Synthesis and antibacterial profile of novel azomethine derivatives of β-phenylacrolein moiety

Purpose: To develop some novel molecules effective against antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Methods: A series of azomethines (SB-1 to SB-6) were synthesized from β-phenyl acrolein moiety. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of their UV ultra-violet (UV) spectroscopy (λmax: 200 - 400 nm), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR, vibrational frequency: 500-4000 cm-1), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, chemical shift: 0 - 10 ppm), 13C NMR (chemical shift: 0 - 200 ppm), mass spectrometry (m/z values: 0 - 500) and carbon hydrogen nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis. The new compounds were screened for antibacterial activity by test-tube dilution and disc diffusion methods using gentamicin as reference standard. Results: The structures of azomethine were in full agreement with their spectral data. Among all the synthesized compounds, compounds SB-5 and SB-6 exhibited the highest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 62.5 μg/mL. At MIC of 250 μg/mL, all compounds SB-1 to SB-6 displayed significant antibacterial activity, compared to gentamycin (p < 0.05). SB-5 and SB-6 were active against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae; SB-3 was active against B. subtilis and S. aureus. SB-4 was active against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus while SB-1 and SB-2 were active against S. aureus. Conclusion: The synthesized compounds possess antibacterial activities compared to those of gentamycin.

Bioprospecting for culturable actinobacteria with antimicrobial properties isolated from rivers in Colombian Orinoquia

Purpose: To Isolate and characterize Actinobacteria with antimicrobial activity from Guaviare River (Colombia). Methods: Water and sediment samples were collected from Guaviare River. Direct plating, heat and CaCO3 methods were used to isolate Actinobacteria. Six bacterial strains were tested using T-Streak method: Escherichia coli ATCC 23724, Staphylococus aureus ATCC 25923, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21556, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 31532. Strains of Fusarium sp. H24, Trichoderma harzianum H5 and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were tested using Kirby-Bauer method. Isolates with high antimicrobial activity were selected for further taxonomic identification. Results: A total of 374 actinobacteria isolates were obtained. Seven isolates exhibited high antimicrobial activity (p < 0.05) and were confirmed as members of Streptomycetaceae family. Of these, three isolates showed differential phenotypic and genotypic profiles, indicating that they may represent new species. Conclusions: To date, this is the first study of this type in Colombian Orinoquia and indicates that this promising source of Actinobacteria from aquatic sediments with the ability to produce antimicrobial secondary metabolites.

Prevalencia de bacterias productoras de beta-lactamasas en el Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso periodo enero-diciembre del 2014

Antecedentes: la adaptación de las bacterias a los tratamientos antibióticos ha ido mejorando, hasta el punto de llegar a presentar resistencia a los tratamientos más agresivos, esto se debe a la evolución constante que han sufrido estas con la aparición de nuevas especies, por mecanismos como la conjugación o trasmisión de plásmidos, con la producción de diferentes tipos de beta-lactamasas, estas características nuevas les han permitido mejorar su capacidad de evadir los mecanismos de acción farmacológicos. Objetivo general: establecer la prevalencia de bacterias productoras de beta-lactamasas en el Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso, durante el periodo de enero a diciembre del 2014, Cuenca - Ecuador. Metodología: Tipo de estudio: se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo, observacional; Universo y muestra: historias clínicas de todos los pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso, a los que se había realizado cultivo y antibiograma con reporte de producción de beta-lactamasas, durante el periodo enero a diciembre del 2014; Método de recolección de datos: observación y revisión de historias clínicas que fueron registrados en el formulario de recolección de datos; Tabulación y análisis de los resultados: Todos los datos fueron tabulados y procesados en el programa SPSS Versión 15.0, elaborando tablas simples, compuestas. Resultados: de un total de 160 bacterias aisladas, la prevalencia de bacterias productoras de betalactamasas fue 13,1%, 74,4%, 12,5% para BLEA, BLEE y carbapenemasas respectivamente. El sexo femenino fue el más afectado por las bacterias productoras de BLEA, y carbapenemasas, pero el sexo masculino fue el más afectado por bacterias productoras de BLEE. La E. coli representa el 74,79% de bacterias productoras de BLEE, representando la Klebsiella pneumoniae el 50% de todas las bacterias productoras de carbapenemasas. Al analizar la mortalidad se observa que al incrementar la resistencia incrementa el riesgo de mortalidad: BLEA 5%, BLEE 15% y Carbapenemasa 25%

Long-term impact of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage in children previously vaccinated with various pneumococcal conjugate vaccine regimes

Previously, the Fiji Pneumococcal Project (FiPP) evaluated reduced dose immunization schedules that incorporated pneumococcal protein conjugate and/or polysaccharide vaccine (PCV7 and 23vPPV, respectively). Immune hyporesponsiveness was observed in children vaccinated with 23vPPV at 12 months of age compared with children who did not receive 23vPPV.

Here we assess the long-term impact of 23vPPV vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage rates and densities of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus and Moraxella catarrhalis. Nasopharyngeal swabs (n = 194) were obtained from healthy children who participated in FiPP (now aged 5&ndash;7 years). S. pneumoniae were isolated and identified by standard culture-based methods, and serotyped using latex agglutination and the Quellung reaction. Carriage rates and densities of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus and M. catarrhalis were determined using real-time quantitative PCR.

There were no differences in the rate or density of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae or M. catarrhalis carriage by PCV7 dose or 23vPPV vaccination in the vaccinated participants overall. However, differences were observed between the two main ethnic groups: Fijian children of Indian descent (Indo-Fijian) were less likely to carry S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis, and there was evidence of a higher carriage rate of S. aureus compared with indigenous Fijian (iTaukei) children. Polysaccharide vaccination appeared to have effects that varied between ethnic groups, with 23vPPV vaccination associated with a higher carriage rate of S. aureus in iTaukei children, while there was a lower carriage rate of S. pneumoniae associated with 23vPPV vaccination in Indo-Fijian children.

Overall, polysaccharide vaccination had no long-term impact on pneumococcal carriage, but may have impacted on S. aureus carriage and have varying effects in ethnic groups, suggesting current WHO vaccine schedule recommendations against the use of 23vPPV in children under two years of age are appropriate.

In vitro comparative study of Bougainvillea spectabilis "stand" leaves and Bougainvillea variegata leaves in terms of phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity

Aim: To study the qualitative analysis of phytochemicals and antibacterial activity of the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Bougainvillea spectabilis and Bougainvillea variegata leaves. Methods: Phytochemical constituents were determined qualitatively by the Harborne method, while antimicrobial activities were determined by measuring the zone of inhibition on Mueller Hinton Agar. Results: The maximum inhibitory effects were obtained against the Gram positive microbe Staphylococcus aureus for the methanolic extracts of both B. spectabilis [(28.54 &plusmn; 0.18) mm] and B. variegata [(21.97 &plusmn; 0.06) mm]. The Gram negative microbes Proteus vulgaris [(16.00 &plusmn; 0.15) mm] and Serratia marcescens [(16.00 &plusmn; 0.06) mm] gave maximum inhibitory effects for the ethanolic extracts of B. variegata, while Salmonella typhimurium [(17.26 &plusmn; 0.12) mm] gave a maximum zone of inhibition for the methanolic extract of B. spectabilis. No inhibitory effects were observed for the extracts of B. spectabilis or B. variegate against Enterococcus faecalis, Vibro cholera or Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusion: Both B. spectabilis and B. variegata possess significant antimicrobial activity that, following additional studies, could replace commercially known antibiotics. © 2012 China Pharmaceutical University.

Complications of pneumococcal bacteremia after 13-valent conjugate vaccine withdrawal

In the Region of Madrid, universal immunization with the 13-serotypes pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) started in May 2010. In July 2012, public funding ceased. Vaccination coverage decreased from >95% to 82% in 2013 and to 67% in 2014. Our aim was to investigate the impact of PCV13 withdrawal from Madrid Region's universal immunization program on the incidence of complicated pneumococcal bacteremia. We performed a multi-center retrospective cohort study, from 2009 to 2014. Participants were children aged <14 years with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia. Complications were defined as any condition requiring intensive care or surgery. Sequelae were conditions lasting ≥90 days. A total of 168 patients were recruited. One-fourth of both immunized and non-immunized patients had complications. Global complications increased after PCV13 withdrawal. A total of 28% of PCV13 serotypes presented complications. Complications due to PCV13 serotypes did not increase after July 2012. No-PCV13 serotypes increased progressively from 2009 on, and 23% presented complications. A significant risk of complications was found for patients with meningitis, empyema, C-reactive protein >100 mg/L, and serotype 1. A multivariate analysis indicated that complications were associated with meningitis and hospital admission after July 2012. Sequelae were significantly associated with children <2 years of age, meningitis and no-PCV13 serotypes. The incidence of complications due to PCV13 serotypes did not increase two years after PCV13 withdrawal. Nevertheless, all-serotypes complications increased. The likely cause was that no-PCV13 serotypes (associated with meningitis) are on the rise.

Perfil epidemiológico y análisis de la formulación antibiótica en pacientes con infección urinaria nosocomial en la Fundación Cardioinfantil en el año 2014

Introducción: La IVU es muy frecuenten en la (FCI - IC), Alrededor el 60% de los pacientes con diagnóstico de IVU nosocomial corresponden a gérmenes resistente, Desde el año 2010 el CLSI disminuyó los puntos de corte de sensibilidad en las enterobacteriaceae y removió la necesidad de tamizaje y confirmación de (BLEE), en el presente trabajo se pretende determinar el perfil epidemiológico de la formulación antibiótica en pacientes con IVU nosocomial. Diseño: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis univariado, bivariado y multivariado. El análisis bivariado y multivariado se realizó para determinar la medida de asociación teniendo en cuenta la formulación de Carbapenemico la variable dependiente, evaluándose mediante chi cuadrado. Resultados: Se revisaron 131 urocultivos, se incluyeron 116. Los aislamientos microbiológicos más frecuentemente encontrados fueron E. Coli y K. Pneumoniae, el 43.4% de los aislamientos, presentaron expresión de BLEE, 90% de los aislamientos fueron sensibles a Cefepime. La mayoría de los modelos obtenidos mostraron una fuerte asociación entre el reporte de BLEE en antibiograma con la formulación de carbapenémicos como terapia final OR 33,12 IC 95% (2,90 – 337,4). Conclusión: La epidemiologia de la IVU nosocomial en la FCI-IC no difiere de las referencias internacionales, no hay adherencia a las guías de manejo intrahospitalario y el reporte de la palabra BLEE en el antibiograma predice la formulación de antibiótico carbapenémico por el médico que lee el urocultivo