10进行了ITS-5.8S rDNA序列鉴定,初步判定其为Cerrena sp.。 为了考查不同的外源添加物对菌株Y10降解玉米秸秆的影响,在以玉米秸秆为基质的固态发酵培养基中分别添加了7种金属离子、8种碳源、6种氮源。结果显示,这7种金属离子均能促进木质素的降解,并且一定浓度的某些离子明显抑制纤维素的降解;其中添加0.036%的MnSO4·H2O和0.36%的MgSO4·7H2O对纤维素降解的抑制作用比较强,降解率分别为0.96%和1.31%,木质素的选择性系数分别达到了34.40和20.17。8种碳源中除麦芽糖外都能促进木质素的降解,除微晶纤维素外都明显促进纤维素的降解。6种氮源中酒石酸铵、硫酸铵、草酸铵和氯化铵的添加都会使该菌生长变慢,而且氮源浓度越高菌丝生长越慢。外加碳源和金属离子对半纤维素降解和选择性系数的影响不大。 同时对菌株Y10在液态培养下产木质素降解酶的条件和培养基做了优化。结果表明,在初始产酶培养基中,菌株Y10的漆酶酶活在第10d达到最高,锰过氧化物酶酶活在第11d达到最高,基本上检测不到木质素过氧化物酶。菌株Y10产漆酶的最适温度为32℃,最适PH为6.0;产锰过氧化物酶的最适温度为32℃,最适PH为6.5。菌株Y10产漆酶的最佳碳源为甘露糖,最佳氮源为酒石酸铵,最适诱导剂VA浓度为3 mmol/L,最适表面活性剂TW-80浓度为1%。 利用响应面法对其产漆酶的培养基进行优化,优化后的培养基配方为葡萄糖10.00 g/L,酒石酸铵0.50 g/L,大量元素296.50 ml/L,微量元素100.00 ml/L,NTA 1.40 g/L,VA 5.00 mmol/L,吐温-80加入量为0.10%。进行了菌株Y10产漆酶的验证实验,实测酶活为5282.56 U/L,与预测酶活5162.73 U/L接近。在优化后培养基中,菌株Y10在第14 d达到生长的最高峰,第20 d时,漆酶酶活最高,为11325.00 U/L;第16 d时,锰过氧化物酶酶活最高,为30.77 U/L。 对菌株Y10的漆酶酶学性质做了初步的研究,结果显示,酶反应的最适温度为40℃-65℃,最适PH为3.0。在40℃,PH=3.0时,漆酶催化ABTS反应的米氏方程为 。 Fifteen white-rot fungi based on corn stalk were screened. One white-rot fungus Y10 with high selectivity value was obtained. The degradation of corn stalk was initially studied. The results indicated that the selectivity value was above 1 during the 30 day-cultivation and the highest was 3.88 after 15 days. The composition of untreated and treated stalk was analyzed through ultraviolet spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. It was found that the composition of treated stalk was greatly altered and the degree of the degradation of lignin is greater than the cellulose. Y10 was identified as Cerrena sp. by ITS -5.8S rDNA sequence analysis. The influence of metal ions, carbon sources and nitrogen sources on corn stalk degradation by white-rot fungus was studied. While all seven metal ions could promote lignin degradation, the cellulose degradation was best inhibited at certain ion concentrations. Notably, when 0.036% MnSO4·H2O and 0.36% MgSO4·7H2O were added into the medium, the cellulose degradation was restrained to the extents that the coefficients of lignin selectivity rose to 34.40 and 20.17 respectively. It was also found that all carbon sources except maltose can promote lignin degradation. The addition of carbon sources other than microcrystalline cellulose significantly promoted cellulose degradation. The addition of the nitrogen sources, ammonium tartrate, ammonium sulfate, oxalate, ammonium chloride, resulted in remarkable inhibition to mycelium growth; the larger the concentrations of nitrogen sources are, the slower the mycelium grew. The addition of carbon sources and metal ions had less impact on the degradation of hemicellulose and selectivity value. Meanwhile, we optimized the conditions and culture medium of the lignin-degrading enzyme production of strain Y10. The results showed that in the initial culture medium, the Lac activity was highest at the 10th day, the MnP activity was highest at the 11th day and the LiP could not be detected. The optimum condition of Lac was at temperature 32 and PH =6.0 and the optimum condition of MnP was at temperature 32 and PH =6.5. The optimum carbon source for Lac was seminose, the optimum nitrogen source was ammonium tartrate, the optimum content of VA was 3 mmol/L, the optimum content of TW-80 was 1%. PB and RSM were used to optimize the culture medium of laccase by white-rot fungus Y10. The optimum culture medium was consist of glucose 10.00 g/L, ammonium tartrate 0.50 g/L, macro elements 296.50 ml/L, trace elements 100.00 ml/L, NTA 1.40 g/L, VA 5.00 mmol/L, TW-80 0.10%. Under the optimal conditions, the activity of laccase was 5282.56 U/L and the experimental value agreed with the predicted value 5162.73 U/L. The biomass was highest at the 14th day, the Lac activity was highest at the 20th day, the MnP activity was highest at the 16th day. The results of the studies on the characteristics of Lac showed that the optimum temperature for Lac activity is 40℃-65℃ ; the optimum PH for Lac activity is 3.0 and under 40℃,PH=3.0, the Michaelis-menten equation of Lac catalized ABTS oxidation was .

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The efficient cleavage of plasmid DNA ( pCAT) by binuclear lanthanide complexes was investigated. At 37 degrees C and neutral pH, both Ho23+L and Er23+L promoted 100% conversion of supercoiled plasmid to the nicked circular form and linear form in 1 h. The corresponding saturation kinetics curve of cleavage of pCAT plasmid by binuclear lanthanide complexes showed the expected increase with catalyst concentration. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

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Lanthanide binuclear complexes can accelerate the cleavage of pUC19 plasmid DNA, yielding predominantly linear form. The saturation kinetics of the cleavage of pUC19 was studied. The observed rates with lanthanide binuclear complexes showed the expected increase with the catalyst concentration. The rate of cleavage is greater than that of lanthanide ions alone. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Barcodes based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (mtDNA CO1) sequences are being used for broad taxonomic groups of animals with demonstrated success in species identification and cryptic species discovery, but it has become clear that complementation by a nuclear marker system is necessary, in particular for the barcoding of plants. Here, we propose the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) as a potentially usable and complementary marker for species identification of red macroalgae, as well as present a primary workflow for species barcoding. Data show that for most red macroalgal genera (except members of the family Delesseriaceae), the size of ITS region ranges from 600 to 1200 bp, and contains enough variation to generate unique identifiers at either the species or genus levels. Consistent with previous studies, we found that the ITS sequence can resolve closely related species with the same fidelity as mtDNA CO1. Significantly, we confirmed that length polymorphism in the ITS region (including 5.8S rRNA gene) can be utilized as a character to discriminate red macroalgal species. As a complementary marker, the verifiable nuclear ITS region can speed routine identification and the detection of species, advance ecological and taxonomic inquiry, and permit rapid and accurate analysis of red macroalgae.

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A Gymnodinium-like species was studied with light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, the internal transcribed spacers (containing 5.8S rDNA) and large ribosomal subunit DNA (D1-D2) sequences were obtained by PCR amplification, and then sequenced to explore the relationships within our isolate, Gymnodinium and other Gymnodinium-like species, including Karenia, Gyrodinium, Karlodinium and Symbiodinium. The LM observation showed that the species was characterized by moving in a levorotatory direction, visible hypocone, epicone and transverse groove, all of which are typical for Gymnodinium. In addition, two flagella could be found under SEM. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate grouped with Symbiodium, rather than other relevant dinoflagellates. All results showed our isolate belongs to Symbiodium. The strain was isolated from a red tide water sample, denoting that Symbiodium may be causative species for algal bloom.