Transcytosis of cholera toxin subunits across model human intestinal epithelia.

Cholera toxin (CT) elicits a massive secretory response from intestinal epithelia by binding apical receptors (ganglioside GM1) and ultimately activating basolateral effectors (adenylate cyclase). The mechanism of signal transduction from apical to basolateral membrane, however, remains undefined. We have previously shown that CT action on the polarized human intestinal epithelial cell line T84 requires endocytosis and processing in multiple intracellular compartments. Our aim in the present study was to test the hypothesis that CT may actually move to its site of action on the basolateral membrane by vesicular traffic. After binding apical receptors, CT entered basolaterally directed transcytotic vesicles. Both CT B subunits and to a lesser extent CT A subunits were delivered intact to the serosal surface of the basolateral membrane. The toxin did not traverse the monolayer by diffusion through intercellular junctions. Transcytosis of CT B subunits displayed nearly identical time course and temperature dependency with that of CT-induced Cl- secretion--suggesting the two may be related. These data identify a mechanism that may explain the link between the toxin's apical receptor and basolateral effector.

Regulation of glycolipid synthesis in HL-60 cells by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to glycosyltransferase sequences: effect on cellular differentiation.

Treatment of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase (GM2-synthase; EC 2.4.1.92) and CMP-sialic acid:alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (GD3-synthase; EC 2.4.99.8) sequences effectively down-regulated the synthesis of more complex gangliosides in the ganglioside synthetic pathways after GM3, resulting in a remarkable increase in endogenous GM3 with concomitant decreases in more complex gangliosides. The treated cells underwent monocytic differentiation as judged by morphological changes, adherent ability, and nitroblue tetrazolium staining. These data provide evidence that the increased endogenous ganglioside GM3 may play an important role in regulating cellular differentiation and that the antisense DNA technique proves to be a powerful tool in manipulating glycolipid synthesis in the cell.

Recombinant probiotics for treatment and prevention of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea

Background & Aims: We have developed a therapeutic strategy for gastrointestinal infections that is based on molecular mimicry of host receptors for bacterial toxins on the surface of harmless gut bacteria. The aim of this study was to apply this to the development of a recombinant probiotic for treatment and prevention of diarrheal disease caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains that produce heat-labile enterotoxin. Methods: This was achieved by expressing glycosyltransferase genes from Neisseria meningitidis or Campylobacter jejuni in a harmless Escherichia coli strain (CWG:308), resulting in the production of a chimeric lipopolysaccharide capable of binding heat-labile enterotoxin with high avidity. Results: The strongest heat-labile enterotoxin binding was achieved with a construct (CWG308:pLNT) that expresses a mimic of lacto-N-neotetraose, which neutralized ≥ 93.8% of the heat-labile enterotoxin activity in culture lysates of diverse enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains of both human and porcine origin. When tested with purified heat-labile enterotoxin, it was capable of adsorbing approximately 5% of its own weight of toxin. Weaker toxin neutralization was achieved with a construct that mimicked the ganglioside GM2. Preabsorption with, or coadministration of, CWG308:pLNT also resulted in significant in vivo protection from heat-labile enterotoxin-induced fluid secretion in rabbit ligated ileal loops. Conclusions: Toxin-binding probiotics such as those described here have considerable potential for prophylaxis and treatment of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced travelers' diarrhea.

Augmentation de l’absorption intestinale à l’aide de promédicaments se liant aux gangliosides GM1

Le but de ce projet est de développer une approche biomimétique pour augmenter l'absorption de molécules actives peu perméables. Cette approche réplique le mécanisme d'internalisation de la toxine du choléra par sa liaison au récepteur GM1 à la surface des cellules intestinales. La technologie proposée est de synthétiser des promédicaments composés d'une molécule active, d'un espaceur et d'un peptide ayant de l'affinité pour le GM1. Les hypothèses de ce projet sont que le peptide faisant partie du promédicament augmentera l'absorption intestinale de médicaments peu perméables et que le complexe sera métabolisé rapidement après son absorption. Des prototypes de promédicaments ont été synthétisés et des essais de stabilité, d'affinité et de perméabilité sur les peptides et les promédicaments ont été développés et réalisés. Les résultats de cette étude ont démontré la possibilité de synthétiser des promédicaments à partir d'un peptide liant le GM1 et d'une molécule thérapeutique ayant une faible biodisponibilité. Les essais de stabilité, d'affinité et de perméabilité ont été optimisés et implémentés avec succès. Les études in vitro initiales ont rapporté des résultats prometteurs concernant les propriétés de liaison du peptide utilisé et d'un des promédicaments préparés. Par contre, les résultats des essais de stabilité ont montré un métabolisme partiel des promédicament dans le plasma ainsi qu'une instabilité des solutions mères. De plus, les essais de perméabilité se sont avérés non concluants. Les prochaines études porteront sur la préparation de nouveaux promédicaments par une approche similaire ainsi que sur l'investigation du mécanisme d'internalisation du peptide.

Enhancement of a novel gene therapy approach for Sandhoff disease through complimentary drug therapy

GM2 gangliosidoses is a family of severe, neurodegenerative disorders resulting from a deficiency in the β-hexosaminidase A (Hex A) enzyme. This disorder is typically caused by a mutation to either the HEXA gene, causing Tay Sachs disease, or a mutation to the HEXB gene, causing Sandhoff disease. The HEXA and HEXB genes are required to produce the α and β subunits of the Hex A enzyme respectively. Using a Sandhoff disease (SD) mouse model (Hexb-/-) we tested the potential of a low dose of systemically delivered single stranded adeno-associated virus 9 (ssAAV9) expressing human HEXB and human HEXA cDNA under the control of a single promoter through the use of a bicistronic vector design with a P2A linker to correct the neurological phenotype. Neonatal mice were injected with either this ssAAV9-HexB-P2A-HexA vector (HexB-HexA) or a vehicle solution via the superficial temporal vein. HexB-HexA treatment alone conferred an increase in survival of 56% compared to vehicle-injected controls and biochemical analysis of the brain tissue and serum revealed an increase in HexA activity and a decrease in brain GM2 ganglioside buildup. Additionally, treatments with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin (Indo), the histone deactylase inhibitor ITF2357 (ITF) and the pharmacological chaperone pyrimethamine (Pyr) were tested. The anti-inflammatory treatments of Indo and ITF conferred an increase in survival of 12% and 8% respectively while causing no alteration in the HexA activity or GM2 ganglioside buildup. Pyr had no observable effect on disease progression. Lastly HexB-HexA treatment was tested in conjunction with Indo, ITF and Pyr individually. Additive increases in survival and behavioural testing results were observed with Indo and ITF treatments while no additional benefit to HexA activity or GM2 ganglioside levels in the brain tissue was observed. This indicates the two treatments slowed the progression of the disease through a different mechanism than the reduction of the GM2 ganglioside substrate. Pyr treatment was shown to have no effect when combined with HexB-HexA treatment. This study demonstrates the potential amelioration of SD with a novel AAV9 gene therapy approach as well as helped to identify the additive potential of anti-inflammatory treatments in gene therapy of GM2 gangliosidoses.

Augmentation de l’absorption intestinale à l’aide de promédicaments se liant aux gangliosides GM1

Le but de ce projet est de développer une approche biomimétique pour augmenter l'absorption de molécules actives peu perméables. Cette approche réplique le mécanisme d'internalisation de la toxine du choléra par sa liaison au récepteur GM1 à la surface des cellules intestinales. La technologie proposée est de synthétiser des promédicaments composés d'une molécule active, d'un espaceur et d'un peptide ayant de l'affinité pour le GM1. Les hypothèses de ce projet sont que le peptide faisant partie du promédicament augmentera l'absorption intestinale de médicaments peu perméables et que le complexe sera métabolisé rapidement après son absorption. Des prototypes de promédicaments ont été synthétisés et des essais de stabilité, d'affinité et de perméabilité sur les peptides et les promédicaments ont été développés et réalisés. Les résultats de cette étude ont démontré la possibilité de synthétiser des promédicaments à partir d'un peptide liant le GM1 et d'une molécule thérapeutique ayant une faible biodisponibilité. Les essais de stabilité, d'affinité et de perméabilité ont été optimisés et implémentés avec succès. Les études in vitro initiales ont rapporté des résultats prometteurs concernant les propriétés de liaison du peptide utilisé et d'un des promédicaments préparés. Par contre, les résultats des essais de stabilité ont montré un métabolisme partiel des promédicament dans le plasma ainsi qu'une instabilité des solutions mères. De plus, les essais de perméabilité se sont avérés non concluants. Les prochaines études porteront sur la préparation de nouveaux promédicaments par une approche similaire ainsi que sur l'investigation du mécanisme d'internalisation du peptide.

Postprandial plasma phospholipids in men are influenced by the source of dietary fat

BACKGROUND: Postprandial lipemia represents a risk factor for chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. Little is known about the effect of dietary fat on the plasma lipidome in the postprandial period. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of dairy fat and soy oil on circulating postprandial lipids in men. METHODS: Men (40-60 y old, nonsmokers; n = 16) were randomly assigned in a crossover design to consume 2 breakfast meals of dairy-based or soy oil-based foods. The changes in the plasma lipidome during the 4-h postprandial period were analyzed with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and included 316 lipid species in 23 classes and subclasses, representing sphingolipids, phospholipids, glycerolipids, and sterols. RESULTS: Nonparametric Friedman tests showed significant changes in multiple plasma lipid classes, subclasses, and species in the postprandial period after both dairy and soy meals. No difference was found in triglyceridemia after each meal. However, 6 endogenous lipid classes increased after dairy but decreased after soy (P < 0.05), including ether-linked phospholipids and plasmalogens and sphingomyelin (not present in soy), dihexosylceramide, and GM3 ganglioside. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol were not affected by the soy meal but were significantly elevated after the dairy meal (8.3% and 16%, respectively; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The changes in postprandial plasma phospholipids in men relate to the diet composition and the relative size of the endogenous phospholipid pools. Despite similar lipemic responses as measured by changes in triglyceride concentrations, the differential responses to dairy and soy meals derived through lipidomic analysis of phospholipids suggest differences in the metabolism of soybean oil and dairy fat. The increased concentrations of plasmalogens, with potential antioxidant capacity, in the postprandial period after dairy but not soy meals may represent a further important difference in the response to these sources of fat. The trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12610000562077.

Lipids in Amyloid-β processing, aggregation, and toxicity

Aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide is the major event underlying neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specific lipids and their homeostasis play important roles in this and other neurodegenerative disorders. The complex interplay between the lipids and the generation, clearance or deposition of Aβ has been intensively investigated and is reviewed in this chapter. Membrane lipids can have an important influence on the biogenesis of Aβ from its precursor protein. In particular, increased cholesterol in the plasma membrane augments Aβ generation and shows a strong positive correlation with AD progression. Furthermore, apolipoprotein E, which transports cholesterol in the cerebrospinal fluid and is known to interact with Aβ or compete with it for the lipoprotein receptor binding, significantly influences Aβ clearance in an isoform-specific manner and is the major genetic risk factor for AD. Aβ is an amphiphilic peptide that interacts with various lipids, proteins and their assemblies, which can lead to variation in Aβ aggregation in vitro and in vivo. Upon interaction with the lipid raft components, such as cholesterol, gangliosides and phospholipids, Aβ can aggregate on the cell membrane and thereby disrupt it, perhaps by forming channel-like pores. This leads to perturbed cellular calcium homeostasis, suggesting that Aβ-lipid interactions at the cell membrane probably trigger the neurotoxic cascade in AD. Here, we overview the roles of specific lipids, lipid assemblies and apolipoprotein E in Aβ processing, clearance and aggregation, and discuss the contribution of these factors to the neurotoxicity in AD.