Determinação da distribuição de um nível de turbidito na formação Macaé no campo de Namorado através de uso de atributos sísmicos

This study was developed on the basis of petrophysics characterization, 3D seismic interpretation, and rock-wire-log integration. The results were integrated with amplitude attribute through cross plot (rock attribute x amplitude value). 3D seismic data also allowed inteipreting the top of Lagoa Feia, Macaé, and Carapebus formations, and Outeiro Member. The analyses of the maps of structures and attributes, integrated with wire-log data, suggest that Namorado turbidite level is candidate to be mapped with stratigraphic attributes like AverageTroughAmplitude, RMS velocity and Total AbsoluteAmplitude. Lagoa Feia Formation attribute maps (Dip-Azimuth and TotalEnergy) allows to interpret a low fault density at the carbonate coquina level in the Namorado field. This level is also considered one at the best seismic reflector and an important reservoir of the Campos Basin.

Análise estratigráfica dos reservatórios turbidíticos do Campo de Namorado

Pós-graduação em Geologia Regional - IGCE

Dimensionamento e análise numérica de cascas de concreto armado para aplicações em plataformas offshore

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Construção de banco de dados petrofísicos para determinação automática de litologias

Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se uma solução para o clássico problema da determinação automática de litologias. Construiu-se um banco de dados utilizando-se a técnica de análise discriminante aplicada sobre trechos testemunhados de poços perfilados de um campo situado em lâmina d'água profunda localizado na bacia de Campos. A técnica de análise de agrupamento, utilizada por um grande número de pesquisadores, foi testada para o mesmo conjunto de dados porém não forneceu resultados satisfatórios em comparação com os obtidos com a análise discriminante. Os dados de perfis, após sofrerem correções ambientais, são colocados em profundidade com os dados de testemunhagem e determina-se uma função discriminante que classifica as respostas dos perfis de acordo com as litofácies descritas nos testemunhos. Dessa forma obtém-se um banco de dados, a partir do qual se faz a discriminação de litologias em poços, testemunhados ou não, da mesma área. O banco de dados assim construído permite sua atualização através da incorporação de trechos testemunhados de novos poços. Mostra-se a necessidade de agrupar as litologias em quatro litofácies principais para este campo de maneira a padronizar os resultados, diminuir as indeterminações e melhorar a apresentação final. Como produto final obtém-se uma curva discriminada de eletrofácies que reproduz, com algum grau de certeza, as litofácies que reproduzem as litologias esperadas em subsuperfície. Como exemplo de aplicação deste método, utilizou-se as curvas discriminadas para correlacionar três poços, utilizando para isto um algoritmo de correlação automática.

Um estudo da estabilidade mecânica de poços a partir de perfis geofísicos em formações pouco consolidadas

A análise da estabilidade mecânica de um poço pode ser feita a partir do cálculo de parâmetros elásticos da formação utilizando a densidade do meio e as velocidades de propagação das ondas compressional e cisalhante na formação rochosa, os quais podem ser obtidos de perfis geofísicos do poço. Em formações sedimentares pouco consolidadas as ferramentas de perfilagem sônica convencionais (monopolares) não conseguem registrar com acuidade a velocidade da onda cisalhante pois a primeira chegada dessa onda é camuflada pela chegada de outras ondas que podem ser mais rápidas que a onda cisalhante num poço perfurado neste tipo de formação. Medidas das velocidades sônicas são feitas em laboratório em amostras da formação, sob condições semelhantes às condições in situ, servindo como ajuste das velocidades registradas no poço pela ferramenta de perfilagem sônica. Para a análise de estabilidade da formação, perfis auxiliares são necessários como o perfil de porosidade, saturação de fluidos e perfis de composição mineralógica da formação rochosa. Exige-se ainda dados de testes de avaliação da formação e de condições do reservatório, mas que são comuns em poços de petróleo, como o teste de formação e os testes de pressurização do poço, tais como o teste de micro-fraturamento hidráulico ou o teste de absorção. A avaliação das tensões principais efetivas que atuam distante do poço, e que não são afetadas pela sua presença, é feita através da associação de um modelo de deformação elástica apropriado e o resultado do teste de pressurização disponível para o poço em estudo. Utilizando resultados clássicos da teoria da elasticidade geral pode-se calcular o campo de tensões modificado na vizinhança da parede do poço devido ao efeito da própria presença do poço ali perfurado e da diferença de pressão existente entre o interior do poço e a formação rochosa. A determinação das propriedades mecânicas da formação a partir das velocidades sônicas e a avaliação do campo de tensões assumindo um modelo elástico de deformação, supõem o meio rochoso no qual as ondas se propagam como elástico, homogêneo e isotrópico. Esta suposição representa a principal aproximação assumida pela metodologia descrita neste trabalho. De posse das propriedades mecânicas da formação e do campo de tensões que age na vizinhança do poço resta definir o critério segundo o qual a rocha sofre instabilidade mecânica quando submetida aquele campo de tensões. Isto permite determinar se, nas condições avaliadas do poço e da formação, haverá quebra da parede do poço por excesso de tensão e, se houver, qual a sua extensão. Assim o problema é como analisar o comportamento mecânico de um poço em uma formação pouco consolidada a partir de perfis geofísicos os quais podem ter problemas no registro das propriedades físicas do meio em formações deste tipo. A metodologia proposta é aplicada a dois intervalos de profundidade pertencentes a dois poços onde arenitos e folhelhos se intercalam e nos quais todos os dados necessários estão disponíveis. Os resultados obtidos mostram que, exceto quando outros mecanismos de quebra da parede do poço agem na formação, a metodologia proposta consegue com sucesso detectar zonas de ocorrência de instabilidade mecânica do poço provocadas por um campo de tensões que excede a resistência mecânica da formação.

Identificação de fácies em perfis de poço com algoritmo inteligente

A identificação de fácies em um poço não testemunhado é um dos problemas clássicos da avaliação de formação. Neste trabalho este problema é tratado em dois passos, no primeiro produz-se a codificação da informação geológica ou da descrição das fácies atravessadas em um poço testemunhado em termos das suas propriedades físicas registradas nos perfis geofísicos e traduzidas pelos parâmetros L e K, que são obtidos a partir dos perfis de porosidade (densidade, sônico e porosidade neutrônica) e pela argilosidade (Vsh) calculada pelo perfil de raio gama natural. Estes três parâmetros são convenientemente representados na forma do Gráfico Vsh-L-K. No segundo passo é realizada a interpretação computacional do Gráfico Vsh-L-K por um algoritmo inteligente construído com base na rede neural competitiva angular generalizada, que é especializada na classificação de padrões angulares ou agrupamento de pontos no espaço n-dimensional que possuem uma envoltória aproximadamente elipsoidal. Os parâmetros operacionais do algoritmo inteligente, como a arquitetura da rede neural e pesos sinápticos são obtidos em um Gráfico Vsh-L-K, construído e interpretado com as informações de um poço testemunhado. Assim, a aplicação deste algoritmo inteligente é capaz de identificar e classificar as camadas presentes em um poço não testemunhado, em termos das fácies identificadas no poço testemunhado ou em termos do mineral principal, quando ausentes no poço testemunhado. Esta metodologia é apresentada com dados sintéticos e com perfis de poços testemunhados do Campo de Namorado, na Bacia de Campos, localizada na plataforma continental do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Caracterização estrutural da porção central da Bacia de Santos e seu embasamento continental adjacente, através de interpretação de imagens de satélites e geofísicas

The Santos Basin is located in the Brazilian continental margin and includes the coast of Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states. Its northern limit is the Campos Basin through the High of Cabo Frio and the southern one with the Pelotas Basin through the Platform of Florianópolis, totaling an area of approximately 350,000 square kilometers in a water depth of 3,000 m. The Paranapanema Lineament has WNW / ESE direction, and extends from the area filled by the Paraná Basin, on the border between the states of Sao Paulo and Parana, lasting up to near the ocean floor along with the fracture zone of Rio de Janeiro. The Capricorn Lineament is a feature inherited from the separation between the continents of Africa and South America, and is the main structural feature NW / SE of the Santos Basin center-south region. These two structures together with other ones with continental origin may be associated with structural features in the sediments from the Santos Basin. This work aims to characterize the structures operating in the central portion of the Santos Basin based on subsurface data in the offshore area (2D seismic) together with data from the surface of the continental basement in a way to correlate the Santos Basin structures with the continental regional traits. This data interpolation showed that the structural features of the continent operates on the submerged zone, the seismic sections show these structural trends for the Paranapanema Lineament / Fracture Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Capricorn Lineament and two fault zones that exhibit structures typical of a transfer zone

Elaboração de mapa de susceptibilidade de corridas de massa/detritos e ondas de cheia, aplicado a empreendimentos dutoviários, na bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão da Prata (SP)

Given the intense expansion of the industries in Brazil and the discovery of hydrocarbons in the pre-salt layer of the Santos and Campos Basin, there is a need to expand the distribution of oil and gas network in the country. The present work aims to present the development of susceptibility map by two distinct methods of two events (debris flows and full wave), applied to the establishment of pipelines on Ribeirão da Prata Basin. The research area covers two municipalities: São João da Boa Vista and Águas da Prata, in total 145 km2. In the paper was used the methodology proposed by Zaine (2011) for the physiographic subdivision method, which uses geological maps, geomorphological maps, digital terrain models and aerial photographs, used to extract the main elements of the physical environment, as rivers, lines, ridges, tops forms and valley forms and historical processes. Thus, the basin was divided into 11 physiographic zones, considering the following elements: thickness of soil, rock type, geomorphology, amplitude, ridges orientation, erosion occurences and mass movements. Were subsequently performed location maps of dams, that had as main purpose to localize major dams in the study area along with their area and perimeter of the reservoir, and land use map that subdivided the area in woody vegetation, permanent culture, temporary culture and urban area. Along with the preparation of the auxiliar maps was conducted a field campaign with three days and approximately 2 points per km2, which aimed to better understand the physical environment and check the main peculiarities of the study area. Criteria have been established for susceptibility maps physiographic subdivision and land use, and a survey of criteria weights used in each map for both processes under study. For the preparation of susceptibility maps were adopted two different methods, which treat the weighted average and the multiplicand. The weighted average method it is...

Seafloor geological impacts associated with drilling disturbance

This study describes the sedimentological composition and morphology of the sea bottom in an area located at 902 m depth in the Campos Basin of Brazil, and compares characteristics before and after drilling activity for oil exploration. The results show no significant sedimentological variation in the area affected by drilling. The most noticeable effects were observed during the second (MD(2)) of three cruises, in terms of change to grain size distribution, total organic carbon and clay mineral composition around the Eagle well. This impact occurred over the seabed in a direction that corresponds to the near-bottom circulation pattern, predominantly northward. In the third cruise (MD3), 12 months after drilling, some recovery was observed. Side-scan sonar imaging was used to explore the extent of the area affected by drilling, and sedimentological samples from it confirmed the effects of drilling. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Planktonic foraminifera record and SST reconstruction for the last 130 ka in the Western South Atlantic

This work reconstructs Late Quaternary paleoceanographic changes in the western South Atlantic Ocean based on sedimentary core GL-77, recovered from the lower continental slope in the Campos basin, offshore SE Brazil. The studied interval comprises the last 130 ka. Changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and paleoproductivity were estimated using the total planktonic foraminiferal fauna and oxygen isotope analyses. The age model was based on the oxygen isotope record, biostratigraphic datums and AMS 14C dating. It was observed that the Pleistocene/Holocene transition occurs within Globorotalia menardii Biozone Y, and is not coeval with the base of Biozone Z. The range between summer and winter SST estimates is larger during the glacial period compared to interglacials. Three peaks of low SST around 70, 50 - 45 and 20 ka coincided with periods of enhanced SE trade winds. Despite faunal differences between the last interglacial (MIS 5e) and the Holocene, our SST estimates suggest that SSTs did not differ significantly between these intervals.

The Itajai foreland basin: a tectono-sedimentary record of the Ediacaran period, Southern Brazil

The Itajai Basin located in the southern border of the Luis Alves Microplate is considered as a peripheral foreland basin related to the Dom Feliciano Belt. It presents an excellent record of the Ediacaran period, and its upper parts display the best Brazilian example of Precambrian turbiditic deposits. The basal succession of Itajai Group is represented by sandstones and conglomerates (BaA(0) Formation) deposited in alluvial and deltaic-fan systems. The marine upper sequences correspond to the Ribeiro Carvalho (channelized and non-channelized proximal silty-argillaceous rhythmic turbidites), Ribeiro Neisse (arkosic sandstones and siltites), and Ribeiro do Bode (distal silty turbidites) formations. The ApiA(0)na Formation felsic volcanic rocks crosscut the sedimentary succession. The Cambrian Subida leucosyenogranite represents the last felsic magmatic activity to affect the Itajai Basin. The Brusque Group and the Florianpolis Batholith are proposed as source areas for the sediments of the upper sequence. For the lower continental units the source areas are the Santa Catarina, So Miguel and CamboriA(0) complexes. The lack of any oceanic crust in the Itajai Basin suggests that the marine units were deposited in a restricted, internal sea. The sedimentation started around 600 Ma and ended before 560 Ma as indicated by the emplacement of rhyolitic domes. The Itajai Basin is temporally and tectonically correlated with the Camaqu Basin in Rio Grande do Sul and the Arroyo del Soldado/Piriapolis Basin in Uruguay. It also has several tectono-sedimentary characteristics in common with the African-equivalent Nama Basin.

30 million years of Permian volcanism recorded in the Choiyoi igneous province (W Argentina) and their source for younger ash fall deposits in the Parana Basin: SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology evidence

We present four SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for the Choiyoi igneous province from the San Rafael Block, central-western Argentina. Dated samples come from the Yacimiento Los Reyunos Formation (281.4 +/- 2.5 Ma) of the Cochico Group (Lower Choiyoi section: andesitic breccias, dacitic to rhyolitic ignimbrites and continental conglomerates). Agua de los Burros Formation (264.8 +/- 2.3 Ma and 264.5 +/- 3.0 Ma) and Cerro Carrizalito Formation (251.9 +/- 2.7 Ma Upper Choiyoi section: rhyolitic ignimbrites and pyroclastic flows) spanning the entire Permian succession of the Choiyoi igneous province. A single ziron from the El Imperial Formation, that is overlain unconformably by the Choiyoi succession, yielded an early Permian age (297.2 +/- 5.3 Ma). while the main detrital zircon population indicated an Ordovician age (453.7 +/- 8.1 Ma). The new data establishes a more precise Permian age (Artinskian-Lopingian) for the section studied spanning 30 Ma of volcanic activity. Volcanological observations for the Choiyoi succession support the occurrence of explosive eruptions of plinian to ultraplinian magnitudes, capable of injecting enormous volumes of tephra in the troposphere-stratosphere. The new SHRIMP ages indicate contemporaneity between the Choyoi succession and the upper part of the Parana Basin late Paleozoic section, from the Irad up to the Rio do Rasto formations, encompassing about 24 Ma. Geochemical data show a general congruence in compositional and tectonic settings between the volcanics and Parana Basin Permian ash fall derived layers of bentonites. Thickness and granulometry of ash fall layers broadly fit into the depletion curve versus distance from the remote source vent of ultraplinian eruptions. Thus, we consider that the Choiyoi igneous province was the source of ash fall deposits in the upper Permian section of the Parana Basin. Data presented here allow a more consistent correlation between tectono-volcanic Permian events along the paleo-Pacific margin of southwestern Gondwana and the geological evolution of neighboring Paleozoic foreland basins in South America and Africa. (C) 2010 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Integração dos processos de flotação e foto-fenton para redução de óleos e graxas de água produzida em campos de petróleo

During production of oil and gas, there is also the production of an aqueous effluent called produced water. This byproduct has in its composition salts, organic compounds, gases and heavy metals. This research aimed to evaluate the integration of processes Induced Air Flotation (IAF) and photo-Fenton for reducing the Total Oils and Greases (TOG) present in produced water. Experiments were performed with synthetic wastewater prepared from the dispersion of crude oil in saline solution. The system was stirred for 25 min at 33,000 rpm and then allowed to stand for 50 min to allow free oil separation. The initial oil concentration in synthetic wastewater was 300 ppm and 35 ppm for the flotation and the photo-Fenton steps, respectively. These values of initial oil concentration were established based on average values of primary processing units in Potiguar Basin. The processes were studied individually and then the integration was performed considering the best experimental conditions found in each individual step. The separation by flotation showed high removal rate of oil with first-order kinetic behavior. The flotation kinetics was dependent on both the concentration and the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of the surfactant. The best result was obtained for the concentration of 4.06.10-3 mM (k = 0.7719 min-1) of surfactant EO 2, which represents 86% of reduction in TOG after 4 min. For series of surfactants evaluated, the separation efficiency was found to be improved by the use of surfactants with low HLB. Regarding the TOG reduction step by photo-Fenton, the largest oil removal reached was 84% after 45 min of reaction, using 0.44 mM and 10 mM of ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. The best experimental conditions encountered in the integrated process was 10 min of flotation followed by 45 min of photo-Fenton with overall TOG reduction of 99%, which represents 5 ppm of TOG in the treated effluent. The integration of processes flotation and photo-Fenton proved to be highly effective in reducing TOG of produced water in oilfields

Litoestratigrafia e deformação cenzóica na região de Icapuí, Ceará, e implicações para a estruturação de campos de petróleo na borda ocidental da bacia Potiguar(NE do Brasil)

This thesis deals with the sedimentological/stratigraphic and structural evolution of the sedimentary rocks that occur in the NW continental border of the Potiguar Basin. These rocks are well exposed along coastal cliffs between the localities of Lagoa do Mato and Icapuí, Ceará State (NE Brazil). The sedimentological/stratigraphic study involved, at the outcrop scale, detailed facies descriptions, profile mapping of the vertical succession of different beds, and columnar sections displaying inferred lateral relationships. The approach was complemented by granulometric and petrographic analyses, including the characterization of heavy mineral assemblages. The data set allowed to recognize two kinds of lithological units, a carbonate one of very restricted occurrence at the base of the cliffs, and three younger, distinct siliciclastic units, that predominate along the cliffs, in vertical and lateral extent. The carbonate rocks were correlated to the late Cretaceous Jandaíra Formation, which is covered by the siliciclastic Barreiras Formation. The Barreiras Formation occurs in two distinct structural settings, the usual one with nondeformed, subhorizontal strata, or as tilted beds, affected by strong deformation. Two lithofacies were recognized, vertically arranged or in fault contacts. The lower facies is characterized by silty-argillaceous sandstones with low-angle cross bedding; the upper facies comprises medium to coarse grained sandstones, with conglomeratic layers. The Tibau Formation (medium to coarse-grained sandstones with argillite intercalations) occurs at the NW side of the studied area, laterally interlayered with the Barreiras Formation. Eolic sediments correlated to the Potengi Formation overly the former units, either displaying an angular unconformity, or simply an erosional contact (stratigraphic unconformity). Outstanding structural features, identified in the Barreiras Formation, led to characterize a neocenozoic stress field, which generated faults and folds and/or reactivated older structures in the subjacent late cretaceous (to paleogene, in the offshore basin) section. The structures recognized in the Barreiras Formation comprise two distinct assemblages, namely a main extensional deformation between the localities of Ponta Grossa and Redonda, and a contractional style (succeeded by oblique extensional structures) at Vila Nova. In the first case, the structural assemblage is dominated by N-S (N±20°Az) steep to gently-dipping extensional faults, displaying a domino-style or listric geometry with associated roll-over structures. This deformation pattern is explained by an E-W/WNW extension, contemporaneous with deposition of the upper facies of the Barreiras Formation, during the time interval Miocene to Pleistocene. Strong rotation of blocks and faults generated low-angle distensional faults and, locally, subvertical bedding, allowing to estimate very high strain states, with extension estimates varying between 40% up to 200%. Numerous detachment zones, parallel to bedding, help to acommodate this intense deformation. The detachment surfaces and a large number of faults display mesoscopic features analoguous to the ones of ductile shear zones, with development of S-C fabrics, shear bands, sigmoidal clasts and others, pointing to a hydroplastic deformation regime in these cases. Local occurrences of the Jandaíra limestone are controled by extensional faults that exhume the pre-Barreiras section, including an earlier event with N-S extension. Finally, WNWtrending extensional shear zones and faults are compatible with the Holocene stress field along the present continental margin. In the Vila Nova region, close to Icapuí, gentle normal folds with fold hinges shallowly pluging to SSW affect the lower facies of the Barreiras Formation, displaying an incipient dissolution cleavage associated with an extension lineation at high rake (a S>L fabric). Deposition of the upper facies siliciclastics is controlled by pull-apart graben structures, bordered by N-NE-trending sinistral-normal shear zones and faults, characterizing an structural inversion. Microstructures are compatible with tectonic deformation of the sedimentary pile, burried at shallow depths. The observed features point to high pore fluid pressures during deformation of the sediments, producing hydroplastic structures through mechanisms of granular flow. Such structures are overprinted by microfractures and microfaults (an essentially brittle regime), tracking the change to microfracturing and frictional shear mechanisms accompanying progressive dewatering and sediment lithification. Correlation of the structures observed at the surface with those present at depth was tested through geophysical data (Ground Penetrating Radar, seismics and a magnetic map). EW and NE-trending lineaments are observed in the magnetic map. The seismic sections display several examples of positive flower structures which affect the base of the cretaceous sediments; at higher stratigraphic levels, normal components/slips are compatible with the negative structural inversion characterized at the surface. Such correlations assisted in proposing a structural model compatible with the regional tectonic framework. The strong neogenepleistocene deformation is necessarily propagated in the subsurface, affecting the late cretaceous section (Açu and Jandaíra formations), wich host the hydrocarbon reservoirs in this portion of the Potiguar Basin. The proposed structural model is related to the dextral transcurrent/transform deformation along the Equatorial Margin, associated with transpressive terminations of E-W fault zones, or at their intersections with NE-trending lineaments, such as the Ponta Grossa-Fazenda Belém one (the LPGFB, itself controlled by a Brasiliano-age strike-slip shear zone). In a first step (and possibly during the late Cretaceous to Paleogene), this lineament was activated under a sinistral transpressional regime (antithetic to the main dextral deformation in the E-W zones), giving way to the folds in the lower facies of the Barreiras Formation, as well as the positive flower structures mapped through the seismic sections, at depth. This stage was succeeded (or was penecontemporaneous) by the extensional structures related to a (also sinistral) transtensional movement stage, associated to volcanism (Macau, Messejana) and thermal doming processes during the Neogene-Pleistocene time interval. This structural model has direct implications to hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation activities at this sector of the Potiguar Basin and its offshore continuation. The structure of the reservoirs at depth (Açu Formation sandstones of the post-rift section) may be controlled (or at least, strongly influenced) by the deformation geometry and kinematics characterized at the surface. In addition, the deformation event recognized in the Barreiras Formation has an age close to the one postulated for the oil maturation and migration in the basin, between the Oligocene to the Miocene. In this way, the described structural cenario represents a valid model to understand the conditions of hydrocarbon transport and acummulation through space openings, trap formation and destruction. This model is potentially applicable to the NW region of the Potiguar Basin and other sectors with a similar structural setting, along the brazilian Equatorial Atlantic Margin

PENNSYLVANIAN HETEROCONCHIA (MOLLUSCA, BIVALVIA) FROM THE PIAUI FORMATION, PARNAIBA BASIN, BRAZIL

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)