111 resultados para RADIX-SALVIAE-MILTIORRHIZAE


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This paper describes a hardware implementation of a two-way converter logic by which conversion between numbers from positive to negative binary representation is possible. Index terms: (i) Negative radix, (ii) Positive radix, (iii) Two-way conversion.

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This paper presents a Radix-4(3) based FFT architecture suitable for OFDM based WLAN applications. The radix-4(3) parallel unrolled architecture presented here, uses a radix-4 butterfly unit which takes all four inputs in parallel and can selectively produce one out of the four outputs. A 64 point FFT processor based on the proposed architecture has been implemented in UMC 130nm 1P8M CMOS process with a maximum clock frequency of 100 MHz and area of 0.83mm(2). The proposed processor provides a throughput of four times the clock rate and can finish one 64 point FFT computation in 16 clock cycles. For IEEE 802.11a/g WLAN, the processor needs to be operated at a clock rate of 5 MHz with a power consumption of 2.27 mW which is 27% less than the previously reported low power implementations.

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A CMOS voltage-mode multi-valued literal gate is presented. The ballistic electron transport characteristic of nanoscale MOSFETs is smartly used to compactly achieve universal radix-4 literal operations. The proposed literal gates have small numbers of transistors and low power dissipations, which makes them promising for future nanoscale multi-valued circuits. The gates are simulated by HSPICE.

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2003 年3 月到2006 年3 月,我们对世界上了解最少的鹤类,也是唯一一种越冬和繁 殖都在高原湿地内进行的鹤类——黑颈鹤(Grus nigrcollis)东部种群的野外繁殖生态、越冬 生态和迁徙路线等方面作了重点研究。研究时间分为三个阶段:2003 年3 月到2005 年6 月,在黑颈鹤的繁殖地点四川省若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区内(102°29′-102°59′E, 33°25′-34°00′N)进行,对在若尔盖湿地内繁殖和度夏黑颈鹤的种群现状,繁殖习 性,繁殖季节黑颈鹤栖息地选择利用及牛羊放牧活动对黑颈鹤栖息地利用的影响,繁殖黑 颈鹤鸟巢及筑巢栖息地选择的特点等内容进行了研究;第二阶段从2004 年10 月到2006 年3 月,在黑颈鹤东部种群重要的越冬地云南省大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区内 (103o14’55”—103o18’38”E, 27º18’38”—27o28’42”N)进行,对越冬黑颈鹤的越冬习性,栖息 地选择利用,白昼时间行为分配进行了研究;第三阶段2005 年2 月-3 月、2006 年3 月,在云南省大山包保护区和贵州省草海黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区,给8 只黑颈鹤佩戴卫 星发射器,第一次在中国利用卫星技术来跟踪候鸟的迁徙,对东部黑颈鹤越冬种群的迁徙 路线进行求证和新的探索,并利用卫星数据进行黑颈鹤在繁殖地和越冬地活动特点的分 析。 在2004 年5 月围绕整个若尔盖湿地自然保护区内和周边地区繁殖和度夏黑颈鹤的现 状调查中,共统计到黑颈鹤320 只和巢6 个,112 只黑颈鹤(35%)和5 个鸟巢分布在保护 区内,主要集中在保护区内水域和沼泽面积较大的两块核心区内,208 只黑颈鹤(65%)和1 个鸟巢分布在保护区外,主要分布在黄河、白河沿线地区,其中在白河和黄河交界的地 区,记录有163 只黑颈鹤;本次调查中,黑颈鹤利用最多的是在黄河和白河交界处的农 地,其次是沼泽和河岸地带,最少的是草甸和退化草甸;不论是在保护区内还是在保护区 外,湿地生境都体现了黑颈鹤在栖息地选择时的重要性;在花湖繁殖地,黑颈鹤繁殖种群 和巢在3 年内呈现下降和减少的趋势,湿地面积的缩小和退化可能是主要的原因。 繁殖习性:根据繁殖期间产卵,幼鹤出壳等事件行为发生的时间将整个繁殖季节划分 为繁殖前期(到达之日到5 月12 日),繁殖中期(5 月13 日到6 月18 日)和繁殖后期(6 月19 日到离开)。黑颈鹤3 月下旬即从越冬地返回繁殖地点花湖,首先到达的是带有幼鹤的繁 殖家庭鹤,之后才是集群鹤,这种返回的过程持续到5 月初。在繁殖前期,黑颈鹤种群数 量经历一个增加的过程,在此期间,花湖的黑颈鹤种群数量较低(27),繁殖黑颈鹤先后经历家庭解体 (Family breakup),建立繁殖领域,完成交配,筑巢等行为,进入繁殖中期 后,花湖的黑颈鹤种群数量整体呈现下降趋势,并在6 月的第一周达到最低,繁殖中期黑 颈鹤的种群比前期稍高(29),与繁殖相关的行为在整个繁殖季节达到最高(51%),进入繁 殖后期,随着幼鹤出壳和成鹤维持领域能力的降低,花湖周围的黑颈鹤种群数量再次增 加,并在以后的2 个月内维持在较高的数量(56),到9 月中旬,黑颈鹤开始迁徙,4 周 后,所有的鹤都离开繁殖地花湖。在繁殖期间,被驱逐出领域的幼鹤与非繁殖的成鹤形成 集群在繁殖地周围游荡,集群在各个时期都存在,只是在繁殖前期最多(2 群/周),繁殖中 期和繁殖后期为1 群/周,群内个体数量在繁殖中期最高(26 只/群),在繁殖前期和中期分 别是6 和8 只/群,不同时期的群体和群体规模都存在显著差异;黑颈鹤的交配发起者是 雌鹤,交配的成功率为60%,雄鹤的无应答和不成熟的交配经验是交配失败的主要原 因,80%的交配发生在上午,交配成功率为58.3%,20%的交配发生在下午,成功率为 66.7%,黑颈鹤的交配主要发生在4 月到5 月上旬之间,66.7%的交配发生在这一时期, 成功率为80%,之后到6 月上旬的交配仅有33.3%,成功率仅有20%,随着时间的推移, 交配的成功率降低(从4 月的100%减少到5 月份的45%和6 月份的0);黑颈鹤的窝卵数是 2 枚,卵重207 克,卵长径和短径分别是107 和58 毫米,孵卵期为31 天,幼鹤的出壳率 为100%,但二个月后的死亡率达到31.2%,之后的幼鹤未观察到死亡,幼鹤出壳后两个 月内的死亡率可能是制约种群增长的一个原因;繁殖期间黑颈鹤食物以蕨麻(Potentilla anserina)、荸荠(Heleocharis dulcis)、委陵菜属(Comarum)、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、眼 子菜属(Potamageton)、蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)等植物的花、果、茎等为主,但也 取食包括无脊椎动物如蝗虫(Chorthippus hsiai),粪金龟(Geotrupes sp.),椭圆萝卜螺(Radix swinboi)和耳萝卜螺(Radix ouricuaria),以及脊椎动物黑唇鼠兔(Ochotona curizoniae)、红 脚鹬(Tringa totanus)、黑水鸡(Callinula chloropus)、小..(Tachgbaptus ruficollis)、黄河裸 鲤(Gymnocypris pylzovi)等,取食动物性食物可能是补充繁殖所耗费的巨大能量和为迁徙 储备能量;繁殖季节黑颈鹤的主要时间分配在取食和繁殖上,分别占45%和28%,其余 依次为运动10%、护理9%、警戒6%、静息1%和其它1%,不同的繁殖阶段,除了运动 和其它行为外,其余各种行为的时间分配存在显著差异,各行为频次以警戒最高(43 次/小 时),其余依次为取食(31 次/小时)、护理(17 次/小时)、运动(11 次/小时)、繁殖(5 次/小 时)、其它(1 次/小时)和静息(1 次/小时),除了其它行为外,各繁殖阶段行为发生频次差异 显著,各行为的持续时间以繁殖最多(189 秒/次),其次为取食(53 秒/次)、静息(50 秒/次)、 运动(33 秒/次)、其它(22 秒/次)和护理(19 秒/次),在一天中,黑颈鹤各行为分配随时间的历家庭解体 (Family breakup),建立繁殖领域,完成交配,筑巢等行为,进入繁殖中期 后,花湖的黑颈鹤种群数量整体呈现下降趋势,并在6 月的第一周达到最低,繁殖中期黑 颈鹤的种群比前期稍高(29),与繁殖相关的行为在整个繁殖季节达到最高(51%),进入繁 殖后期,随着幼鹤出壳和成鹤维持领域能力的降低,花湖周围的黑颈鹤种群数量再次增 加,并在以后的2 个月内维持在较高的数量(56),到9 月中旬,黑颈鹤开始迁徙,4 周 后,所有的鹤都离开繁殖地花湖。在繁殖期间,被驱逐出领域的幼鹤与非繁殖的成鹤形成 集群在繁殖地周围游荡,集群在各个时期都存在,只是在繁殖前期最多(2 群/周),繁殖中 期和繁殖后期为1 群/周,群内个体数量在繁殖中期最高(26 只/群),在繁殖前期和中期分 别是6 和8 只/群,不同时期的群体和群体规模都存在显著差异;黑颈鹤的交配发起者是 雌鹤,交配的成功率为60%,雄鹤的无应答和不成熟的交配经验是交配失败的主要原 因,80%的交配发生在上午,交配成功率为58.3%,20%的交配发生在下午,成功率为 66.7%,黑颈鹤的交配主要发生在4 月到5 月上旬之间,66.7%的交配发生在这一时期, 成功率为80%,之后到6 月上旬的交配仅有33.3%,成功率仅有20%,随着时间的推移, 交配的成功率降低(从4 月的100%减少到5 月份的45%和6 月份的0);黑颈鹤的窝卵数是 2 枚,卵重207 克,卵长径和短径分别是107 和58 毫米,孵卵期为31 天,幼鹤的出壳率 为100%,但二个月后的死亡率达到31.2%,之后的幼鹤未观察到死亡,幼鹤出壳后两个 月内的死亡率可能是制约种群增长的一个原因;繁殖期间黑颈鹤食物以蕨麻(Potentilla anserina)、荸荠(Heleocharis dulcis)、委陵菜属(Comarum)、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、眼 子菜属(Potamageton)、蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)等植物的花、果、茎等为主,但也 取食包括无脊椎动物如蝗虫(Chorthippus hsiai),粪金龟(Geotrupes sp.),椭圆萝卜螺(Radix swinboi)和耳萝卜螺(Radix ouricuaria),以及脊椎动物黑唇鼠兔(Ochotona curizoniae)、红 脚鹬(Tringa totanus)、黑水鸡(Callinula chloropus)、小..(Tachgbaptus ruficollis)、黄河裸 鲤(Gymnocypris pylzovi)等,取食动物性食物可能是补充繁殖所耗费的巨大能量和为迁徙 储备能量;繁殖季节黑颈鹤的主要时间分配在取食和繁殖上,分别占45%和28%,其余 依次为运动10%、护理9%、警戒6%、静息1%和其它1%,不同的繁殖阶段,除了运动 和其它行为外,其余各种行为的时间分配存在显著差异,各行为频次以警戒最高(43 次/小 时),其余依次为取食(31 次/小时)、护理(17 次/小时)、运动(11 次/小时)、繁殖(5 次/小 时)、其它(1 次/小时)和静息(1 次/小时),除了其它行为外,各繁殖阶段行为发生频次差异 显著,各行为的持续时间以繁殖最多(189 秒/次),其次为取食(53 秒/次)、静息(50 秒/次)、 运动(33 秒/次)、其它(22 秒/次)和护理(19 秒/次),在一天中,黑颈鹤各行为分配随时间的历家庭解体 (Family breakup),建立繁殖领域,完成交配,筑巢等行为,进入繁殖中期 后,花湖的黑颈鹤种群数量整体呈现下降趋势,并在6 月的第一周达到最低,繁殖中期黑 颈鹤的种群比前期稍高(29),与繁殖相关的行为在整个繁殖季节达到最高(51%),进入繁 殖后期,随着幼鹤出壳和成鹤维持领域能力的降低,花湖周围的黑颈鹤种群数量再次增 加,并在以后的2 个月内维持在较高的数量(56),到9 月中旬,黑颈鹤开始迁徙,4 周 后,所有的鹤都离开繁殖地花湖。在繁殖期间,被驱逐出领域的幼鹤与非繁殖的成鹤形成 集群在繁殖地周围游荡,集群在各个时期都存在,只是在繁殖前期最多(2 群/周),繁殖中 期和繁殖后期为1 群/周,群内个体数量在繁殖中期最高(26 只/群),在繁殖前期和中期分 别是6 和8 只/群,不同时期的群体和群体规模都存在显著差异;黑颈鹤的交配发起者是 雌鹤,交配的成功率为60%,雄鹤的无应答和不成熟的交配经验是交配失败的主要原 因,80%的交配发生在上午,交配成功率为58.3%,20%的交配发生在下午,成功率为 66.7%,黑颈鹤的交配主要发生在4 月到5 月上旬之间,66.7%的交配发生在这一时期, 成功率为80%,之后到6 月上旬的交配仅有33.3%,成功率仅有20%,随着时间的推移, 交配的成功率降低(从4 月的100%减少到5 月份的45%和6 月份的0);黑颈鹤的窝卵数是 2 枚,卵重207 克,卵长径和短径分别是107 和58 毫米,孵卵期为31 天,幼鹤的出壳率 为100%,但二个月后的死亡率达到31.2%,之后的幼鹤未观察到死亡,幼鹤出壳后两个 月内的死亡率可能是制约种群增长的一个原因;繁殖期间黑颈鹤食物以蕨麻(Potentilla anserina)、荸荠(Heleocharis dulcis)、委陵菜属(Comarum)、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、眼 子菜属(Potamageton)、蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)等植物的花、果、茎等为主,但也 取食包括无脊椎动物如蝗虫(Chorthippus hsiai),粪金龟(Geotrupes sp.),椭圆萝卜螺(Radix swinboi)和耳萝卜螺(Radix ouricuaria),以及脊椎动物黑唇鼠兔(Ochotona curizoniae)、红 脚鹬(Tringa totanus)、黑水鸡(Callinula chloropus)、小..(Tachgbaptus ruficollis)、黄河裸 鲤(Gymnocypris pylzovi)等,取食动物性食物可能是补充繁殖所耗费的巨大能量和为迁徙 储备能量;繁殖季节黑颈鹤的主要时间分配在取食和繁殖上,分别占45%和28%,其余 依次为运动10%、护理9%、警戒6%、静息1%和其它1%,不同的繁殖阶段,除了运动 和其它行为外,其余各种行为的时间分配存在显著差异,各行为频次以警戒最高(43 次/小 时),其余依次为取食(31 次/小时)、护理(17 次/小时)、运动(11 次/小时)、繁殖(5 次/小 时)、其它(1 次/小时)和静息(1 次/小时),除了其它行为外,各繁殖阶段行为发生频次差异 显著,各行为的持续时间以繁殖最多(189 秒/次),其次为取食(53 秒/次)、静息(50 秒/次)、 运动(33 秒/次)、其它(22 秒/次)和护理(19 秒/次),在一天中,黑颈鹤各行为分配随时间的历家庭解体 (Family breakup),建立繁殖领域,完成交配,筑巢等行为,进入繁殖中期 后,花湖的黑颈鹤种群数量整体呈现下降趋势,并在6 月的第一周达到最低,繁殖中期黑 颈鹤的种群比前期稍高(29),与繁殖相关的行为在整个繁殖季节达到最高(51%),进入繁 殖后期,随着幼鹤出壳和成鹤维持领域能力的降低,花湖周围的黑颈鹤种群数量再次增 加,并在以后的2 个月内维持在较高的数量(56),到9 月中旬,黑颈鹤开始迁徙,4 周 后,所有的鹤都离开繁殖地花湖。在繁殖期间,被驱逐出领域的幼鹤与非繁殖的成鹤形成 集群在繁殖地周围游荡,集群在各个时期都存在,只是在繁殖前期最多(2 群/周),繁殖中 期和繁殖后期为1 群/周,群内个体数量在繁殖中期最高(26 只/群),在繁殖前期和中期分 别是6 和8 只/群,不同时期的群体和群体规模都存在显著差异;黑颈鹤的交配发起者是 雌鹤,交配的成功率为60%,雄鹤的无应答和不成熟的交配经验是交配失败的主要原 因,80%的交配发生在上午,交配成功率为58.3%,20%的交配发生在下午,成功率为 66.7%,黑颈鹤的交配主要发生在4 月到5 月上旬之间,66.7%的交配发生在这一时期, 成功率为80%,之后到6 月上旬的交配仅有33.3%,成功率仅有20%,随着时间的推移, 交配的成功率降低(从4 月的100%减少到5 月份的45%和6 月份的0);黑颈鹤的窝卵数是 2 枚,卵重207 克,卵长径和短径分别是107 和58 毫米,孵卵期为31 天,幼鹤的出壳率 为100%,但二个月后的死亡率达到31.2%,之后的幼鹤未观察到死亡,幼鹤出壳后两个 月内的死亡率可能是制约种群增长的一个原因;繁殖期间黑颈鹤食物以蕨麻(Potentilla anserina)、荸荠(Heleocharis dulcis)、委陵菜属(Comarum)、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、眼 子菜属(Potamageton)、蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)等植物的花、果、茎等为主,但也 取食包括无脊椎动物如蝗虫(Chorthippus hsiai),粪金龟(Geotrupes sp.),椭圆萝卜螺(Radix swinboi)和耳萝卜螺(Radix ouricuaria),以及脊椎动物黑唇鼠兔(Ochotona curizoniae)、红 脚鹬(Tringa totanus)、黑水鸡(Callinula chloropus)、小..(Tachgbaptus ruficollis)、黄河裸 鲤(Gymnocypris pylzovi)等,取食动物性食物可能是补充繁殖所耗费的巨大能量和为迁徙 储备能量;繁殖季节黑颈鹤的主要时间分配在取食和繁殖上,分别占45%和28%,其余 依次为运动10%、护理9%、警戒6%、静息1%和其它1%,不同的繁殖阶段,除了运动 和其它行为外,其余各种行为的时间分配存在显著差异,各行为频次以警戒最高(43 次/小 时),其余依次为取食(31 次/小时)、护理(17 次/小时)、运动(11 次/小时)、繁殖(5 次/小 时)、其它(1 次/小时)和静息(1 次/小时),除了其它行为外,各繁殖阶段行为发生频次差异 显著,各行为的持续时间以繁殖最多(189 秒/次),其次为取食(53 秒/次)、静息(50 秒/次)、 运动(33 秒/次)、其它(22 秒/次)和护理(19 秒/次),在一天中,黑颈鹤各行为分配随时间的历家庭解体 (Family breakup),建立繁殖领域,完成交配,筑巢等行为,进入繁殖中期 后,花湖的黑颈鹤种群数量整体呈现下降趋势,并在6 月的第一周达到最低,繁殖中期黑 颈鹤的种群比前期稍高(29),与繁殖相关的行为在整个繁殖季节达到最高(51%),进入繁 殖后期,随着幼鹤出壳和成鹤维持领域能力的降低,花湖周围的黑颈鹤种群数量再次增 加,并在以后的2 个月内维持在较高的数量(56),到9 月中旬,黑颈鹤开始迁徙,4 周 后,所有的鹤都离开繁殖地花湖。在繁殖期间,被驱逐出领域的幼鹤与非繁殖的成鹤形成 集群在繁殖地周围游荡,集群在各个时期都存在,只是在繁殖前期最多(2 群/周),繁殖中 期和繁殖后期为1 群/周,群内个体数量在繁殖中期最高(26 只/群),在繁殖前期和中期分 别是6 和8 只/群,不同时期的群体和群体规模都存在显著差异;黑颈鹤的交配发起者是 雌鹤,交配的成功率为60%,雄鹤的无应答和不成熟的交配经验是交配失败的主要原 因,80%的交配发生在上午,交配成功率为58.3%,20%的交配发生在下午,成功率为 66.7%,黑颈鹤的交配主要发生在4 月到5 月上旬之间,66.7%的交配发生在这一时期, 成功率为80%,之后到6 月上旬的交配仅有33.3%,成功率仅有20%,随着时间的推移, 交配的成功率降低(从4 月的100%减少到5 月份的45%和6 月份的0);黑颈鹤的窝卵数是 2 枚,卵重207 克,卵长径和短径分别是107 和58 毫米,孵卵期为31 天,幼鹤的出壳率 为100%,但二个月后的死亡率达到31.2%,之后的幼鹤未观察到死亡,幼鹤出壳后两个 月内的死亡率可能是制约种群增长的一个原因;繁殖期间黑颈鹤食物以蕨麻(Potentilla anserina)、荸荠(Heleocharis dulcis)、委陵菜属(Comarum)、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、眼 子菜属(Potamageton)、蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)等植物的花、果、茎等为主,但也 取食包括无脊椎动物如蝗虫(Chorthippus hsiai),粪金龟(Geotrupes sp.),椭圆萝卜螺(Radix swinboi)和耳萝卜螺(Radix ouricuaria),以及脊椎动物黑唇鼠兔(Ochotona curizoniae)、红 脚鹬(Tringa totanus)、黑水鸡(Callinula chloropus)、小..(Tachgbaptus ruficollis)、黄河裸 鲤(Gymnocypris pylzovi)等,取食动物性食物可能是补充繁殖所耗费的巨大能量和为迁徙 储备能量;繁殖季节黑颈鹤的主要时间分配在取食和繁殖上,分别占45%和28%,其余 依次为运动10%、护理9%、警戒6%、静息1%和其它1%,不同的繁殖阶段,除了运动 和其它行为外,其余各种行为的时间分配存在显著差异,各行为频次以警戒最高(43 次/小 时),其余依次为取食(31 次/小时)、护理(17 次/小时)、运动(11 次/小时)、繁殖(5 次/小 时)、其它(1 次/小时)和静息(1 次/小时),除了其它行为外,各繁殖阶段行为发生频次差异 显著,各行为的持续时间以繁殖最多(189 秒/次),其次为取食(53 秒/次)、静息(50 秒/次)、 运动(33 秒/次)、其它(22 秒/次)和护理(19 秒/次),在一天中,黑颈鹤各行为分配随时间的变化而体现较为明显的节律性,这可能与青藏高原恶劣的自然环境(如高辐射和热量的不 均匀分布)有关。 2003 年4 月1 日到10 月13 日,在花湖对黑颈鹤繁殖栖息地选择和放牧活动对黑颈鹤 取食栖息地选择的影响进行研究。研究区域内,按照从湖心向外的方向,将黑颈鹤繁殖期 间所使用的生境划分为4 种类型,即:湖心沼泽,浅水沼泽,草甸和退化草甸。繁殖期 间,黑颈鹤对各种栖息地利用的强度并非一致。湖心沼泽和湖岸沼泽是整个繁殖季节黑颈 鹤青睐的栖息地,是黑颈鹤筑巢和休息的地点,草甸和退化草甸是黑颈鹤主要的取食地 点,但在整个季节内都不是黑颈鹤青睐的栖息地类型,虽然在繁殖后期,在草甸和退化草 甸上活动的黑颈鹤明显增加。在有牛羊放牧时,大多数的繁殖鹤(49.7%)选择在距离湖边 100m 内的区域活动,而非繁殖鹤则主要在0-100m 区域(33.3%)和>400m 的区域(28.1%) 活动,在牛羊集中活动的200-400m 区域,两种鹤都选择避开,牛羊离开繁殖地点后, 黑颈鹤有向远离湖边方向扩散的趋势,多数的繁殖鹤(54.9%)和非繁殖鹤(52.3%)都在 >400m 的区域活动,虽然距离水面的距离在繁殖鹤活动地点的选择上有一定的影响,但 过度放牧的牛羊的确压缩了繁殖鹤和非繁殖鹤的活动空间。因此,在繁殖地来说,减少沼 泽区域的开发,对特定区域放牧活动的控制,加强沼泽生境的恢复,是保证黑颈鹤成功繁 殖的关键。 2003 年5 月到2005 年6 月,在若尔盖湿地内找到黑颈鹤的巢21 个。黑颈鹤的巢有3 种,分别是芦苇巢(3 个)、地上巢(14 个)和泥堆巢(4 个),地上巢巢参数最小,芦苇巢的巢 参数最大;所有的巢都分布在湿地环境中,包括湖泊,沼泽和河流三种栖息地,巢在这些 栖息地中的分布也不是均匀的,湖泊中分布的巢最多,湖泊是黑颈鹤筑巢首选的栖息地, 但每年在此类生境中筑巢的黑颈鹤正在减少,黑颈鹤选择避开利用沼泽区域作为筑巢的栖 息地,黑颈鹤对河流区域的利用按照获得性进行;筑巢栖息地周围1 米外的草高和巢的暴 露与否、巢距离水面的距离和巢所在草岛的面积、巢周围的水深成为影响巢址选择的三个 主要生态因子,反映了隐蔽度、筑巢栖息地的质量和到达巢的难易程度是黑颈鹤选择巢址 的主要因素;在不同的微生境中,巢的参数不同,湖泊中的巢参数最大,湖泊中的巢比沼 泽中的巢更长、更宽和更高,而巢周围的水深差距不明显,湖泊中的巢要比河流中的巢短 径大,巢周的水深要比河流中的巢要稍浅,但巢长径和巢高差异不显著,沼泽和河流环境 中的巢参数没有明显的差异;巢周围有一定的水深是巢址选择时最为基本的条件;与其他 地区黑颈鹤的巢比较,若尔盖湿地中的巢要更小,但巢周围的水深要更深,这可能与不同 地点的植被、地理环境以及不同的人为干扰强度有关;若尔盖湿地内黑颈鹤巢栖息地的选择是黑颈鹤对正在变化中栖息地的妥协结果,保留有适宜于繁殖的小面积沼泽区域对黑颈 鹤的繁殖也很重要。 2004 年10 月到2006 年3 月,在大山包保护区对越冬黑颈鹤的生态进行研究。我们 将整个越冬季节划分为越冬早期(10 月-12 月),越冬中期(1 月-2 月)和越冬后期(3 月-4 月)。保护区内黑颈鹤利用的栖息地划分为4 种类型,即:浅水生境,沼泽区域,草甸和 耕地。首先到达越冬地的仍然是家庭鹤,其次是集群鹤。大山包是黑颈鹤春季迁徙和秋季 迁徙的迁徙中转站,迁徙的高峰在12 月和3 月出现,在草海越冬的黑颈鹤在春季迁徙时 经过大山包,并在此停留8 天。大山包也是黑颈鹤的越冬地点,有大约900 只的黑颈鹤在 此越冬。黑颈鹤的配对主要发生在越冬中期,黑颈鹤家庭的解体(Family breakup)发生在繁 殖后期的3 月和4 月间,成鹤以放弃幼鹤离开越冬地而达到家庭的解体。整个越冬季节, 黑颈鹤对各种栖息地的利用强度并不是一致的。湿地(浅水区域和沼泽)是黑颈鹤整个冬天 青睐的生境(除了越冬后期对水域区域利用低外),而耕地是越冬早期和越冬中期黑颈鹤的 主要取食地点,在越冬后期,草甸则成为黑颈鹤的主要取食地点。在整个冬天,幼鹤将 72.2%的时间用在取食,将6.8%的时间用在警戒,将18.6%的时间用在修整行为上,用在 其它行为上的时间为2.4%,而成鹤用在这些行为上的时间分配是63.9%,11%,22.8%和 2.3%。随着时间的推移,成鹤减少取食的时间,与之对应而增加了修整行为的比例,而 幼鹤的各行为变化没有规律性。是否具有越冬经验和不同的生态需求导致了成鹤和幼鹤的 不同时间分配。正是由于具有越冬经验,成鹤能够有效地调整不同行为的分配,幼鹤虽然 没有越冬经验,但在成鹤的照顾下,幼鹤有足够长的时间去取食,成鹤和幼鹤采取了不同 的越冬策略。正是具有越冬经验,成鹤的白昼行为分配呈现出一定的规律性,如取食行为 在早晚各自有一个取食峰值,而修整行为在中午最高等,而由于缺乏越冬经验和行为受到 成鹤的影响较大,幼鹤的行为节律规律性不是很强。 2005 年2-3 月和2006 年3 月,在大山包和贵州草海给8 只黑颈鹤放置了卫星发射器 以确定这两个地点的黑颈鹤的迁徙路线和新的繁殖地点。东部越冬种群的黑颈鹤迁徙时间 2-4 天,中途停歇3-4 个点,迁徙平均距离为622 公里,黑颈鹤迁徙时首先飞越金沙 江,向北偏西方向穿过和停歇于四川省的凉山山脉,到达凉山、邛崃山和大雪山脉交界的 地方,然后沿着大渡河河谷向北迁徙,到达包括四川省的若尔盖县、红原县、阿坝县、松 潘县,以及甘肃省玛曲县的若尔盖湿地内。与1993 年环志证实的迁徙路线比较,黑颈鹤 迁徙时明显避开了海拔较低、人口稠密的四川盆地,选择了沿着青藏高原东缘向四川盆地 过渡的高山峡谷地带飞行,沿着大渡河河谷进行迁徙。2 只黑颈鹤的信号在大渡河河谷区域消失,这个地点对于黑颈鹤的迁徙和保护有重要的意义。到达繁殖地后,黑颈鹤的活动 范围在5 月达到最大,此后逐渐减小,在8 月份活动范围减小到最小,之后,活动面积又 逐渐增大,并在迁徙前达到最高。在繁殖地,黑颈鹤每天的活动范围只有不到2km,隔 日的活动范围也不超过3km,结果提示在若尔盖湿地内可能还有更多的黑颈鹤活动。编 号为55984 的黑颈鹤在2005 年11 月和2006 年3 月分别完成从繁殖地返回越冬地和从越 冬地再次到达繁殖地的迁徙过程,在草海环志的64311 在繁殖地若尔盖湿地度过繁殖季节 后又成功返回草海越冬,而64310 在大山包越冬,在若尔盖湿地内度过夏季,在2006 年 11 月又返回草海越冬,其余两只黑颈鹤返回大山包越冬,结果证实1、黑颈鹤迁徙路线、 繁殖地和越冬地选择的稳定性,2、东部黑颈鹤越冬种群存在交流。

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何首乌为常用中药,由何首乌及含何首乌的中成药制剂所引起的不良反应也时见报道,科学阐明不良反应的物质基础并提出解决方案对何首乌的使用十分重要。本论文研究了何首乌炮制前后KM小鼠肝脏毒性基因表达谱、生物活性及化学成分的变化。所获结果支持何首乌炮制的目的是减毒、改性(改变药效),何首乌生、熟异治的观点。制首乌对抑郁症的效果显著优于生首乌,这与本草所记载的何首乌炮制后补肝肾、益精血,归肝、肾经一致。 主要结果如下: 1、 生、制首乌的毒理基因芯片研究结果 何首乌的不良反应主要表现在肝损害方面。本研究建立了生何首乌和制何首乌不同剂量的肝毒性作用模型,体重指标统计发现生何首乌各剂量组平均体重显著下降,中剂量组(10 g/kg.d)体重下降20 %,高剂量组(20 g/kg.d)体重下降42%,50%动物死亡,提示动物机体能量代谢障碍;基因芯片研究结果表明何首乌是CYP450的抑制剂,生何首乌相对于制何首乌CYP3A4、CYP4A5显著下调,导致毒性成分在体内的吸收增加,服用大剂量的生何首乌后产生明显的肝毒性;主要对以下六条Pathway产生影响:①PPAR signaling pathway,主要毒性靶基因有RXRB CYP7a1、Acadl、Apoa2、Cyp4a、 FABP2 、MAPKKK5等基因。②Calcium signaling pathway,主要毒性靶基因有CAMK2B、CACNA1F、S100A1、 F2R、Ryr1、Slc8a2、Camk4 ③Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,主要毒性靶基因有Chrm4、 Ntsr2 、 GABRR1、 GRIK3、F2R等基因。④Wnt signaling pathway,主要毒性靶基因有Daam2、Rac1 等基因。⑤Complement and coagulation cascades,主要毒性靶基因有F2R、Serpina1b、Cfi 、FGA等基因。⑥Oxidative hosphorylation,主要毒性靶基因有Atp5e、NDUFA1等基因。生何首乌毒性明显强于制首乌,且生何首乌水煎液的毒性大于生何乌首丙酮提取物的毒性,这一结果表明,何首乌主要的毒性成分很可能并不仅仅是传统所认为的以大黄素为代表的蒽醌类化合物,而是何首乌中大量存在的有效组分二苯乙烯苷与大黄素相互作用的结果,这一研究结果与前述的何首乌对肝药酶的影响是一致的。后续生、制首乌的化学成分差异研究表明,炮制后二苯乙烯苷含量明显降低:生首乌为5.512 %、清蒸制首乌为3.811 %、豆制首乌为3.538 %,大黄素的含量炮制后显著升高,生首乌为0.094 %、清蒸制首乌为0.119 %、豆制首乌为0.126 %。 2 生、制首乌药效差异研究结果 本文采用慢性中等强度不可预知应激刺激模型(chronic unpredictable mild stress, CUMS)和动物行为绝望实验法,研究生、制首乌抗抑郁活性的差异,制首乌(5 g/kg.d)与模型组相比有显著差异(P< 0.01),生首乌制首乌(5g/kg.d)与模型组相比无显著差异,这一结果表明制首乌抗抑郁活性显著优于生首乌。 本文比较了生、制首乌对四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠血糖的影响的差异,生首乌(5 g/kg.d)与模型组相比有显著差异(P< 0.01),制首乌(5 g/kg.d)与模型组相比无显著差异,这一结果表明生首乌降糖活性优于制首乌。这一结果与历代中医古书中生首乌治疗消渴症(糖尿病)的记载一致。 3生、制首乌化学成分差异的研究结果 本文选用HPLC-DAD指纹图谱技术结合药效成分含量测定来研究生、制首乌化学成分的差异。炮制后,何首乌中的主要化学成分并未消失,只是其含量发生了改变。炮制后二苯乙烯苷含量明显降低:生首乌为5.512 %、清蒸制首乌为3.811 %、豆制首乌为3.538 %,大黄素的含量炮制后显著升高,生首乌为0.094 %、清蒸制首乌为0.119 %、豆制首乌为0.126 %。 综上所述,炮制前后何首乌中二苯乙烯苷和大黄素含量比的变化可能是何首乌炮制减毒、改性的物质基础。 根据上述结果我们建立了生、制首乌的质量控制新模式。 In recent years, some adverse drug reactions (ADR) about some traditional Chinese medicine were reported at times. As a Chinese medicine most in use, the ADRs of Radix Polygoni multiflori (RPM) and the medicines containing the RPM were also mentioned. The resolution of the problems caused by the ADRs is very important for the use of the RPM as a medicine. The process (or preparation) is a significant feature for the clinical use of the Chinese medicine and an important technology for the safe use and good effect of the Chinese medicine. By processing, the toxicity of the Chinese medicine can be reduced, its properties can be changed and curative effect can be enhanced at the same time. The changes of the gene expression profiles for KM mice hepatotoxic effects, and the change of the biological activity and the chemical composition after being processed of the RPm were studied in the present dissertation. The RPm heatotoxicity mechanism and the toxicity target genes were explained on the gene level for the first time. With the antidepressant activity, and the hypoglycemic effect as the target, the differences on the pharmacodynamics between the processed RPm and unprocessed RPm, for the first time, were investigated. The results obtained show that the antidepressant activity of the processed RPM is far higher than the ones of unprocessed RPm. As we know, the results were reported for the first time. The quality control systems (QCS) for the processed and the unprocessed RPm were founded. The HPLC-DAD was used in the systems founded on the basis of the toxicology and the pharmacodynamics experiments. As we know, the OCSs were reported for the first time. The above-mentioned experimental results confirm that the unique process theory of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used for the process of the Radix Polygoni multiflori (RPm) is correct, i.e after being processed the toxicity of the RPm decreases and its Pharmacodynamic effects change. It is known to author that there have been no similar reports in the literatures up to now. The main experimental results are summarized as follows: 1 The results on the mice toxicology gene chip for the unprocessed and processed RPm The KM mice hepatotoxic model caused by the RPm at the different dosages was established in the present study. The results obtained show that the mouse average body weight obviously decreased in the groups at the different dosages of the unprocessed RPm: the 10 g/kg.d .group decreased 20%; 20 g/kg.d. group decreased 42%, and 50% mice died at 20 g/kg.d. group. The main experimental results on the mice toxicology gene chip The RPm is the CYP450 inhibitor. As compared with the processd RPm, the CYP3A4, CYP4A5 of the unprocessed RPm demonstrate the marked downregulation, which leads to the increase of the poison absorbtion into the body with the result that the unprocessed RPm yields the marked hepatotoxication. The hepatotoxication was produced because the following 6 pathways were affected: ①PPAR signaling pathway, the chief toxicity target genes are RXRB, CYP7a1, Acadl, Apoa2, Cyp4a, FABP2 and MAPKKK5 etc. ②Calcium signaling pathway, the chief toxicity target genes are CAMK2B, CACNA1F, S100A1, F2R, Ryr1,Slc8a2 and Camk4 etc. ③Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, the chief toxicity target genes are Chrm4, Ntsr2, GABRR1, GRIK3 and F2R etc. ④Wnt signaling pathway, the chief toxicity target genes are Daam2, Rac1 etc. ⑤Complement and coagulation cascades, the chief toxicity target genes are F2R, Serpina1b, Cfi and FGA etc. ⑥Oxidative phosphorylation, the chief toxicity target genes are Atp5e, NDUFA1 etc. The above experimental results, for the first time , demonstrate on the gene level that the unprocessed Rpm toxicity is far stronger than the processed RPm one, and the toxicity of the water decoction of the unprocessed RPm is greater than the one of its acetone extracts, which shows that the chief toxicity components of the RPm are probably not only the anthraquinones, for example, the emodin, but the complex compounds produced by the interaction between the emondin and the stilbene glucoside which is the largest component of the unprocessed RPm. The result is accordance with the above effect of the RPm on the hepatic drugenzyme. Aftter being processed, in fact, the content of the stibene glucoside in the RPm markedly decreases. 2. The results on the pharmacodynamic differences between the unprocessed and processed RPm The results obtained show that the effects of processing on RPm pharmacodynamic behaviour received in the Chinese Material Medica are correct. It is known to author that this is the first experimental result in the research materials now available. The chief results are as follows: For the treatment of the antidepressant, the curative effect of the processed RPm is far better than the one of the unprocessed RPm. By contrast with the above results, the hypoblycemic effect of the unprocessed RPm is better than the one of the processed RPm. 3. The results on the Chemical Composition The results obtained by using HPLC-DAD fingerprint and by the determination of effective component content show that the main chemical components in the RPm after being processed do not disappear, but their contents change. The contents of the stilbene glucoside (SG) and emodin in the different samples were determined as follows: SG contents 5.512 % for the unprocessed RPm 3.811 % for the processed RPm (Steamed) 3.588 % for the processed RPm (black soybean) Emodin contents 0.094 % for the unprocessed RPm 0.119 % for the processed RPm (Steamed) 0.126 % for the processed RPm (black soybean) The combination of above experimental results on the toxicity, the pharmacodynamics and the chemical composition indicates that the changes of the content ratio of SG/emodin may be the substance base of the toxicity decrease and pharmacodynamic changes of the RPM by the processing.

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本论文由四部分组成,前三部分为实验论文,第四部分为文献综述。第一、二部分分别报道了中药西藏胡黄连和鸡矢藤的化学成分研究结果。从两种药用植物中共分离和鉴定了32个化学成分,其中3个为新化合物。第三部分为黄芪多糖的提取工艺研究。第四部分概述了近年来植物多糖的研究进展。 第一章为西藏胡黄连化学成分研究。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离方法从药用植物西藏胡黄连(Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell)的根茎中共分离纯化出7个化合物。运用MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、DEPT、HSQC和HMBC等现代谱学方法,结合理化分析对这些化合物的结构进行了分析鉴定。7个化合物中有两个是酚性的葡萄糖苷类成分:西藏胡黄连酚苷D (1)、4-O-β-D-(6-O-vanilloyl glucopyranosyl) vanillic acid (6);四个苯乙基苷类化合物:plantamajoside (2)、plantainoside D (3)、西藏胡黄连苷A (4) 和西藏胡黄连苷F (5);一个苯基小分子化合物:香豆酸甲酯 (7)。其中化合物1和5未见文献报道,确定为新化合物;化合物3为首次从该种植物中分到。 第二章为鸡矢藤化学成分研究。从鸡矢藤(Paederia scandense (Lour) Merrill)全草中分离出25个化合物,通过理化常数和波谱数据鉴定了它们的结构。25个化合物中包括一个蒽醌类成分:茜根定-1-甲醚 (1);两个香豆素:异东莨菪香豆素 (2)和5-羟基-8-甲氧基吡喃香豆素 (3);两个香豆素-木脂素化合物:臭矢菜素 B (4)和臭矢菜素 D (5);一个木脂素:异落叶松树脂醇 (6);两个黄酮:diadzein (7)和蒙花苷 (8);三个三萜类化合物:齐墩果酸 (9)、乌苏酸 (10)和 3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基乌苏烷 (11);三个甾体及其糖苷:b-谷甾醇 (12)、胡萝卜苷 (13)和(24R)-豆甾-4-烯-3-酮 (14);六个小分子化合物:对羟基苯甲酸 (15),咖啡酸 (16),香豆酸 (17),丁烯二酸 (18),3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯甲酸(19),咖啡酸-4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(20);五个环烯醚萜类化合物:鸡矢藤苷 (21),鸡矢藤酸 (22),鸡矢藤酸甲酯 (23),saprosmoside E (24)和paederoside B (25)。其中化合物25未见文献报道,为新化合物。化合物1~8、11、14、15~20为首次从该化合物中分离得到。同时对鸡矢藤中环烯醚萜类化合物做了高效液相-串联质谱(HPLC-MSn)分析,探讨了这类化合物的质谱裂解规律。 第三章为黄芪多糖的提取工艺研究。首先确定了黄芪多糖含量的测定方法,并进行了方法学验证;其次探讨了黄芪中黄芪多糖的提取工艺,确定以酶法-Sevag法联用来去除黄芪多糖中的蛋白质,可使其提取物中黄芪多糖总含量达到70%以上。 第四章为近年来植物多糖的研究进展。主要包括植物多糖的提取纯化、多糖的定性定量检测方法、多糖的结构分析和多糖的药理活性。 This dissertation consists of four parts. The first and second parts reports the studies on the chemical constituents of medicinal plants of Picrorhiza Scrophulariiflora and Paederia scandens. The third part is about the extract technique of Astragalan Polysaccharide (APS). The last part reviews the progress of the studies on plant polysaccharides.   The first chapter is about the chemical constituents of P. Scrophulariiflora which is widely used as an important medicine to treat various immune-related diseases. A new phenyl glycoside, scrophenoside D (1) and a new phenylethyl glycoside, scroside F (5), together with five known compounds, plantamajoside (2), plantainoside D (3), scroside A (4), 4-O-β-D-(6-O-vanilloylglucopyranosyl) vanillic acid (6); and methyl-p-coumarate (7) were isolated from the stems of P. scrophulariiflora. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The second chapter is about the chemical constituents of medicinal herb of P. scandens. Twenty-five compounds were isolated and purified by normal and reversed phase silica gel column chromatography. By physicochemical properties and spectral analysis, their structures were identified as rubiadin-1-methylether (1), isoscopoletin (2), 5-hydroxyl-8-methoxyl-coumarin (3), cleomiscosin B (4), cleomiscosin D (5), isolariciresinol (6), diadzein (7), linarin (8), oleanolic acid (9), ursolic acid (10), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyl-ursane (11), b-sitosterol (12), b-daucosterol (13), (24R)-stigmast-4-ene-3-one (14), p-hydroxyl-benzoic acid (15), caffic acid (16), coumaric acid (17), trans-butenedioic acid (18), 3,5-dimethoxyl-4-hydroxylbenzoic acid (19), caffeic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (20), paederoside (21), paederosidic acid (22), paederosidic acid methyl ester (23), saprosmoside E (24), paederoside B (25). Among them, compound 25 is a new compound. Compounds 1~8、11、14、15~20 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Futhermore, we studied the HPLC-MSn analysis and investigation of fragmentation behavior of the sulfur-containing iridoid glucosides. The third chapter is about the extracting process of Astragalan Polysaccharide (APS). The method of the content determination is built. The optimum condition of extraction of polysaccharides from Radix Astragali is defined and the more effective way to remove protein is combined enzyme method with Sevag method, by which the content of polysaccharides extract can be up to 70%. The last part is a review of the research progress of the plant polysaccharides, which includes its extraction, isolation, purification, determination, structure analysis, and pharmacology.

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本论文由四部分组成。第一部分报道了佛手参提取物的化学成分研究,建立了活性成分含量测定的高效液相测定和指纹图谱研究,采用液质联用技术鉴定了主要色谱峰;第二部分报道了丹参及其复方制剂的特征图谱研究;第三部分探讨了两面针生物碱的电喷雾质谱裂解规律,并采用液质联用技术分离鉴定了提取物中的多种生物碱。第四部分概述了液质联用在药物代谢研究中的运用。 第一部分包括第一、第二和第三章。第一章针对佛手参(Gymnadeniaconopsea)块茎的甲醇提取物,采用大孔树脂和反相硅胶柱层析等各种分离方法,共分离鉴定出4 个化合物,通过波谱分析将它们的结构确定为dactylorhin B (1)、loroglossin (2)、dactylorhin A (3)和militarine (4)。这4 个化合物均是首次从佛手参中分离得到的琥珀酸葡萄糖苷类成分。第二章采用高效液相色谱法对西藏、四川、河北、青海和尼泊尔等不同地区产的十个佛手参样品进行腺嘌呤核苷和对羟基苯甲醇的定量分析,结果表明这2 个成份可视为佛手参的特征成分,但也注意到产地不同该2 个特征成分的含量也有所不同。第三章采用标准中药指纹图谱相似度计算软件,以10 个佛手参样品HPLC 图谱的平均值为相似性评价对照模板,对10 个样品进行了相似度评价,并经液质联用分析指认了7 个共有峰,分别为腺嘌呤核苷(1)、对羟基苯甲醇(2)、对羟基苯甲醛(3) 、dactylorhin B(4) 、loroglossin(5)、dactylorhin A(6)和militarine(7)。 第二部分包括第四、第五、第六和第七章。第四章运用电喷雾质谱检测了对照药材和五个不同产地的丹参药材中脂溶性和水溶性成分,系统地探讨了多种成分的电喷雾质谱规律,并以对照药材为标准建立了特征指纹图谱。五个产地的药II材通过与对照药材相对比,采用聚类分析的方法,得到了定性的鉴别与判断。并采用液质联用技术对丹参药材提取液中的化学成份进行分析,推测了九个特征峰,并对六样品的液相色谱图进行了聚类分析。第五章探讨了三七皂苷的电喷雾质谱电离和裂解规律,并采用电喷雾质谱法对三七标准药材,血通片中的皂苷成分进行了分析。第六章运用电喷雾质谱研究复方丹参片提取液的特征图谱,并和单味药材丹参和三七的特征图谱进行了对比研究。并运用HPLC-ESI MSn 分析鉴定了复方丹参片提取液中的化学成分,推测了12 个色谱峰。第七章总结了电喷雾质谱和液质联用技术在丹参药材,三七药材及复方丹参制剂中的运用的优势和局限性。 第三部分(第八章)研究了两面针生物碱中二氢白屈菜红碱(1)、二氢两面针碱(2)、8-酮基二氢白屈菜红碱(3)、8-丙酮基二氢两面针碱(4)、两面针碱(5)、和1,3-二(8-二氢两面针碱)丙酮(6)等六个苯并菲啶型生物碱的电喷雾质谱裂解规律,其中二氢两面针碱和二氢白屈菜红碱,8-丙酮基二氢两面针碱和8-酮基二氢白屈菜红碱是两对二个甲氧基分别在C-9 和C-10,C-10 和C-11 的同分异构体。实验结果表明,在相同的碰撞能下,这类位置异构体的ESI MS2 质谱二级碎片离子的相对峰度存在很大差异,这可以用于区分该类同分异构体,采用液-质联用可以对两面针的总生物碱提取物中的这些同分异构体加于区分。同时在本实验采用的液相色谱条件下,多种生物碱得到较好的分离,通过和对照品的保留时间,紫外吸收光谱及电喷雾质谱图对照,鉴定了11 个主要色谱峰。 第四部分(第九章)对液质联用技术在药物代谢中的运用进行了综述。 This dissertation consisted of four sections. The first two sections elaborated thephytochemical investigation of the rhizomes Gymnadenia conopsea R. Br., methoddevelopment for rapid identifying and qutifying the chemical condtituent of thistibetant medicine, and the chemical fingerprint analysis of rhizomes of G. conopsea,Salviae miltiorrhiza and P. notoginseng. The third section studied the fragmentationmechanism of six alkaloids from Zanthoxylum nitidium and method development forrapid identifying varieties of alkaloids from the extract of this herbal medicine. Thefourth section reviewed HPLC- MS method in drug metabolism studies. The first section consisted of chapters 1, 2, 3. Chapter 1 elaborated the phytochemicalinvestigation of Gymnadenia conopsea R. Br. Four succinate derivative esters wereisolated from the methanol extract of the rhizomes of G. conopsea through repeatedcolumn chromatography on normal and reversed phase silica gel, their structures weredetermined by ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR evidence. They were firstly discoveredfrom this species. In chapter 2, a high-performance liquid chromatography.diodearray detection (HPLC-DAD) method has been firstly developed for quantitation oftwo characteristic constituents, adenosine and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, from theextract of rhizomes of G. conopsea. All 10 samples of G. conopsea contained differentamount of adenosine and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Adenosine and the4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol can be applied in identification and quality control for theroots of G. conopsea. In chapter 3, a high-performance liquid chromatography.diodearray detection.tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MSn) method has been firstly developed for chemical fingerprint analysis of rhizomes of G. conopsea andrapid identification of major compounds in the fingerprints. Comparing the UV andMS spectra with those of authentic compounds, seven main peaks in the fingerprintswere identified as adenosine, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde,dactylorhin B, loroglossin, dactylorhin A and militarine. The Computer AidedSimilarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TraditionalChinese Medicine (CASES) was employed to evaluate the similarities of 10 samplesof the rhizomes of G. conopsea collected from Sichuan, Qinghai and Hebei provincesand Tibet autonomous region of China, and Nepal. These samples from differentsources had similar chemical fingerprints to each other. The second section consisted of chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7. In chapter 4,both thecharacteristic spectra of liposoluble tanshinones and aqueous-soluble salvianolic acidswere established by the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS)technique and the differences between standard and crude rhizomes of Salviaemiltiorrhiza Bge. from 5 sources were analyzed. The law of electrospray ion trap mass(ESI ITMS) of typical tanshinones and salvianolic acids is studied.The analysis of the chemical constituent of rhizomes of Salviae miltiorrhiza Bge. byliquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrum (LC/MS) technique wasestablished,and the distances among standard herb and crude herb from 5 sourceswere calculated by clustering analysis. According the DAD spectra and MS2 data,9tanshinones could be speculated. In chapter 5, the character spectra of total saponinsin P. notoginseng extracts were established by ESI ITMS and selective ion monitoring(SIM) technology. The law of notoginsenosides by ESI MS2 was studied. In chapter 6,the characteristic spectra of Compound Danshen Tablet established and compared byESI-MS and HPLC/DAD/MS, 6 known tanshinones and 3 saponins were speculated.In chapter 7, the advantage and disadvantage of the strategy, using the ESI ITMS andLC/MS techniques for study of characteristic spetra of danshen and Compound Danshen Tablet, were summerized. The third section (chapter 8) studied the fragmentation mechanism of six alkaloids,dihydronitidine, dihydrochelerythrine, 8-acetonyl dihydronitidine,8-acetonyldrochelerythrine, nitidine and 1,3-bis (8-dihydronitidinyl)-acetone, by ESIMSn. Tandem mass spectrometry experiments indicated that different substitutionsites of the methoxyl groups at C-9 and C-10 or at C-10 and C-11 determined thedifferent abundances of the MS2 fragmentation ions using the same collision energy.According to the different abundances of MS2 product ions, positional isomericbenzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloids can be differentiated. Moreover, ten constituents inthe crude alkaloids extract from the roots of Zanthoxylum nitidium were rapidlyidentified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem massspectrometry (HPLC-MSn), through comparing the retention times and ESI MSn spectra with the authentic standards. The fourth section (chapter 9) is a review on HPLC-MS method development in drug metabolism studies.

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目的研究干燥方法和提取温度对板蓝根、大青叶有效成分量的影响,为确定板蓝根、大青叶规范化生产的干燥技术参数提供理论依据。方法采用晒干、阴干和不同温度的烘干方法干燥板蓝根、大青叶,采用不同温度水浴提取有效成分,HPLC法测定靛蓝、靛玉红的量。结果60℃烘干板蓝根、大青叶有效成分损失最少,以60℃烘干为标准,高温(90℃以上)干燥使板蓝根有效成分损失40%~60%、大青叶有效成分损失30%—60%,阴干也降低了板蓝根、大青叶中的有效成分的量;采用索氏提取法、以氯仿为提取溶剂、水浴温度为80~85℃时对靛蓝、靛玉红的提取率最高,其次是90、75℃,95℃的提取率最低。结论50~80℃烘干和晒干是板蓝根、大青叶适宜的干燥方法,阴干和高温烘干的方法不可取。采用索氏提取方法、以氯仿为提取溶剂时,80~85℃水浴温度较为适宜。

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The fingerprint of the different processed Radix Aconiti were established using ESI-MS. The purpose is to identify the processing methods of Radix Aconiti purchased from the market by comparing the differences of fingerprint of Radix Aconiti, boiled parent root of Aconitum and steamed parent root of Aconitum. The method of ESI-MS fingerprint is simple, fast, sensitive, stable and accurate. So the ESI-MS fingerprint has wider practical value.

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Aconite alkaloids in two kinds of processed Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii(RAK) were analyzed by ESI-MS.The results indicate that there are not diester-alkaloids detected in the two kinds of processed RAK by comparison with crude RAK,which show that both steaming process and boiling process decrease toxicity.As the same time,a simple,rapid and sensitive method is provided to analyze aconite alkaloids in different sorts of processed RAK using ESI-MS.

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The ESI-MS analytical method was established for studying the alkaloids content in the decoctions of Radix aconiti combined with Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii or bulbus fritillariae Cirrhosae.For the co-decoctions of Radix aconiti combined with Thunberg Fritillary Bulb contains more diester-alkaloids than that of co-decoctions of Radix aconiti combined with Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae.When Radix aconiti was combined with Thunberg Fritillary Bulb,diester-alkaloids were mainly dissolved in water.But diester-alkaloids were mainly converted into lipo-alkaloids when Radix aconiti was combined with Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae.

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ESI-MS analytical method was employed to study extracts of unprocessed and processed Radix Paeoniae alba.The results of the experiments prove that different processed methods is making a certain different influence on the contents of chemiacl components in Radix Paeoniae alba.This method is simple and accurate.It can be used for analyse of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM).

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The hydrolysis of ginsenoside standards and the crude extracts of ginseng has been investigated at different pH values (2.4 - 11.2) using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). The experimental results indicated that the pH value of aqueous solutions is an important factor in changing the composition of ginsenosides. For (20S)-protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, ginsenosides with a large mass hydrolyzed to form hydrolysates (20S)-Rg(3) and (20R)-Rg(3) at pH 4.3. There were more hydrolyzed products observed at pH 3.3: (20S)-F-2, C-25,26 hydrated ginsenoside "C-Y-1" and "C-Y-2" (MW = 802 Da) accompanied with (20S)-Rg(3), (20R)-Rg(3). At pH 2.4, only (20R)-Rg(3), (20S)-F-2, a small quantity of (20S)-Rg(3) and three C-25,26 hydrated ginsenosides were obtained. For (20S)protopanaxatriol Re, no hydrolysates were observed at pH 4.3; it was hydrolyzed at pH 3.3 to form hydrolysates (20S)-Rg, (20R)Rg(2) and hydrated C-25,26 (MW = 802 Da) and at pH 2.4 only C-25,26 hydrated ginsenosides "C-Y-1" and "C-Y-2" (MW = 802 Da) were left in the solution. Similar hydrolysis reactions could be also observed for the crude extracts of ginseng. It showed that HPLC/ESI-MS is a fast and convenient method to study the hydrolysis of ginseng.

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Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) based on natural products is one important part of the Chinese civilization.Owing to the complexity of the composition,the study on medical effective components and curative effects are very difficult;Fuzi (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) has been widely used for cardiotonic and analgesics in China,however,the component-aconitine in which is very toxic and may cause some side-effect.This paper reported the application of electrospray iohization mass spectrometric(ESIMS) technique on study of the compound prescriptions containing fuzi,Renshensini concoction and Baweidihuang concoction,to explore the mechanism of synergy between fuzi and other herbs.From chemical point of view,the detoxification mechanism can be attributed to the hydrolysis of the solubility of toxic diester-alkaloids from concoctions of fuzi.Radix Glycyrrhizae Praeparata,Rhizoma Zingiberis,Radix Ginsengp promote the hydrolysis to produce the less toxic monoester-alkaloids and Fructus Corni reduce the solubility of hypaconitine from fuzi.

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Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with amperometric detection (AD) has been widely used in various fields of analytical science, especially in the pharmaceutical industry recently due to its high separation efficiency and low detection limit. The determination of active ingredients in Chinese herb medicines by CE-AD is of great importance in developing the researches on pharmacology of herbs, quantitative analysis and quality control. Analyses of the effective components in Chinese herb medicines and compound Chinese herb medicine by CE-AD are reviewed in this paper. In contrast with other analysis methods, the advantage of CE-AD is discussed. The development in analyses of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) by CE-AD in future is mentioned.