937 resultados para PS-b-PMMA


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The compatibility and crystallization behaviour of the mixtures of poly (tetrahydrofuran-methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer (PTHF-b-PMMA) with polyvinyl chloride has been studied. We found that the compatibility of these blends, in which there is special interaction between the homopolymer and the PMMA block of the copolymer, is much better than that of the AB/A type blends; and that the crystallization rate and crystallinity of PTHF microdomain changed greatly due to the swollen by PVC homopolymer. In this paper, these changes in cryatallization are well explained according to the theories of block copolymer blends and the density gradient model presented by JIANG Ming.

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The work is devoted to synthesis of new triazolinyl stable radical derivatives with different substituents at the 5-position of the triazolinyl ring. Obtained results showed great influence of these substituents on the stability of the radical. Electron-rich aromatic substituents at this position stabilize the radical while electron-poor aromatics decrease the stability of the triazolinyl. The triazolinyl radicals synthesized were used as additives for kinetic investigations of controlled radical polymerization of styrene and methylmethacrylate (MMA). The studies performed showed that the more stable radicals provide better control for the polymerization of styrene. In the same time certain instability of the radical is required for realization of controlled polymerization of methylmethacrylate. Based on the kinetic investigations controlled radical polymerization of a variety of monomers including 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP), ethylmethacrylate (EMA), 2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethacrylate (FEMA) and n-butylmethacrylate (BMA)was successfully carried out. Polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate macroinitiators prepared by triazolinyl mediated controlled radical polymerization were efficiently reinitiated in the presence of a variety of monomers leading to the formation of block copolymers. Using this method PS-b-P-4-VP, PMMA-b-PS, PMMA-b-PBMA, PMMA-b-PFEMA, and PMMA-b-Poly-tert-butylacrylate were successfully synthesized. The results obtained during this work showed the efficiency and flexibility of the method allowing preparation of a range of advanced macromolecular structures.

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Research on thin nanostructured crystalline TiO2 films has attracted considerable interests because of their intriguing physical properties and potential applications in photovoltaics. Nanostructured TiO2 film plays an important role in the TiO2 based dye-sensitized solar cells because they act as a substrate for the adsorption of dye molecules and a matrix for the transportation of electrons as well. Thus they can influence the solar cell performance significantly. Consequently, the control of the morphology including the shape, size and size distribution of the TiO2 nanostructures is critical to tune and optimize the performance of the solar cells. To control the TiO2 morphology, a strategy using amphiphilic block copolymer as templating agent coupled with sol-gel chemistry has been applied. Especially, a good-poor solvent pair induced phase separation process has been developed to guide the microphase separation behavior of the block copolymers. The amphiphilic block copolymers used include polystyrene-block-poly (ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO), poly (methyl methacrylate)-block-poly (ethylene oxide) (PMMA-b-PEO), and poly (ethylene oxide)-block-polystyrene-block-poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO-b-PS-b-PEO). The block copolymer undergoes a good-poor-solvent pair induced phase separation in a mixed solution of 1, 4-dioxane or N, N’-dimethyl formamide (DMF), concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) and Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP). Specifically, in the system of PS-b-PEO, a morphology phase diagram of the inorganic-copolymer composite films was mapped by adjusting the weight fractions among 1, 4-dioxane, HCl, and TTIP in solution. The amorphous TiO2 within the titania-block copolymer composite films was crystallized by calcination at temperatures above 400C, where the organic block copolymer was simultaneously burned away. This strategy is further extended to other amphiphilic block copolymers of PMMA-b-PEO and PEO-b-PS-b-PEO, where the morphology of TiO2 films can also be controlled. The local and long range structures of the titania films were investigated by the combination of imaging techniques (AFM, SEM) and x-ray scattering techniques (x-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering). Based on the knowledge of the morphology control, the crystalline TiO2 nanostructured films with different morphologies were introduced into solid state dye-sensitized solar cells. It has been found that all of the morphologies help to improve the performance of the solar cells. Especially, clustered nanoparticles, worm-like structures, foam-like structures, large collapsed nanovesicles show more pronounced performance improvement than other morphologies such as nanowires, flakes, and nanogranulars.

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In the current work, three studies about non-aqueous dispersions of particles were carried out by using an amphiphilic block copolymer poly(isoprene)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PI-b-PMMA) as stabilizer:rn1. Dispersions of polyurethane and polyurea porous particles for polymer compositesrn2. Dispersions of PMMA and PU particles with PDI dye for study of Single Molecule Spectroscopy Detectionrn3. Dispersions of graphene nanosheets for polymer compositesrnrnIn the first study, highly porous polyurethane and polyurea particles were prepared in a non-aqueous emulsion. The preparation of porous particles consisted of two parts: At first, a system was developed where the emulsion had high stability for the polymerization among diisocyanate, diol and water. In the second part, porous particles were prepared by using two methods fission/fusion and combination by which highly porous particles were obtained. In this study, the applications of porous particles were also investigated where polyurethane particles were tested as filling material for polymer composites and as catalyst carrier for polyethylene polymerization. rnrnIn the second study, PMMA and PU particles from one non-aqueous emulsion were investigated via single molecule fluorescence detection. At first the particles were loaded with PDI dye, which were detected by fluorescence microscopy. The distribution and orientation of the PDI molecules in the particles were successfully observed by Single Molecule Fluorescence Detection. The molecules were homogenously distributed inside of the particles. In addition they had random orientation, meaning that no aggregations of dye molecules were formed. With the results, it could be supposed that the polymer chains were also homogenously distributed in the particles, and that the conformation was relatively flexible. rnrnIn the third part of the study, graphene nanosheets with high surface area were dispersed in an organic solvent with low boiling point and low toxicity, THF, stabilized with a block copolymer PI-b-PMMA. The dispersion was used to prepare polymer composites. It was shown that the modified graphene nanosheets had good compatibility with the PS and PMMA matrices. rn

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Ultrathin films of a poly(styrene)-block-poly(2-vinylpyrindine) diblock copolymer (PS-b-P2VP) and poly(styrene)-block-poly(4-vinylpyrindine) diblock copolymer (PS-b-P4VP) were used to form surface-induced nanopattern (SINPAT) on mica. Surface interaction controlled microphase separation led to the formation of chemically heterogeneous surface nanopatterns on dry ultrathin films. Two distinct nanopatterned surfaces, namely, wormlike and dotlike patterns, were used to investigate the influence of topography in the nanometer range on cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration. Atomic force microscopy was used to confirm that SINPAT was stable under cell culture conditions. Fibroblasts and mesenchymal progenitor cells were cultured on the nanopatterned surfaces. Phase contrast and confocal laser microscopy showed that fibroblasts and mesenchymal progenitor cells preferred the densely spaced wormlike patterns. Atomic force microscopy showed that the cells remodelled the extracellular matrix differently as they migrate over the two distinctly different nanopatterns

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We demonstrate a new and simple route to fabricate highly dense arrays of hexagonally close packed inorganic nanodots using functional diblock copolymer (PS-b-P4VP) thin films. The deposition of pre-synthesized inorganic nanoparticles selectively into the P4VP domains of PS-b-P4VP thin films, followed by removal of the polymer, led to highly ordered metallic patterns identical to the order of the starting thin film. Examples of Au, Pt and Pd nanodot arrays are presented. The affinity of the different metal nanoparticles towards P4VP chains is also understood by extending this approach to PS-b-P4VP micellar thin films. The procedure used here is simple, eco-friendly, and compatible with the existing silicon-based technology. Also the method could be applied to various other block copolymer morphologies for generating 1-dimensional (1D) and 2-dimensional (2D) structures. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Accelerated ageing studies for three composite propellant formulations, namely polystyrene (PS)/ ammonium perchlorate (AP), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)/AP and poly phenol formaldehyde (PPF)/AP have been carried out in the temperature range of 55-125°C. Measurements of the ultimate compression strength (Uc) and isothermal decomposition rate (TD rate) were monitored as a function of storage time and temperature. The change in Uc was found to be linearly dependent on the change in TD rate irrespective of the propellant systems. Analysis of the results further revealed that the cause of ageing for both Uc and burning rate (r) is the thermal decomposition of the propellant. The safe-life for the change in mechanical properties was found to be higher compared to the change in r for PS and PMMA based propellants.

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采用柱层析法从菠菜叶绿体中分离纯化得到高等植物光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)反应中心色素蛋白复合体Dl/D2/Cyt b559,并对其性质,特别是光破坏作用的分子机理进行了研究。主要结果如下: 1、PSⅡ反应中心复合物所含的色素比大约为Chla/2 Pheo a=6.0。其四阶导数光谱在红区有两个峰,表明该反应中心至少存在两种结合状态的Chla。 2、Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物的荧光相对产率及发射光谱的谱带位置与样品的浓度直接相关。只有当样品的浓度达到足够稀的程度(Chla和Pheo a总浓度小于1μg/ml),才能得到较真实的荧光光谱,其峰位在681nm处。 3、Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物的CD光谱在红区(Qy带)有一对反向谱带,正蜂为680nm,负峰为660nm,而在β-胡萝卜素的吸收区没有明显的CD信号。当该反应中心复合物受光破坏后,CD信号明显下降,而且当正峰完全消失后,负峰仍然存在,说明负峰不仅包含P680 的信号,也包含其它色素分子的信号,很可能有部分来源于Pheo a。 4、Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物在488nm处激发的共振拉曼光谱显示四个主要谱带,其峰位分别在1532(ν1)、1165(ν2)、1010(ν3)和970cm-1(ν4)处,表明PSⅡ反应中心结合的B-胡萝卜素分子是全反式构型。Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物的色素抽提液的拉曼光谱也显示四个主要的拉曼峰,其中ν4谱带的强度急剧下降,说明PSⅡ反应中心内部结合的β-胡萝卜素分子与抽提液中自由的β-胡萝卜素分子的构象不同,而与光合细菌反应中心内部的类胡萝卜素分子的构象相似,其共轭多烯链的平面也处于扭曲状态。 5、光照使PSⅡ反应中心的原初电子供体P680受到破坏,在光照后的暗放置过程中P680分子继续受到破坏,表明在光照过程中很可能有一个相对稳定的反应中间体产生,以至于光照后暗放置过程中Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物的光谱特性继续发生变化。也就是说,PSⅡ反应中心Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物的光破坏不是一步反应,而是一个多步反应或多条途径。 6、光照使Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物中的组氨酸(His)残基受到很大程度的破坏,甲硫氨酸(Met)残基的含量也略有下降,而其它氨基酸的含量基本保持不变。His残基的破坏很可能与光照后暗放置过程中Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物的光谱特性变化相关。我们认为His残基的光照破坏很可能是Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物受光照破坏的另一分子机理。 7、人工电子受体癸基质体醌(DPQ)可以与Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物进行重组。Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物的荧光衰减分析表明,在DPQ重组之后,两个长寿命荧光组分(24ns和73ns)的寿命减小,而且占整个荧光的分数也下降,表明这两个长寿命荧光衰减组分均来源于电荷重组过程。同时,β-胡萝卜素分子在DPQ重组之后更易于被光照破坏,这个过程可能与β-胡萝卜素分子的生理功能相关。 8、在没有外加人工电子受体的情况下,光照使DDl/D2/Cyt b559 复合物的多肽组成发生一定变化。SDS-PAGE图谱中出现一个约40KDa的新谱带,同时Dl与D2多肽的表观分子量增加,谱带染色强度下降。 9、本文根据以上实验结果,着重对Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物光破坏的分子机理进行了分析和讨论,并在D1蛋白裂解的两种可能途经中又增加了一个新的可能导致Dl蛋白裂解的途径,即:His残基的光照破坏可以作为Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物光破坏及Dl蛋白裂解的又一分子机理,这为深入研究PSⅡ反应中心的光破坏提供了新的线索,也为今后研究活体内光抑制现象的分子机制打下了良好的基础

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全文分两部分,(1).PsⅡ反应中心色素分子光破坏的分子机理研究;(2).PSⅡ反应中心原初反应的动力学机理研究。 在第一部分中,在分离纯化的光系统Ⅱ反应中心Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物中,采用高效液相色谱技术,首次发现PSⅡ反应中心去镁叶绿素分子的光照破坏,研究了去镁叶绿素的光破坏机理,观察到PsⅡ反应中心内部存在一个与光化学活性无关的去镁叶绿素分子,从而提供了PSⅡ反应中心存在两条电子传递链的第一个实验证据,提出了去镁叶绿素对PsⅡ反应中心的光保护假说和光合作用反应中心第二条电子传递支路的光保护假说。用高效液相色谱技术还观察到PSⅡ反应中心的6个叶绿素a分子,有三种不同的存在状态,认为PSl反应中心的最小色素组成为每个反应中心含有4个叶绿素a和2个去镁叶绿素。用光破坏的方法证明PsⅡ原初电子供体P680是由两个叶绿素n分子组成,认为P680是以一个二聚体形式存在,首次发现P680的光破坏过程包含失去中心镁原子的反应。 在第二部分中,用皮秒和飞秒时间分辨光谱技术,在PsⅡ颗粒、PsⅡ核心复合物和PSⅡ反应中心三个层次上,研究了PsⅡ原初反应的动力学性质,着重研究电荷分离和PsⅡ反应中心内部的能量传递过程。结果表明,B-胡萝卜素和P680之间的能量传递时间常数为350p8左右,去镁叶绿素a与P680之间的能量传递时间为lOOp8左右,提出了可能的动力学模型。 在目前分歧最大的原初电荷分离时间常数测定这一焦点问题上,得到的初步结果表明PsⅡ反应中心电荷分离时间为3-3.5pa左右,这一结论与文献上报道的21pa不同,丽倾向于支持国际上3p8的观点。

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Hexagonally ordered arrays of magnetic FePt nanoparticles on Si substrates are prepared by a self assembly of diblock copolymer PS-b-P2VP in toluene, a dip coating process and finally plasma treatment. The as-treated FePt nanoparticles are covered by an oxide layer that can be removed by a 40 s Ar+ sputtering. The effects of the sequence of adding salts on the composition distribution are revealed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. No particle agglomeration is observed after 600 degrees C annealing for the present ordered array of FePt nanoparticles, which exhibits advantages in patterning FePt nanoparticles by a micellar method. Moreover, magnetic properties of the annealed FePt nanoparticles at room temperature are investigated by a vibrating sample magnetometer.

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本论文以对称的半结晶型的聚苯乙烯-聚(左旋-乳酸)(PS-b-PLLA)嵌段共聚物薄膜为研究对象,通过在不同厚度的膜中的时间相关的相行为的演变,来研究不同界面对嵌段共聚物薄膜熔融状态的相结构的影响,并以此相结构为模版来研究软硬受限下结晶对相分离的影响。 首先,我们研究了在不同厚度膜中的熔融状态的相结构。通过调控膜的厚度及退火时间,实现片层方向的转变。随着膜厚的增加,由于选择性的聚合物/基板界面及中性的聚合物/空气界面的作用下,达到平衡态后片层方向由平行向垂直转变。当膜厚大于一个周期时,同一膜厚下,随着退火时间的增加,片层方向由平行向垂直转变。片层方向在由平行向垂直的转变时,形成平行与垂直共存的混合结构。 在熔融状态下得到结晶的PLLA在表面对称润湿的平行片层,以这种结构为模版,研究了系留在PS基板上的PLLA单层的结晶,以及结晶对相分离结构的影响。从有序的熔融状态结晶后,形成了上下非晶中间结晶的“三明治”结构,结晶结构为α晶型正交晶系,结晶分子链垂直于界面。当Tc ≤ Tg,PS, 时,由于分子链的活动性较差,而且 PS与PLLA具有相近的表面能,结晶诱导了垂直片层的形成。当Tc > Tg,PS, 由于分子链的活动性较强,没有形成垂直片层。 以中性的聚合物/空气界面作用下形成的垂直片层为模版,研究了软硬受限条件下结晶对垂直片层结构演变的影响。硬受限下,结晶没有破坏相分离结构,在微相分离的垂直片层中受限结晶,结晶后片层周期增加。软受限下,非晶的PS分子链的活动性较强,结晶破坏了原有的相分离结构,生成棒状结晶。由于受限,结晶结构较为特殊属于单斜晶系。 以平行与垂直片层共存的混合结构为模版,研究了结晶对此结构的影响,发现平行与垂直片层分别结晶形成不同的结晶形貌,两种结晶在形成的过程中相互影响。

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聚合物多相材料的制备作为丰富材料品种,扩展材料用途的重要手段受到了广泛地关注和深入地研究。传统的熔融共混法制备聚合物多相材料时,一般需要加入增容剂来改善各相之间的相容性,从而使多相材料的性能达到预期的目标。但是由于增容剂本身也存在分散状态的问题,所以它的加入对多相材料的性能的影响比较复杂。因此,本论文致力于用原位共聚接枝的方法和粒子破碎的方法解决多相材料的界面结合和相分散问题。首先,采用对分散相进行共聚功能化改性的方法,使分散相与乙烯共聚,聚合过程中原位生成聚乙烯接枝物,这种聚乙烯接枝物能起到增容两相的作用,提高两相界面的粘结性,将这种方法应用到有机聚苯乙烯粒子和无机磁性钴粒子体系中,并分别进行了详细的研究;其次,通过聚苯乙烯载体的结构设计,使聚苯乙烯载体催化剂具有较高并且可控的活性,在较高的活性下,聚苯乙烯载体可以破碎,破碎后的聚苯乙烯均匀地分散到乙烯聚合产物中,并且碎片达到纳米级,用这种方法可以改善多相材料的相分散。 本论文的主要工作和研究结果总结如下: 1、采用悬浮聚合制备了交联聚苯乙烯粒子(c-PS),并且在聚苯乙烯粒子的表面引入了双键;c-PS粒子在乙烯填充聚合时,可以与乙烯共聚,从而制备了表面接枝聚乙烯的聚苯乙烯微球(PS-g-PE);PS-g-PE微球上的聚乙烯的结晶温度与纯聚乙烯的结晶温度相比提高了6℃,说明聚乙烯与聚苯乙烯间的化学连接促进了PE的结晶;PS-g-PE与PE共混后,聚苯乙烯粒子与聚乙烯基体间的界面粘结增强。 2、采用乳液聚合制备了共聚型和不可共聚型交联聚苯乙烯乳胶粒子;将两种聚苯乙烯粒子用于乙烯填充聚合制备了聚苯乙烯/聚乙烯纳米共混材料,结果发现,共聚型聚苯乙烯/聚乙烯的断面上,两相间的界面模糊,并且拉伸断面上也没有不可共聚聚苯乙烯体系中由于拉应力作用而产生的空穴,超薄切片的透射电镜结果同样说明了可共聚型聚苯乙烯体系中界面粘结性的提高;当共聚型聚苯乙烯乳胶粒子的填充量较大(20 wt%)时,聚乙烯共混材料的凝胶含量比较高,说明有更多的共聚型聚苯乙烯在聚乙烯中充当交联点。总之,共聚型聚苯乙烯的填充量在非常少时(0.1 wt%)就能达到很好的改性效果。 3、采用阴离子共聚制备了两亲性的聚苯乙烯-b-聚-2-乙烯基吡啶嵌段共聚物(PS-b-P2VP)和聚4-(3-丁烯基)苯乙烯-聚苯乙烯-聚2乙烯基吡啶的三嵌段共聚物(PBSt-b-PS-b-P2VP);两个嵌段共聚物在甲苯中均能自组装形成以PVP为核、PS为壳的胶束;Co2(CO)8在PS-b-PVP和PBSt-b-PS-b-P2VP甲苯胶束中热分解得到了由胶束稳定分散的Co磁流体;无水无氧的钴磁流体与乙烯填充聚合后得到了磁性聚乙烯纳米复合材料;钴纳米粒子在聚乙烯中稳定分散,不会发生聚集;PBSt-b-PS-b-P2VP与乙烯共聚后,纳米粒子与聚乙烯基体的相容性进一步提高,从而解决了金属纳米粒子在聚合物中的分散以及界面增强的问题。 4、采用悬浮聚合制备了三种溶胀能力不同的聚苯乙烯交联粒子,研究了溶胀时间对聚苯乙烯载体溶胀程度的影响,以及溶胀程度对乙烯聚合和产物聚乙烯形态的影响;实验结果发现溶胀程度较大、溶胀能力较强的聚苯乙烯载体的负载量和活性都较高;通过提高载体的溶胀程度可以增加催化剂对乙烯聚合的催化活性,最终使载体充分破碎分散到乙烯聚合产物中,原位形成纳米级聚乙烯共混物;乙烯聚合的动力学研究表明载体的破碎是一个由外向内逐步发生的过程;适当的活性可以控制载体破碎的速度,从而得到颗粒形态较好的聚乙烯产物。

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本论文主要研究了ABA和ABC型两亲性三嵌段共聚物在选择性稀溶液中的自组装行为,得到了多种形态新颖、结构复杂多样的胶束,研究了这些复杂胶束的形成过程,探讨了影响胶束形态的各种因素并通过适当的方法对胶束形态进行调控。研究了聚乙烯基毗陡(P4VP)/聚苯乙烯(PS)三嵌段共聚物P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP在二氧六环/水中的自组装行为,成功得到了嵌段共聚物环状胶束,并通过实验研究了环状胶束的形成过程。结果表明,胶束形态依赖于退火时间的长短。随着退火时间的延长,胶束结构从棒状过渡到环形结构。以实验结果为基础提出了环状胶束形成的新的机理,即囊泡塌陷形成环。同时,通过改变实验条件还得到了一些新型的环状复合结构,如环套环形、鸟状、哑铃形、戒指形、网络状等结构,并得到了与计算机模拟一致的结果。通过不同的方法对ABA型三嵌段共聚物(P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP)在选择性溶液中的自组装胶束形态进行调控:首先,详细研究了P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP在不同的共溶剂中的自组装行为。结果表明通过单纯改变共溶剂的性质可以很方便地调节胶束的形态,得到了球、棒、囊泡等结构。并用混合溶剂的方法得到了长度和直径可控的纳米线胶束。同时,通过加入第二种选择性溶剂(核层嵌段PS的选择性溶剂甲苯)的方法使形成胶束的核层嵌段在胶核中的伸展程度增加,从而使胶束形态发生转变。其次,研究了加入表面活性剂十五烷基苯酚(PDP)以构建分子间氢键来调节P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP的胶束形态。结果表明,通过调节PDP的加入量可以使胶束形态发生从球到棒,到网络状、再到囊泡结构的转变。通过实验对比系统地研究了PDP的加入对胶束形态转变的影响,提出了相应的形态转变机理。再次,研究了不同分子量的嵌段共聚物之间共混及共聚物与均聚物共混对胶束形态的影响。结果表明加入亲油嵌段的均聚物对共聚物胶束形态影响非常明显,胶束形态与加入的均聚物的分子量及加入量直接相关。同时得到了一些新形态的胶束,如海绵状、笼子状等。共聚物共混的研究结果表明:通过两种不同分子量的共聚物共混可以得到这两种共聚物胶束的过渡态结构。用共聚物混合的方法还可以得到一些具有生物模拟性的胶束结构,如乌贼状、章鱼状等。这加深了人们对囊泡的形成机理及各种胶束形态之间形态转变的认识。P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP通过在二氧六环/水中的自组装形成了囊泡,结果表明囊泡的尺寸依赖于初始状态下共聚物在共溶剂中的浓度及退火时间。除得到常规的球形囊泡外,还得到一些非球形囊泡,如长条形、三角形、项链形等囊泡结构。结合计算机模拟的方法研究了囊泡的形成机理,发现这些不同结构的囊泡的形成是由于初始状态下密度涨落所引起的。研究了实验中经常出现的各种胶束形态共存现象的原因,发现体系中亚稳态的存在是多形态共存的重要原因之一。通过聚苯乙烯一左聚乙烯基毗睫一左聚氧乙烯(PS一b一PZVP一b一PEO)在THF/水中的二次自组装首次得到了一种具有生物模拟性的巨大的节状蠕虫胶束(SWM)。研究发现,SWM是由重复单元盘状结构和丝状结构相连组成的。最令人吃惊的是这种SWM与自然界中的一些生命体如蛆叫、蛹、昆虫类的幼虫结构非常相似。通过对SWM形成过程中的中间态胶束结构的深入研究发现SWM是由球形胶束通过二次自组装形成的。SWM的形成过程可以分为三个阶段:ABC三嵌段共聚物先组装形成球形结构;这些球型结构粘连在一起形成梭形的中间结构;这些梭状中间结构中的球经过重组和重新调整各嵌段的排布最终形成SWM。用所得到的嵌段共聚物胶束为模板,采用无电沉积的方法成功制备了各种形态的金属一有机高分子纳米复合材料。用简单的方法还得到了导电金属金一银的双金属纳米结构材料。这些纳米结构材料在微电子器件等领域有潜在应用价值。以上研究结果丰富了人们对嵌段共聚物在选择性介质中自组装行为的理解,为人们提供了对生物材料自组装本质的理解的依据。这在两亲性分子在溶液中自组装的基础研究方面以及基于这些自组装形态而构建结构及功能更复杂的纳米结构材料等方面都有一定的意义。

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本工作主要从实验上探索了基板、溶液浓度、溶剂性质、组成对均聚物、嵌段共聚物以及嵌段共聚物与均聚物共混薄膜表面形态结构的影响。在此基础上,又以嵌段共聚物薄膜为模板,制备了多种纳米粒子。用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了超稀PS溶液在固体基板上的表面形貌、表面粗糙度及其润湿性质。研究发现:在所用PS分子量范围内(1)随分子量的增加,退火前PS微区的平均直径增加,而平均高度减小。退火后PS微区的平均直径减小,而平均高度增加。(2)首次观察到:薄膜的表面粗糙度(Ra)除了与溶剂的蒸汽压及所用基板有关外,还和溶剂的偶极矩有关。无论在Si片还是mica上,当l所用溶剂具粼目近的偶极矩不同的蒸汽压时,蒸汽压越小,表面Ra也越小;当所用溶剂具有相近的蒸汽压不同的偶极矩时,偶极矩越大,表面Ra就越小。对所用的每一种溶剂,Si片上薄膜的Ra均大于mica上薄膜的Ra,这可能是由Si片表面的粗糙度大于mica表面的粗糙度引起的。以PS-b-P4VP嵌段共聚物为研究对象,探索了共聚物组成、基板、溶液浓度和溶剂对薄膜表面形貌的影响,并对非对称PS-b-P4VP薄膜在甲醇蒸气下表面形貌随时间的演变过程进行了观察。首次观察到:本体为柱状结构的Ps-b-P4VP薄膜,随着在甲醇蒸气中处理时间的增加,形貌从无特征表面、凹陷结构和条带共存的杂化形貌、条状微区、六方排列的凹陷结构、再到条状微区的转变。不同膜厚其形貌转变程度亦不同,膜越厚观察到的形貌转变就越多。而对于厚度约为18.6nm本体为球状结构的PS-b-P4VP薄膜,当在甲醇蒸气中退火时,只观察到了六方排列的凹陷结构并且这种结构不随退火时间的增加而改变。通过对不同组成PS-b-P4VP/hPS混合物薄膜在云母和石墨上表面形貌的研究,首次观察到:在云母基板上随混合物中Φps的增加,表面形貌经历着由六方有序的球状微区向条状结构再向球状微区最后到宏观相分离结构的转变;而在石墨基板上,随Φps的增加,表面形貌逐渐由条带结构向球状结构转变,未观察到明显的宏观相分离。以PS-b-P4vP胶束薄膜为模板合成了Ag-Pd及ZnO纳米结构,并对不同表面活性剂包裹的CdSe在PS-b-P4VP薄膜中的选择性分布进行了探索。 以PS-b-P4VP胶束薄膜为研究对象研究了溶剂蒸气及酸溶液对其表面形貌的影响。实验结果表明,除了甲醇蒸气,用一元酸处理薄膜也能得到纳米孔结构。

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本论文以聚苯乙烯(PS)一聚丁二烯(PB)三嵌段和二嵌段共聚物体系为研究对象,利用聚合物的软有序化,控制聚合物分子链的取向和聚集条件,系统地考察了嵌段共聚物在由溶液成膜的过程中动力学效应和墒效应对其相结构和相转变行为的影响。并探讨了不同相结构和其力学性能之间的构效关系。设计了聚苯乙烯(PS)一聚丁二烯(PB)(PS≈30wt%)/非选择性溶剂体系,通过改变溶剂的挥发速率,控制了嵌段共聚物薄膜相结构形成的动力学过程。在快速挥发的条件下,在嵌段共聚物中观察到了特殊的反转相结构,即共聚物中含量多的组分(PB)形成了分散相,而当溶剂挥发很慢的条件下,得到的是热力学较稳定的正常相的结构。对不同分子量的一系列嵌段共聚物的研究表明,反转相的形成和分子量相关,与聚合物的链段数目无关,只有在低于临界分子量 (Mw=70-100 KDa)的嵌段共聚物中,成膜过程的动力学过程才影响嵌段共聚物薄膜的最终相态,即形成反转相。这种依赖于分子量的相转变行为,揭示了分子链运动速度与环境变化速率的匹配对嵌段共聚物薄膜有序相结构形成的重要作用,即动力学效应对聚合物软有序化的重要作用。利用冷冻干燥的方法,进一步研究了嵌段共聚物在极慢的溶剂挥发下,由溶液膜变成固体膜的过程中,随着溶液浓度的增加,不同聚合物分子链在溶液中自组织形成有序结构的过程。结果表明反转相是由稀溶液向亚浓溶液转变的过程中形成的。通过选取具有代表性的不同亲和性的溶剂:苯和环己烷及其混合溶剂,研究了溶剂对不同链段亲和性的差异对反转相形成的影响。由聚合物一溶剂相互作用参数判断,苯是体系的良溶剂,环己烷是体系的。溶剂,而苯对PS链段有较好的亲和性,与之相反环己烷对PB链段有较好的亲和性,通过对聚苯乙烯(PS)一聚丁二烯印B)二嵌段共聚物在苯和环己烷极其混合溶剂中的相转变行为的研究发现,随着溶剂对含量少的PS链段亲和性的降低,反转相不再出现。这是由于苯与PS.链段、环己烷与PB链段有更好的亲和性,嵌段共聚物在稀溶液中,在耗尽吸引的(depletion attraction)作用下,与溶剂亲和性弱的链段,在溶液中优先发生聚集,而有序聚集后导致的混合熵的损失会被更多的因有序聚集后小分子自由体积增加引起的平移嫡的增量所补偿,因此导致了嫡驱动的软有序化。最后,通过原子力显微镜纳米压印法,分别对反转相和正常相结构的纳米力学性能进行了对比研究,讨论了不同相结构间模量的差异,结果表明软段(PB)形成分散相结构时薄膜的模量总是小于硬段(PS)形成分散相结构时薄膜的模量,这主要是由嵌段共聚物不同组分的相对含量及形成的相的结构决定的。