Impact of weight reduction program on serum alanine aminotransferase activity and immunologic response in obese hepatitis B patients.

Background: Globally, chronic B viral hepatitis (HBV) is a major health problem. Obesity is a common problem among patients with HBV. Several studies have reported that obesity is an important risk factor that alters immune system response in individuals with no underlying cause of liver disease. However, there is a strong association between BMI and the human immune system among HBV patients. Objective: This study was to examine the correlation between body mass index, serum alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT) and immunologic response in obese hepatitis B patients. Material and methods: One hundred fifty male patients with chronic hepatitis B virus, their age ranged from 30 to 45 (38.64 ± 7.12) years and their BMI ranged from 30-35 kg/m2. All Subjects were included in two groups: The first group received weight reduction program in the form of treadmill aerobic exercises in addition to diet control whereas the second group received no therapeutic intervention. Parameters of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), CD3, CD4 and CD8 were quantified; Leukocyte, differential counts and body mass index (BMI) were measured before and after 3 months at the end of the study. Results: There was a 24.7%, 36.8%, 30.8%, 40.7%, 28.6%, 25.9%, 33.3% and 14.3 % reduction in mean values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), white blood cells, total neutrophil count, monocytes, CD3, CD4 ,CD8 and BMI respectively in group (A) at the end of the study. In addition, there were significant differences between mean levels of the investigated parameters in groups. Conclusion: Based on our findings, weight loss modulates serum alanine aminotransferase and immune system parameters of patients with hepatitis B virus infection.

Defective interfering viral particles in acute dengue infections

While much of the genetic variation in RNA viruses arises because of the error-prone nature of their RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, much larger changes may occur as a result of recombination. An extreme example of genetic change is found in defective interfering (DI) viral particles, where large sections of the genome of a parental virus have been deleted and the residual sub-genome fragment is replicated by complementation by co-infecting functional viruses. While most reports of DI particles have referred to studies in vitro, there is some evidence for the presence of DI particles in chronic viral infections in vivo. In this study, short fragments of dengue virus (DENV) RNA containing only key regulatory elements at the 3' and 5' ends of the genome were recovered from the sera of patients infected with any of the four DENV serotypes. Identical RNA fragments were detected in the supernatant from cultures of Aedes mosquito cells that were infected by the addition of sera from dengue patients, suggesting that the sub-genomic RNA might be transmitted between human and mosquito hosts in defective interfering (DI) viral particles. In vitro transcribed sub-genomic RNA corresponding to that detected in vivo could be packaged in virus like particles in the presence of wild type virus and transmitted for at least three passages in cell culture. DENV preparations enriched for these putative DI particles reduced the yield of wild type dengue virus following co-infections of C6-36 cells. This is the first report of DI particles in an acute arboviral infection in nature. The internal genomic deletions described here are the most extensive defects observed in DENV and may be part of a much broader disease attenuating process that is mediated by defective viruses.

The relationship between angiogenesis and the immune response in carcinogenesis and the progression of malignant disease

Recent studies have demonstrated that angiogenesis and suppressed cell- mediated immunity (CMI) play a central role in the pathogenesis of malignant disease facilitating tumour growth, invasion and metastasis. In the majority of tumours, the malignant process is preceded by a pathological condition or exposure to an irritant which itself is associated with the induction of angiogenesis and/or suppressed CMI. These include: cigarette smoking, chronic bronchitis and lung cancer; chronic oesophagitis and oesophageal cancer; chronic viral infections such as human papilloma virus and ano-genital cancers, chronic hepatitis B and C and hepatocellular carcinoma, and Epstein- Barr virus (EBV) and lymphomas; chronic inflammatory conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer; asbestos exposure and mesothelioma and excessive sunlight exposure/sunburn and malignant melanoma. Chronic exposure to growth factors (insulin-like growth factor-I in acromegaly), mutations in tumour suppressor genes (TP53 in Li Fraumeni syndrome) and long-term exposure to immunosuppressive agents (cyclosporin A) may also give rise to similar environments and are associated with the development of a range of solid tumours. The increased blood supply would facilitate the development and proliferation of an abnormal clone or clones of cells arising as the result of: (a) an inherited genetic abnormality; and/or (b) acquired somatic mutations, the latter due to local production and/or enhanced delivery of carcinogens and mutagenic growth factors. With progressive detrimental mutations and growth-induced tumour hypoxia, the transformed cell, to a lesser or greater extent, may amplify the angiogenic process and CMI suppression, thereby facilitating further tumour growth and metastasis. There is accumulating evidence that long-term treatment with cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors (aspirin and indomethacin), cytokines such as interferon-α, anti-oestrogens (tamoxifen and raloxifene) and captopril significantly reduces the incidence of solid tumours such as breast and colorectal cancer. These agents are anti-angiogenic and, in the case of aspirin, indomethacin and interferon-α have proven immunomodulatory effects. Collectively these observations indicate that angiogenesis and suppressed CMI play a central role in the development and progression of malignant disease. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Detection of hepatitis B virus markers using a biosensor based on imaging ellipsometry

A biosensor based on imaging ellipsometry (BIE) has been developed and validated in 169 patients for detecting five markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The methodology has been established to pave the way for clinical diagnosis, including ligand screening, determination of the sensitivity, set-up of cut-off values (CoVs) and comparison with other clinical methods. A matrix assay method was established for ligand screening. The CoVs of HBV markers were derived with the help of receiver operating characteristic curves. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was the reference method. Ligands with high bioactivity were selected and sensitivities of 1 ng/mL and 1 IU/mL for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and surface antibody (anti-HBs) were obtained respectively. The CoVs of HBsAg, anti-HBs, hepatitis B e antigen, hepatitis B e antibody and core antibody were as follows: 15%, 18%, 15%, 20% and 15%, respectively, which were the percentages over the values of corresponding ligand controls. BIE can simultaneously detect up to five markers within 1 h with results in acceptable agreement with ELISA, and thus shows a potential for diagnosing hepatitis B with high throughput.

Fatores prognósticos e de efetividade do tratamento da hepatite C crônica

A hepatite C é uma doença recentemente reconhecida cujo tratamento é de eficácia aquém da desejável. O objetivo deste estudo é conhecer os fatores prognósticos de resposta virológica sustentada (RVS) e de efetividade do tratamento da hepatite C crônica e propor um modelo teórico que contenha as principais relações identificadas. A prevalência do HCV no Brasil é estimada entre 0,94% a 1,89%, com tendência a aumentar. Há populações especificamente sob maior risco como detentos, usuários de drogas e renais crônicos em diálise. Devido ao seu caráter crônico e progressivo estima-se que as complicações relacionadas aumentem nas próximas décadas caso não haja tratamento efetivo. O tratamento é caro, com efeitos colaterais importantes e promove RVS apenas em uma parcela dos indivíduos, mesmo sob condições ideais. São descritos como fatores prognósticos para RVS: genótipo, carga viral pré-tratamento, cinética viral, transaminases, estágio de fibrose, sexo, idade, peso, raça, esteatose e aderência ao tratamento. Dispensado de acordo com critérios do Ministério da Saúde, o tratamento utiliza interferon peguilado para o genótipo 1 e interferon convencional para os genótipos 2 e 3, associado à ribavirina. Associados a RVS, além do custo, outros fatores concorrem para a efetividade do tratamento: diagnóstico precoce dos casos, implementação de pólos de aplicação, qualidade e disponibilidade da medicação, critérios e interrupção precoce através da cinética viral, redução da necessidade de re-tratamento e de transplante hepático. Para aumentar a efetividade do tratamento concluímos ser necessário melhor rastreamento dos casos de infecção pelo VHC, disseminação de pólos de aplicação dos medicamentos e viabilizar exames para cinética viral.

Veterans health administration hepatitis B testing and treatment with anti-CD20 antibody administration.

AIM: To evaluate pretreatment hepatitis B virus (HBV) testing, vaccination, and antiviral treatment rates in Veterans Affairs patients receiving anti-CD20 Ab for quality improvement. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study using a national repository of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) electronic health record data. We identified all patients receiving anti-CD20 Ab treatment (2002-2014). We ascertained patient demographics, laboratory results, HBV vaccination status (from vaccination records), pharmacy data, and vital status. The high risk period for HBV reactivation is during anti-CD20 Ab treatment and 12 mo follow up. Therefore, we analyzed those who were followed to death or for at least 12 mo after completing anti-CD20 Ab. Pretreatment serologic tests were used to categorize chronic HBV (hepatitis B surface antigen positive or HBsAg+), past HBV (HBsAg-, hepatitis B core antibody positive or HBcAb+), resolved HBV (HBsAg-, HBcAb+, hepatitis B surface antibody positive or HBsAb+), likely prior vaccination (isolated HBsAb+), HBV negative (HBsAg-, HBcAb-), or unknown. Acute hepatitis B was defined by the appearance of HBsAg+ in the high risk period in patients who were pretreatment HBV negative. We assessed HBV antiviral treatment and the incidence of hepatitis, liver failure, and death during the high risk period. Cumulative hepatitis, liver failure, and death after anti-CD20 Ab initiation were compared by HBV disease categories and differences compared using the χ(2) test. Mean time to hepatitis peak alanine aminotransferase, liver failure, and death relative to anti-CD20 Ab administration and follow-up were also compared by HBV disease group. RESULTS: Among 19304 VHA patients who received anti-CD20 Ab, 10224 (53%) had pretreatment HBsAg testing during the study period, with 49% and 43% tested for HBsAg and HBcAb, respectively within 6 mo pretreatment in 2014. Of those tested, 2% (167/10224) had chronic HBV, 4% (326/7903) past HBV, 5% (427/8110) resolved HBV, 8% (628/8110) likely prior HBV vaccination, and 76% (6022/7903) were HBV negative. In those with chronic HBV infection, ≤ 37% received HBV antiviral treatment during the high risk period while 21% to 23% of those with past or resolved HBV, respectively, received HBV antiviral treatment. During and 12 mo after anti-CD20 Ab, the rate of hepatitis was significantly greater in those HBV positive vs negative (P = 0.001). The mortality rate was 35%-40% in chronic or past hepatitis B and 26%-31% in hepatitis B negative. In those pretreatment HBV negative, 16 (0.3%) developed acute hepatitis B of 4947 tested during anti-CD20Ab treatment and follow-up. CONCLUSION: While HBV testing of Veterans has increased prior to anti-CD20 Ab, few HBV+ patients received HBV antivirals, suggesting electronic health record algorithms may enhance health outcomes.

Les cadres de lectures alternatifs : une approche non-conventionnelle pour le développement de vecteurs vaccinaux

Introduction: Les cadres de lectures alternatifs (CLA) sont utilisés par de multiples virus afin de générer plusieurs protéines à partir d'une seule séquence nucléotidique. Les épitopes dits « cryptiques », c’est-à-dire les épitopes dérivés de protéines codées dans des CLAs, ont étés dernièrement l’objet de différentes études portant sur la réponse immunitaire antivirale et les lymphocytes T cytotoxiques. Méthodologie: Afin de vérifier le potentiel immunogène d'épitopes encodés dans des CLAs programmés, trois cassettes ont été construites pour mener à l'expression de trois épitopes bien caractérisés (épitope GAG77–85 du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1; épitope NS31406-1415 du virus de l'hépatite C; épitope core18-27 du virus de l'hépatite B) à partir de trois cadres de lectures superposés. La première cassette permet une initiation alternative de la traduction, la deuxième comprend deux signaux bipartites en tandem permettant un frameshift ribosomique et la troisième est une cassette contrôle. Ces éléments ont été introduits dans des vecteurs adénoviraux. Les virions générés ont servi à immuniser des souris C57BL/6 transgéniques pour HLA-A*0201 et HLA-DR1. La réponse immunitaire induite une semaine post-immunisation a été mesurée par essai ELISpot IFN . Résultats: Dans le contexte de cassettes vaccinales, les peptides dérivés d'une initiation alternative de traduction et de changement de cadre de lecture ribosomique ribosomal peuvent être exprimés et détectés par le système immunitaire dans un modèle animal. Conclusion: Ces expériences suggèrent la possibilité de développer de nouvelles stratégies vaccinales dans le but de prévenir ou de guérir certaines maladies associées aux infections virales chroniques telles que celles causées par le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine et le virus de l’hépatite C.

Survival of relatives of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Background:Families of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) carry a high risk of developing HCC. We determine the number of fatalities in relatives of HCC patients during an 8-year period to understand the risk and cause of HCC in relatives of patients with HCC.
Methods:From 1992 to 1997, 15 410 relatives of HCC patients in three generations were screened prospectively for HCC by ultrasonography, α-fetoprotein, liver biochemistry and viral markers. By using national citizen identification numbers, we searched the total fatalities in relatives of HCC patients between 1992 and 1999 from the national mortality data bank. The results were compared among different viral infection groups.
Results:Of the relatives studied, 37.8% were hepatitis B s antigen (HBsAg) positive (+), 4.3% were anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) (+) and 1.7% were both HBsAg (+) and anti-HCV (+). A total of 399 fatalities, including 139 because of HCC (34.8%), 37 because of liver diseases (9.3%), 88 because of other cancers (22.1%) and 135 because of other diseases (33.8%), were found. Relatives who were HBsAg (+) or anti-HCV (+)showed a lower cumulative survival than did relatives who were negative for both HBsAg and anti-HCV. Relatives with dual infection of hepatitis B and C virus showed the highest mortality due to HCC or terminal liver diseases.
Conclusions:Chronic viral infection rather than a hereditary factor is the main cause of a familial tendency for HCC. Dual infection of hepatitis B and C virus increases the risk of HCC or decompensated liver diseases.
Background:Families of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) carry a high risk of developing HCC. We determine the number of fatalities in relatives of HCC patients during an 8-year period to understand the risk and cause of HCC in relatives of patients with HCC.
Methods:From 1992 to 1997, 15 410 relatives of HCC patients in three generations were screened prospectively for HCC by ultrasonography, α-fetoprotein, liver biochemistry and viral markers. By using national citizen identification numbers, we searched the total fatalities in relatives of HCC patients between 1992 and 1999 from the national mortality data bank. The results were compared among different viral infection groups.
Results:Of the relatives studied, 37.8% were hepatitis B s antigen (HBsAg) positive (+), 4.3% were anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) (+) and 1.7% were both HBsAg (+) and anti-HCV (+). A total of 399 fatalities, including 139 because of HCC (34.8%), 37 because of liver diseases (9.3%), 88 because of other cancers (22.1%) and 135 because of other diseases (33.8%), were found. Relatives who were HBsAg (+) or anti-HCV (+)showed a lower cumulative survival than did relatives who were negative for both HBsAg and anti-HCV. Relatives with dual infection of hepatitis B and C virus showed the highest mortality due to HCC or terminal liver diseases.
Conclusions:Chronic viral infection rather than a hereditary factor is the main cause of a familial tendency for HCC. Dual infection of hepatitis B and C virus increases the risk of HCC or decompensated liver diseases.

Validação de recursos de cargas viral do HIV-1 obtidos para insumos/kids/equipamentos de diferentes procedênias

Pós-graduação em Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (Biotecnologia Médica) - FMB

Detecção in vitro da hepatite C (VHC) em plaquetas provenientes de indivíduoas não infectados expostas ao vírus

Pós-graduação em Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (Biotecnologia Médica) - FMB

Qualidade de vida e morbidade psicológica de pacientes portadores de hepatite C em tratamento com interferon peguilado e ribavirina

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Programa de hepatopatias do Hospital da Fundação Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Pará: infra-estrutura e epidemiologia clínica em 10 anos de atendimento

O Programa de Hepatopatias do Hospital da Fundação Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Pará surgiu pela necessidade de prestar assistência a hepatopatas na região amazônica priorizando assistência qualificada, identificação das etiologias, seguimento clínico, e tratamento direcionado. Este trabalho visa descrever dados relativos à epidemiologia clínica, fatores etiológicos e análise histopatológica. Dos 1469 pacientes avaliados, através de exames clínicos, laboratoriais, endoscópicos e de imagem e/ou histopatológico, foram considerados hepatopatas crônicos 935 (63,6%). Nesta casuística, a média de idade foi 50 anos, 666 (71,2%) do sexo masculino e maior procedência de Belém. Os agentes etiológicos mais prevalentes foram alcoolismo (53,7%) e hepatites virais (39,1%). Biópsia hepática realizada em 403/935 (43,1%), demonstrou hepatite crônica (34%) e cirrose (34%) na maioria das amostras. Conclui-se, portanto, que a doença hepática crônica na região é mais prevalente no sexo masculino, sendo o alcoolismo a principal etiologia e mais da metade dos casos se encontravam em fase avançada no momento do diagnóstico.

Hepatitis B and C virus infection among Brazilian Amazon riparians

INTRODUÇÃO: As hepatites virais constituem um importante problema de saúde pública no mundo. No Brasil existem poucos estudos sobre esta questão, especialmente entre as comunidades ribeirinhas. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a soroprevalência das hepatites B e C virais na comunidade ribeirinha da Ilha do Pacuí, no Estado do Pará, Brasil, e investigar os principais fatores de risco principal a que está comunidade está exposta. MÉTODOS: O presente estudo avaliou amostras de sangue de 181 voluntários que responderam a um questionário epidemiológico. Análises de marcadores sorológicos foram testados com kits comerciais de ELISA para detecção de HBsAg, anti-HBc total, anti-HBs e anti-VHC. Nos pacientes reagentes para VHC, RT-PCR e um line probe assay foi realizado para identificar o genótipo viral. RESULTADOS: Na análise dos marcadores sorológicos para hepatite B, observou-se taxas de 1,1% para anti-HBc total e 19,3% para anti-HBs, o marcador sorológico HBsAg não foi encontrado nesta população. Para a hepatite C foi encontrada um soroprevalência de 8,8%, destes 62,5% tinham RNA viral. Entre os fatores de risco estudados se destacaram: a não-utilização de preservativos, o compartilhamento de instrumentos cortantes, uso de drogas ilícitas e relatos de doença na família com VHB ou VHC. CONCLUSÕES: Observamos que a cobertura de vacinação contra o VHB é baixa e uma alta prevalência da hepatite C nesta comunidade.

Pesquisa e genotipagem do vírus da hepatite C em portadores de doenças renais crônicas submetidos à hemodiálise

Pacientes com doença renal crônica tem alto risco de adquirir o vírus da hepatite C (VHC). A prevalência de hepatite C em unidades de hemodiálise é elevada. O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a presença do VHC e seus diferentes genótipos em portadores de doença renal crônica que realizaram hemodiálise em Belém e região metropolitana, no Estado do Pará, Brasil, determinando a prevalência do vírus, genótipos e as características epidemiológicas dos portadores da doença renal crônica. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, em sete unidades de hemodiálise das cidades de Belém e região metropolitana, no período de outubro de 2011 a abril de 2012. Foi aplicado um questionário com dados sociais, epidemiológicos e sobre a presença de fatores de risco para hepatites virais. Material biológico foi coletado dos pacientes para os exames ELISA e PCR VHC. Os pacientes com presença de RNA viral foram avaliados quanto aos genótipos. A prevalência dos anticorpos para VHC entre os indivíduos estudados foi de 8,4%, enquanto 5,4% apresentaram RNA viral, com 0,1% entre os não reagentes. O genótipo 1 foi o mais prevalente, com 86,1%, seguido do tipo 2, com 11,6%. O tipo 3 teve somente 2,3%. A análise epidemiológica mostrou predomínio do sexo masculino, faixa etária de 49 anos, casados ou em união estável, com baixo nível de escolaridade e renda familiar de até 2 salários mínimos. A principal causa da doença renal crônica foi o diabetes mellitus (34,4%), seguida de glomerulonefrites (18,6%) e hipertensão arterial (17,1%). O tempo de hemodiálise foi significativamente importante fator de risco para aquisição do VHC (p=0,012), com a maioria dos portadores do VHC que adquiriram a doença durante hemodiálise estava acima de 5 anos de tratamento (p= 0,0001). Outro fator de risco associado ao VHC foi transplante de órgão prévio. Conclui-se que, em Belém e região metropolitana, a prevalência de VHC em hemodiálise foi elevada e o genótipo mais frequente é o mesmo da população geral no norte do Brasil.