The impact of fragmentation and density regulation on forest succession in the Atlantic rain forest

The Atlantic Rain Forest, an important biodiversity hot spot, has faced severe habitat loss since the last century which has resulted in a highly fragmented landscape with a large number of small forest patches (<100 ha). For conservation planning it is essential to understand how current and future forest regeneration depends on ecological processes, fragment size and the connection to the regional seed pool. We have investigated the following questions by applying the forest growth simulation model FORMIND to the situation of the Atlantic Forest in the state of Sao Paulo, SE Brazil: (1) which set of parameters describing the local regeneration and level of density regulation can reproduce the biomass distribution and stem density of an old growth forest in a reserve? (2) Which additional processes apart from those describing the dynamics of an old growth forest, drive forest succession of small isolated fragments? (3) Which role does external seed input play during succession? Therefore, more than 300 tree species have been classified into nine plant functional types (PFTs), which are characterized by maximum potential height and shade tolerance. We differentiate between two seed dispersal modes: (i) local dispersal, i.e. all seedlings originated from fertile trees within the simulated area and (ii) external seed rain. Local seed dispersal has been parameterized following the pattern oriented approach, using biomass estimates of old growth forest. We have found that moderate density regulation is essential to achieve coexistence for a broad range of regeneration parameters. Considering the expected uncertainty and variability in the regeneration processes it is important that the forest dynamics are robust to variations in the regeneration parameters. Furthermore, edge effects such as increased mortality at the border and external seed rain have been necessary to reproduce the patterns for small isolated fragments. Overall, simulated biomass is much lower in the fragments compared to the continuous forest, whereas shade tolerant species are affected most strongly by fragmentation. Our simulations can supplement empirical studies by extrapolating local knowledge on edge effects of fragments to larger temporal and spatial scales. In particular our results show the importance of external seed rain and therefore highlight the importance of structural connectivity between regenerating fragments and mature forest stands. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fragmentation drives tropical forest fragments to early successional states: A modelling study for Brazilian Atlantic forests

Land use leads to massive habitat destruction and fragmentation in tropical forests. Despite its global dimensions the effects of fragmentation on ecosystem dynamics are not well understood due to the complexity of the problem. We present a simulation analysis performed by the individual-based model FORMIND. The model was applied to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, one of the world`s biodiversity hot spots, at the Plateau of Sao Paulo. This study investigates the long-term effects of fragmentation processes on structure and dynamics of different sized remnant tropical forest fragments (1-100 ha) at community and plant functional type (PFT) level. We disentangle the interplay of single effects of different key fragmentation processes (edge mortality, increased mortality of large trees, local seed loss and external seed rain) using simulation experiments in a full factorial design. Our analysis reveals that particularly small forest fragments below 25 ha suffer substantial structural changes, biomass and biodiversity loss in the long term. At community level biomass is reduced up to 60%. Two thirds of the mid- and late-successional species groups, especially shade-tolerant (late successional climax) species groups are prone of extinction in small fragments. The shade-tolerant species groups were most strongly affected; its tree number was reduced more than 60% mainly by increased edge mortality. This process proved to be the most powerful of those investigated, explaining alone more than 80% of the changes observed for this group. External seed rain was able to compensate approximately 30% of the observed fragmentation effects for shade-tolerant species. Our results suggest that tropical forest fragments will suffer strong structural changes in the long term, leading to tree species impoverishment. They may reach a new equilibrium with a substantially reduced subset of the initial species pool, and are driven towards an earlier successional state. The natural regeneration potential of a landscape scattered with forest fragments appears to be limited, as external seed rain is not able to fully compensate for the observed fragmentation-induced changes. Our findings suggest basic recommendations for the management of fragmented tropical forest landscapes. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Movements of neotropical understory passerines affected by anthropogenic forest edges in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest

Edge effects are suggested to have great impact on the persistence of species in fragmented landscapes. We tested edge avoidance by forest understory passerines in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest and also compared their mobility and movement patterns in contiguous and fragmented landscapes to assess whether movements would increase in the fragmented landscape. Between 2003 and 2005, 96 Chiroxiphia caudata, 38 Pyriglena leucoptera and 27 Sclerurus scansor were radio-tracked. The most strictly forest species C. caudata and S scansor avoided forest edges while P leucoptera showed affinities for the edge Both sensitive species showed larger mean step length and maximal observed daily distance in the fragmented forest versus the unfragmented forest. P. leucoptera did not show any significant difference. There were no significant differences in proportional daily home range use for any of the three species. Our results suggested that fragmentation and the consequent increase in edge areas do influence movement behavior of sensitive forest understory birds that avoided the use of edges and increased the speed and distance they covered daily. For the most restricted forest species, it would be advisable to protect larger patches of forest instead of many small or medium fragments connected by narrow corridors. However, by comparing our data with that obtained earlier, we concluded that movement behavior of resident birds differs from that of dispersing birds and might not allow to infer functional connectivity or landscape-scale sensitivity to fragmentation; a fact that should be taken into consideration when suggesting conservation strategies. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The challenge of maintaining Atlantic forest biodiversity: A multi-taxa conservation assessment of specialist and generalist species in an agro-forestry mosaic in southern Bahia

Recent developments have highlighted the importance of forest amount at large spatial scales and of matrix quality for ecological processes in remnants. These developments, in turn, suggest the potential for reducing biodiversity loss through the maintenance of a high percentage of forest combined with sensitive management of anthropogenic areas. We conducted a multi-taxa survey to evaluate the potential for biodiversity maintenance in an Atlantic forest landscape that presented a favorable context from a theoretical perspective (high proportion of mature forest partly surrounded by structurally complex matrices). We sampled ferns, butterflies, frogs, lizards, bats, small mammals and birds in interiors and edges of large and small mature forest remnants and two matrices (second-growth forests and shade cacao plantations), as well as trees in interiors of small and large remnants. By considering richness, abundance and composition of forest specialists and generalists, we investigated the biodiversity value of matrix habitats (comparing them with interiors of large remnants for all groups except tree), and evaluated area (for all groups) and edge effects (for all groups except trees) in mature forest remnants. our results suggest that in landscapes comprising high amounts of mature forest and low contrasting matrices: (1) shade cacao plantations and second-growth forests harbor an appreciable number of forest specialists; (2) most forest specialist assemblages are not affected by area or edge effects, while most generalist assemblages proliferate at edges of small remnants. Nevertheless, differences in tree assemblages, especially among smaller trees, Suggest that observed patterns are unlikely to be stable over time. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Seagrass patch size affects fish responses to edges

1. Patch area and proximity of patch edge can influence ecological processes across patchy landscapes and may interact with each other. Different patch sizes have different amounts of core habitat, potentially affecting animal abundances at the edge and middle of patches. In this study, we tested if edge effects varied with patch size.

2. Fish were sampled in 10 various-sized seagrass patches (114–5934 m²) using a small (0·5 m²) push net in three positions within each patch: the seagrass edge, 2 m into a patch and in the middle of a patch.

3. The two most common species showed an interaction between patch size and the edge–interior difference in abundance. In the smallest patches, pipefish (Stigmatopora nigra) were at similar densities at the edge and interior, but with increasing patch size, the density at the edge habitat increased. For gobies (Nesogobius maccullochi), the pattern was exactly the opposite.

4. This is the first example from a marine system of how patch size can influence the magnitude and pattern of edge effects.

5. Both patch area and edge effects need to be considered in the development of conservation and management strategies for seagrass habitats.

Fine-scale spatial and temporal variations in diets of the pipefish Stigmatopora nigra within seagrass patches

Diets of the pipefish Stigmatopora nigra were analysed to determine if food availability was causing S. nigra to distribute according to habitat edge effects. Gut analysis found little difference in the diets of S. nigra at the edge and interior of seagrass patches, regardless of time of day or season. Fish diets did, however, vary with seagrass density: S. nigra in denser seagrass consumed more harpacticoid copepods and fewer planktonic copepods. The lack of difference in prey eaten by S. nigra at the edge and interior of patches suggests either that food was not determining S. nigra distribution patterns within patches or that differences in fish densities across patches meant that relative fish–prey densities were similar at edge and interior positions. Alternatively, any edge effects in diet might be masked by gradients in seagrass structure.

Nitretação iônica sem efeito de borda :desenvolvimento e avaliação de uma nova técnica

The ionic nitriding process presents some limitations related with the control of the thickness of the layer and its uniformity. Those limitations that happen during the process, are produced due to edge effects, damage caused by arcing arc and hollow cathode, mainly in pieces with complex geometry and under pressures in excess of 1 mbar. A new technique, denominated ASPN (active screen shapes nitriding) it has been used as alternative, for offering many advantages with respect to dc plasma conventional. The developed system presents a configuration in that the samples treated are surrounded by a large metal screen at high voltage cathodic potencials, (varying between 0 and 1200V) and currents up to 1 A. The sample is placed in floting potential or polarized at relatively lower bias voltages by an auxiliary source. As the plasma is not formed directly in the sample surface but in the metal screen, the mentioned effects are eliminated. This mechanism allows investigate ion of the transfer of nitrogen to the substrate. Optical and electronic microscopy are used to exam morphology and structure at the layer. X-ray difration for phase identification and microhardness to evaluate the efficiency of this process with respect to dc conventional nitriding

Mudanças no Código Florestal e seu impacto na ecologia e diversidade dos mamíferos no Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Priority areas for the conservation of Atlantic forest large mammals

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Habitat patch size modulates terrestrial mammal activity patterns in Amazonian forest fragments

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Influência da borda e do isolamento na fenologia e no sucesso reprodutivo de Anadenanthera Falcata (Benth.) Speg. (Fabaceae) em uma região de cerrado Stricto Sensu, Itirapina, São Paulo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Fenologia e sucesso reprodutivo de Attalea geraensis e Syagrus petraea (Arecaceae) na borda e interior de um fragmento de cerrado

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Vegetal) - IBRC

Efeito da fragmentação e o isolamento da paisagem na riqueza e composição de espécies de lagartos no Reservatório de Tucuruí, Pará

Apesar de vários trabalhos publicados para a região tropical demonstrando o efeito da fragmentação florestal e o isolamento da paisagem na comunidade biótica, a maioria destes, foi realizada em regiões continentais. Os impactos da fragmentação e o isolamento da paisagem resultante da criação de reservatórios artificiais de usinas hidrelétricas ainda são pouco estudados na Amazônia. Este estudo foi realizado em fragmentos ('ilhas") remanescentes de floresta ombrófila, formadas pela construção da Hidrelétrica de Tucuruí, no estado do Pará com o objetivo de comparar as ilhas nas duas margens do reservatório em relação ao tamanho total, tamanho da área nuclear (core area) , forma geométrica (total de borda balanceado pela área da ilha) e grau de isolamento a fim demonstrar o papel das mesmas para a conservação da biota local e em escala local avaliar a riqueza, abundância e composição de espécies da comunidade de lagartos em 12 "ilhas" do reservatório em relação ao tamanho, grau de isolamento e posição das ilhas no reservatório. Para o estudo em escala da paisagem foram escolhidas 199 ilhas nas duas margens no limite da Área de Proteção Ambiental de Tucuruí usando imagem de satélite de 2005. O tamanho das ilhas analisadas varia de 3 a 1768 hectares , sendo que 40% delas com menos 10 hectares . As ilhas têm uma perda significativa, variando de 22% a 100%, de área total, em função do efeito de borda. Não houve diferença significativa no tamanho total, tamanho da área nuclear e total da borda I')as ilhas em relação á margem do reservatório. Contudo, as ilhas da margem esquerda têm maior grau de isolamento em relação das ilhas da margem direita. A maioria das ilhas analisadas no reservatório de Tucuruí tem tamanhos pequenos, alta perda de área total em função do efeito de borda, formato irregular o que aumenta o potencial do efeito de borda e alto grau de isolamento. Em escala local a comunidade de lagartos foi amostrada em cinco campanhas de campo realizadas entre janeiro e julho de 2005, através de transectos e armadilhas de queda. As áreas inventariadas foram selecionadas com base no tamanho, grau de isolamento e posição na margem do reservatório. Foram registrados 837 indivíduos de lagartos, distribuídos em 16 espécies. As espécies mais abundantes foram Gonatodes humeralis e Coleodactylus amazonicus (Gekkonidae). A amostragem realizada nas cinco campanhas foi suficiente para determinar a riqueza total das ilhas amostradas, correspondendo a 84% do número de espécies de acordo com o estimador Jacknife 1. Houve diferença significativa na riqueza de espécies de lagartos entre as campanhas realizada sendo a riqueza maior obtida a partir da 38 campanha de campo, em abril-maio de 2005. Não houve diferença significativa na riqueza de espécies e no número de indivíduos de lagartos em relação à margem do reservatório. Houve diferença significativa e positiva da riqueza de espécies de lagartos em relação ao tamanho da ilha. Não houve diferença significativa na abundância de lagartos em relação ao tamanho das ilhas. Houve diferença significativa entre a riqueza de lagartos em relação ao isolamento da ilha, sendo esta menor nas ilhas mais isoladas. Não houve diferença significativa entre a abundância de lagartos em relação ao isolamento da ilha. Não houve diferença significativa da riqueza de espécies em relação à abertura do dossel e ao volume de serrapilheira. Houve diferença significativa e positiva entre a riqueza de espécies em relação à densidade de troncos caídos e de árvores vivas. Não houve diferença significativa da abundância de indivíduos em relação aos parâmetros de estrutura da vegetação analisados neste estudo. Não houve diferença na composição de espécies da comunidade de lagartos nas ilhas em relação às margens do reservatório, indicando que o rio Tocantins não é uma barreira geográfica para a distribuição deste grupo.

O efeito da fragmentação insular na paisagem e comunidade arbórea em ilhas na Amazônia

A construção de usinas hidrelétricas tem sido um novo vetor de fragmentação florestal no globo, sobretudo na Amazônia, que possui várias barragens em fase de construção atualmente, além das planejadas. A formação de reservatórios em usinas hidrelétricas proporciona paisagens fragmentadas, com a criação de ilhas artificiais (fragmentos), que possuem a peculiaridade de estarem cercada por uma matriz mais resistente para a maioria das espécies, diferente dos fragmentos terrestres, tendo um efeito direto na redução da biodiversidade. Esta pesquisa buscou avaliar a paisagem insular do Lago de Tucuruí, por meio da quantificação da estrutura da paisagem, como subsidio para implicações de conservação. Concomitantemente, avaliou-se os efeitos da fragmentação insular sobre a comunidade arbórea, através da estrutura da paisagem e efeito de borda, ambos têm sido um dos processos ecológicos mais impactantes na diversidade biológica em paisagens fragmentadas. Os resultados indicaram o arranjo espacial pode ser uma abordagem utilizada para os mecanismos de conservação em barragens, mas devendo considerar aspectos específicos das ilhas. Por sua vez, a vegetação ainda não estar respondendo a estrutura da paisagem atual, estando em uma fase de débito de extinção, sendo o efeito de borda o principal fator para formação das comunidades vegetais.

Atropelamento de vertebrados nas rodovias MG-428 e SP-334 com análise dos fatores condicionantes e valoração econômica da fauna

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)