Alcohol Price Considerations on alcohol and Illicit Drug Use in University Students

Background
This study investigates alcohol price and proposed substance use amongst Australian tertiary students.

Methods
Participants were recruited in 2009 via facebook, and were asked to complete a 34-item internetbased survey. 512 people took part, 485 fit the inclusion criteria.

Results
The sample consisted predominately of young (mean age 20.3 years), female (66%) university students. Higher alcohol prices resulted in increased consideration of illicit substances as an alternative indicating a substitution effect, although the majority (60%) of respondents would never consider using ecstasy.

Conclusion
Results indicate substantial room to increase the price of alcohol to achieve alcohol consumption reduction without likely substitution behavior.

Dynamic price discrimination with customer recognition

This paper studies a general two-period model of product line pricing with customer recognition. Specifically, we consider a monopolist who can sell vertically differentiated products over two periods to heterogeneous consumers. Each consumer demands one unit of the product in each period. In the second period, the monopolist can condition the price-quality offers on the observed purchasing behavior in the first period. In this setup, the monopolist can price discriminate consumers in two dimensions: by quality as well as by purchase history. We fully characterize the monopolist's optimal pricing strategy when there are two types of consumers. When the type space is a continuum, we show that there is no fully separating equilibrium, and some properties of the optimal contracts (price-quality pairs) are characterized within the class of partitional perfect Bayesian equilibria.

Influence of price discounts and skill-building strategies on purchase and consumption of healthy food and beverages: outcomes of the Supermarket Healthy Eating for Life randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Fiscal strategies are increasingly considered upstream nutrition promotion measures. However, few trials have investigated the effectiveness or cost effectiveness of pricing manipulations on diet in real-world settings. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the effects on fruit, vegetable, and beverage purchasing and consumption of a 20% price-reduction intervention, a tailored skills-based behavior-change intervention, and a combined intervention compared with a control condition. DESIGN: The Supermarket Healthy Eating for Life trial was a randomized controlled trial conducted over 3 mo [baseline (time 1) to postintervention (time 2) with a 6-mo follow-up (time 3)]. Female primary household shoppers in Melbourne, Australia, were randomly assigned to a 1) skill-building (n = 160), 2) price-reduction (n = 161), 3) combined skill-building and price-reduction (n = 160), or 4) control (n = 161) group. Supermarket transaction data and surveys were used to measure the following study outcomes: fruit, vegetable, and beverage purchases and self-reported fruit and vegetable consumption at each time point. RESULTS: At 3 mo (time 2), price reduction-alone participants purchased more total vegetables and frozen vegetables than did controls. Price reduction-alone and price reduction-plus-skill-building participants purchased more fruit than did controls. Relative to controls, in the price-reduction group, total vegetable consumption increased by 233 g/wk (3.1 servings or 15% more than at baseline), and fruit purchases increased by 364 g/wk (2.4 servings; 35% more than at baseline). Increases were not maintained 6 mo postintervention (time 3). Price reduction-alone participants showed a tendency for a slight increase in fruit consumption at time 2 (P = 0.09) that was maintained at time 3 (P = 0.014). No intervention improved purchases of bottled water or low-calorie beverages. CONCLUSIONS: A 20% price reduction in fruit and vegetables resulted in increased purchasing per household of 35% for fruit and 15% for vegetables over the price-reduction period. These findings show that price modifications can directly increase produce purchases. The Supermarket Healthy Eating for Life trial was registered at Current Controlled Trials Registration as ISRCTN39432901.

Amazon fisheries. I. - Variations in the relative abundance of tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818) based on catch and effort data of the gill-net fisheries.

Adjusted mean catches which are calculated discounting the effect of average fishing effort increase the further the lake is from Manaus, Brazil. -from Author

Is price dispersion always an indication of price discrimination?

It has been established for a long time that there is significant dispersion in prices charged for seemingly homogeneous goods. This may happen in competitive markets because the world is not frictionless, and certainly in other markets where price discrimination is carried out by firms with oligopolistic power. This paper is the first survey of the economic literature on price dispersion that addresses the following three key issues: i) its characteristics as a result of optimizing search behavior; ii) its relevance as a reflection of price discrimination and its consequences for social welfare and policy intervention; and iii) the empirical evidence of price dispersion. By contributing to a better understanding of price dispersion, this survey may help in the design and implementation of competition and anti-trust policies

Analysis of renal function after on and off pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is often associated with renal dysfunction, as measured by plasma creatinine levels and hemodialysis rates. Aim. To compare creatinine clearance (CrCl), estimated with the Cockroft and Gault formula, between patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) versus on-pump CABG (on-CAB). Material and methods. Between April 2008 and April 2009, 119 patients underwent coronary bypass graft surgery. Fifty-eight (58) of these patients underwent OPCAB while 61 had on-CAB. Creatinine clearance, plasma creatinine levels, and clinical outcome were compared between the groups. A creatinine clearance value of 50 mL/minute was accepted as the lowest limit of normal renal function. Results. There were two hospital deaths caused by sepses after pulmonary infection. Creatinine clearance (Preoperative OPCAB 73,64±33,72 x on-CAB 75,70±34,30mL/min; discharge OPCAB 75,73±35,07 x on-CAB 79,07±34,71 mL/ min; p=0,609), and creatinine levels (Preoperative OPCAB 1,04±0,38 x on-CAB 1,13±0,53 mg/dL; discharge OPCAB 1,12±0,79 x on-CAB 1,04±0,29mg/dL; p=0,407) did not show statistically inter-group differences. Conclusion. Deterioration in renal function is associated with higher rates of postoperative complications. No significant difference in CrCl could be demonstrated between the groups.

Constraints on the Higgs boson width from off-shell production and decay to Z-boson pairs

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Oversight on the tobacco price support program [microform] : joint hearing before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, U.S. Senate and Subcommittee on Tobacco and Peanuts, Committee on Agriculture, U.S. House of Representatives (Raleigh, N.C.--Feb. 12, 1982) and : hearing before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, U.S. Senate (Lexington, Ky.--Mar. 15, 1982), Ninety-seventh Congress, second session.

CIS Microfiche Accession Numbers: CIS 82 S161-14

Nell : on and off the stage /

Mode of access: Internet.

Foreign trade in agricultural products : hearings before the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, United States Senate, Eighty-third Congress, first session, on exports and imports of agricultural commodities and their effect on farm price programs.

Hearings held April 9 - June 5, 1953.

Mr. & Mrs. Bancroft on and off the stage,

Mode of access: Internet.

Mockett's Journal : a collection of interesting matters relating to remarkable personages, ancient buildings, manners and customs, &c., beginning from the 50 : also, particulars of various churches, origin of the reculvers, parochial matters to St. Peter's : with observations on agriculture ... and the price of corn, cattle, and labour ...

Typesigned on p. vii: John Mockett.

The farmer's letters to the people of England : containing the sentiments of a practical husbandman, on various subjects of great importance, particularly the exportation of corn, the balance of agriculture and manufactures, the present state of husbandry, the circumstances attending large and small farms, the present state of the poor, the price of provisions, the proceedings of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, &c., the importance of timber and planting, emigrations to the colonies, the means of promoting the agriculture and population of Great Britain, &c. &c. : to which are added, Sylvæ, or, Occasional tracts on husbandry and rural œconomics ... : in two volumes.

Edition statement preceedes the words: in two volumes.