Differential expression of cytokines, chemokines and chemokine receptors in patients with coronary artery disease

Monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes have a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis through the production of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. We evaluated mRNA expression and protein production of CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, IFN-gamma and IL-10 in vitro as well as the expression of the CCR2 and CXCR3 receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and healthy controls in the presence or absence of oxidized LDL (oxLDL). Patients with CAD showed higher constitutive expression of CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10 and IFN-gamma mRNA and, after stimulation with oxLDL, higher expression of CCL2 and CXCL8 mRNA than the control group. We also detected higher levels of CCL2 and CXCL8 in supernatants of oxLDL-stimulated PBMCs from CAD patients than in corresponding supernatants from controls. Patients with CAD had a higher percentage of constitutive CCR2(+) and CXCR3(+) cells after stimulation with oxLDL. Among CAD patients, the main differences between the stable (SA) and unstable angina (UA) groups were lower IL-10 mRNA production in the latter group. Altogether, our data suggest that PBMCs from CAD patients are able to produce higher concentrations of chemokines and cytokines involved in the regulation of monocyte and lymphocyte migration and retention in atherosclerotic lesions. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Establishment of HIV-1 latency in resting CD4+ T cells depends on chemokine-induced changes in the actin cytoskeleton

Eradication of HIV-1 with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is not possible due to the persistence of long-lived, latently infected resting memory CD4+ T cells. We now show that HIV-1 latency can be established in resting CD4+ T cells infected with HIV-1 after exposure to ligands for CCR7 (CCL19), CXCR3 (CXCL9 and CXCL10), and CCR6 (CCL20) but not in unactivated CD4+ T cells. The mechanism did not involve cell activation or significant changes in gene expression, but was associated with rapid dephosphorylation of cofilin and changes in filamentous actin. Incubation with chemokine before infection led to efficient HIV-1 nuclear localization and integration and this was inhibited by the actin stabilizer jasplakinolide. We propose a unique pathway for establishment of latency by direct HIV-1 infection of resting CD4+ T cells during normal chemokine-directed recirculation of CD4+ T cells between blood and tissue.

CCR5 genotype and plasma ß-chemokine concentration of Brazilian HIV-infected individuals

The 32-bp deletion in the HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5 confers a high degree of resistance to HIV-1 infection in homozygous individuals for the deleted allele and partial protection against HIV-1 during disease progression in heterozygotes. Natural ligands for CCR5, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1ß and RANTES, have been shown to inhibit HIV replication in CD4+ T cells. In the present study, we examined the CCR5 genotype by PCR and the plasma levels of RANTES and MIP-1alpha by ELISA among blood donors (N = 26) and among HIV-1-infected individuals (N = 129). The control group consisted of healthy adult volunteers and HIV-1-infected subjects were an asymptomatic and heterogeneous group of individuals with regard to immunologic and virologic markers of HIV-1 disease. The frequency of the CCR5 mutant allele (delta32ccr5) in this population was 0.032; however, no delta32ccr5 homozygote was detected. These results could be related to the intense ethnic admixture of the Brazilian population. There was no correlation between circulating ß-chemokines (MIP-1alpha, RANTES) and viral load in HIV-infected individuals. RANTES concentrations in plasma samples from HIV+ patients carrying the homozygous CCR5 allele (CCR5/CCR5) (28.23 ng/ml) were higher than in the control samples (16.07 ng/ml; P<0.05); however, this HIV+ patient group (mean 26.23 pg/ml) had significantly lower concentrations of MIP-1alpha than those observed in control samples (mean 31.20 pg/ml; P<0.05). Both HIV-1-infected and uninfected individuals heterozygous for the delta32ccr5 allele had significantly lower concentrations of circulating RANTES (mean 16.07 and 6.11 ng/ml, respectively) than CCR5/CCR5 individuals (mean 28.23 and 16.07 ng/ml, respectively; P<0.05). These findings suggest that the CCR5 allele and ß-chemokine production may affect the immunopathogenesis of HIV-1.

Characterization and transcriptional analysis of the promoter region of the Duffy blood group, chemokine receptor (DARC) gene in cattle

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

The role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in eosinophil activation during inflammatory allergic reactions

Chemokines are important chemotactic cytokines that play a fundamental role in the trafficking of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. They are also potent cell-activating factors, inducing cytokine and histamine release and free radical production, a fact that makes them particularly important in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. The action of chemokines is regulated at the level of agonist production and processing as well as at the level of receptor expression and coupling. Therefore, an analysis of the ligands must necessarily consider receptors. Eosinophils are target cells involved in the allergic inflammatory response since they are able to release a wide variety of mediators including CC and CXC chemokines and express their receptors. These mediators could damage the airway epithelial cells and might be important to stimulate other cells inducing an amplification of the allergic response. This review focuses on recently emerging data pertaining to the importance of chemokines and chemokine receptors in promoting eosinophil activation and migration during the allergic inflammatory process. The analysis of the function of eosinophils and their chemokine receptors during allergic inflammation might be a good approach to understanding the determinants of asthma severity and to developing novel therapies.

Assessment of chemokine serum levels in epithelial ovarian cancer patients

Aims and background. The study was undertaken to investigate CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-l alpha, CCL4/MIP-1 beta, CCL5/RANTES and CXCL8/IL-8 women with epithelial ovarian cancer.Methods and study design. Sixteen patients diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer and 18 healthy women with no evidence of malign neoplasia (control group) aged from 23 to 89 years (mean +/- SEM, 58.7 +/- 2.3) were included. The epithelial ovarian cancer patients underwent laparotomy and debulking surgery Chemokines serum levels were measured by cytometric bead array. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney and Kendall's tau. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses.Results. The tumor staging (FIGO) was classified into: I in 4 cases (25%), III in 5 cases (31.3%) and stage IV in 7 cases (43.8%). Sera chemokine dosages of CCL2 /MCP-1 and CCL4/MIP-1 beta were lower in epithelial ovarian cancer patients than in the control group (P = 0.021 and P = 0.030, respectively). No significant difference between groups was observed in the levels of CCL3/MIP-l alpha, CCL5/RANTES and CXCL8/IL-8. No association between the chemokines analyzed and tumor stage was found. The serum level of CCL4/MIP-1 beta was correlated with CA-125.Conclusions. The study of serum levels of CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-l alpha, CCL4/MIP-1 beta, CCL5/RANTES and CXCL8/IL-8 chemokines in epithelial ovarian cancer patients identified a down-regulation in CCL2/MCP-1 and CCL4/MIP-1 beta, which suggests that the two chemokines may play an important role in the pathophysiology of ovarian cancer.

Effect of LPS treatment on the viability and chemokine synthesis by epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Simvastatin Does Not Reduce Chemokine Production in Obesity Without Comorbidities

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

CC chemokine ligand 3 and receptors 1 and 5 gene expression in recurrent aphthous stomatitis

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the local and systemic expression of CC-chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) and its receptors (CCR1 and CCR5) in tissue samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) patients. Study Design. This case-control study enrolled 29 patients presenting severe RAS manifestations and 20 non-RAS patients proportionally matched by sex and age. Total RNA was extracted from biopsy specimens and peripheral blood mononuclear cells for quatitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The data obtained by relative quantification were evaluated by the 2(-Delta Delta Ct) method, normalized by the expression of an endogenous control, and analyzed by Student t test. Results. The results demonstrated overexpression in RAS tissue samples of all of the chemokines evaluated compared with healthy oral mucosa, whereas the blood samples showed only CCR1 overexpression in RAS patients. Conclusions. These findings suggest that the increased expression of CCL3, CCR1, and CCR5 may influence the immune response in RAS by T(H)1 cytokine polarization. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012;114:93-98)

Up-regulation of chemokine C-C ligand 2 (CCL2) and C-X-C chemokine 8 (CXCL8) expression by monocytes in chronic idiopathic urticaria

The disturbed cytokinechemokine network could play an important role in the onset of diseases with inflammatory processes such as chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU). Our main objectives were to evaluate the relation between proinflammatory chemokine serum levels from CIU patients and their response to autologous skin test (ASST) and basophil histamine release (BHR). We also aimed to assess the chemokine secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) upon polyclonal stimulus and to evaluate chemokine CC ligand 2/C-X-C chemokine 8 (CCL2/CXCL8) and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) expression in monocytes. We observed significantly higher serum levels of the CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CCL2 in CIU patients compared to the healthy group, regardless of the BHR or ASST response. The basal secretion of CCL2 by PBMC or induced by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A (SEA) was higher in CIU patients than in the control group, as well as for CXCL8 and CCL5 secretions upon phytohaemagglutinin stimulation. Also, up-regulation of CCL2 and CXCL8 mRNA expression was found in monocytes of patients upon SEA stimulation. The findings showed a high responsiveness of monocytes through CCL2/CXCL8 expression, contributing to the creation of a proinflammatory environment in CIU.

Myocardial Chemokine Expression and Intensity of Myocarditis in Chagas Cardiomyopathy Are Controlled by Polymorphisms in CXCL9 and CXCL10

Background: Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), a life-threatening inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy, affects 30% of the approximately 8 million patients infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. Even though the Th1 T cell-rich myocarditis plays a pivotal role in CCC pathogenesis, little is known about the factors controlling inflammatory cell migration to CCC myocardium. Methods and Results: Using confocal immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR, we studied cell surface staining and gene expression of the CXCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR7, CCR8 receptors and their chemokine ligands in myocardial samples from end-stage CCC patients. CCR5+, CXCR3+, CCR4+, CCL5+ and CXCL9+ mononuclear cells were observed in CCC myocardium. mRNA expression of the chemokines CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL17, CCL19 and their receptors was upregulated in CCC myocardium. CXCL9 mRNA expression directly correlated with the intensity of myocarditis, as well as with mRNA expression of CXCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR7, CCR8 and their ligands. We also analyzed single-nucleotide polymorphisms for genes encoding the most highly expressed chemokines and receptors in a cohort of Chagas disease patients. CCC patients with ventricular dysfunction displayed reduced genotypic frequencies of CXCL9 rs10336 CC, CXCL10 rs3921 GG, and increased CCR5 rs1799988CC as compared to those without dysfunction. Significantly, myocardial samples from CCC patients carrying the CXCL9/CXCL10 genotypes associated to a lower risk displayed a 2-6 fold reduction in mRNA expression of CXCL9, CXCL10, and other chemokines and receptors, along with reduced intensity of myocarditis, as compared to those with other CXCL9/CXCL10 genotypes. Conclusions: Results may indicate that genotypes associated to reduced risk in closely linked CXCL9 and CXCL10 genes may modulate local expression of the chemokines themselves, and simultaneously affect myocardial expression of other key chemokines as well as intensity of myocarditis. Taken together our results may suggest that CXCL9 and CXCL10 are master regulators of myocardial inflammatory cell migration, perhaps affecting clinical progression to the life-threatening form of CCC.

Influence of the chemokine CXCL12 on the progression and the signaling in colorectal cancer

Das Chemokin CXCL12 (auch bekannt als SDF-1) ist ein kleines Protein (8-14) KDa, das in sechs Isoformen exprimiert wird (SDF-1α, SDF-1β, SDF-1γ, SDF- 1δ, SDF-1ε und SDF-1θ) von einem einzigen Gen, dass die Leukozyten-Wanderung regelt und variabel in einer Reihe von normalen und Krebsgeweben exprimiert wird.rnCXCL12 spielt verschiedene Rollen in der Tumorpathogenese. Es wurde nachgewiesen, dass CXCL12 das Tumorwachstum und die Malignität fördert, die Tumorangiogenese stärkt, sich an der Metastasierung beteiligt und zu immunsuppressiven Netzwerken innerhalb des Tumormikromilieus beiträgt. Daher liegt es nahe, dass der CXCL12/CXCR4-Signalweg ein wichtiges Ziel ist für die Entwicklung von neuartigen Krebstherapien.rnUm Licht auf die Rolle der Chemokin CXCL12 Splicevarianten in der Entwicklung von Krebs zu werfen und die mögliche physiologische Relevanz und ihre möglichen funktionellen Unterschiede bei Darmkrebs zu verstehen, haben wir alle CXCL12 Splicevarianten (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon und theta) in die kolorektalen Zelllinie SW480 und die Melanomzellinie D05 transfiziert und exprimiert.rnrnDiese Arbeit wurde erstellt, um die folgenden Ziele zu erreichen. Untersuchung der Rolle von CXCL12 Splicevarianten bei der Vermittlung von Tumorprogression, Adhäsion, Migration, Invasion und Metastasierung von Darmkrebs. Untersuchung, ob die CXCL12 Variantenwege ein wichtiges Ziel für die Entwicklung von Krebstherapien darstellen.rn• Um eine in vivo Mausmodell zu entwickeln, um die Rolle der CXCL12 Varianten im Rahmen des Tumorwachstums zu verstehen.rnrnUnsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass:Der CXCL12 G801A Polymorphismus ist ein Low-Penetranz Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung von Darmkrebs. Der CXCL12-Gen-Polymorphismus rs1801157 ist mit dem T-Status (Tumor-node-Metastasen) assoziiert. Es gab keine Beziehung zwischen CXCL12-Gen-Polymorphismus rs1801157 und Fernmetastisen oder LN metastasen. Alle sechs CXCL12 Splicevarianten werden im Darmkrebs und in gesunder Kolon mucosa exprimiert. Die höchste Expression wird bei SDF-1alpha, dann SDF-1 beta gefunden. Alle sechs CXCL12 Varianten zeigen erhöhte Tumorzellproliferation in vitro. SDF-1beta, gefolgt von SDF-1alpha zeigte die größte Aktivität im Proliferationsassay.rn• Alle sechs CXCL12 Varianten induzieren die Tumorzelladhäsion.SDF-1beta dann SDF-1alpha zeigte die größte Aktivität im Rahmen des Adhäsionsassay. Alle sechs CXCL12 Varianten erhöhten die Zellmigration und Invasion von Tumorzellen in vitro. SDF-1theta und SDF-1epsilon 1theta zeigten die größte Aktivität, während die schwächste Aktivität mit SDF-1alpha und SDF-1beta beobachtet wurde. Alle sechs CXCL12 Varianten aktivieren Akt und (MAPK) Mitogen- acktivatedierte Protein kinase Wege und damit die Regulierung viele essentieller Prozesse in Tumorzellen, wie Proliferation, Migration, Invasion und Adhäsion. Es ist interessant festzustellen, dass AMD3100 die CXCL12 Splicevarianten inhibriert, die AKT-MEK-1/2-Phosphorylierung induzieren.rnDer Inhibitor AMD3100 unterdrückt stark die CXCL12 Varianten -delta, -epsilon und theta-und unterdrückt schwach CXCL12-gamma. während es keine signifikante Wirkung auf CXCL12-alpha und beta hatte. Es hat möglicherweise Auswirkungen auf mehrere große Signalwage in Bezug auf Proliferation, Migration und Invasions.rn• Es ist wichtig anzumerken, dass die Hemmung von CXCL12-Varianten durch AMD3100 einen der möglichen Ansaätze in der Krebstherapie darstellen kann.Wir schlagen vor, dass weitere Studien erwogen werden, die wir brauchen, um die biologische Aktivität dieser neuen CXCL12 Varianten bei verschiedenen Arten von Krebs klar zu verstehen.

Changes in CXCL12/CXCR4-chemokine expression during onset of colorectal malignancies

Chemokines have been proposed to contribute to tumour growth and metastatic spread of several cancer entities. Here, we examined the relative levels of CXCL12/CXCR4 in resection specimens from patients with different malignant and non-malignant colorectal diseases as well as colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). CXCL12/CXCR4 mRNA and protein expression profiles were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry in resection specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC; n = 15), colorectal adenoma (CRA; n = 15), colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC; n = 47) and CRLM (n = 16). Corresponding non-affected tissues served as control. In contrast to UC tissues, CXCL12 showed a distinct down-regulation in CRA, CRC and CRLM specimens, whereas the corresponding receptor CXCR4 demonstrated a significant up-regulation in CRC and CRLM related to corresponding non-affected tissues (p < 0.05, respectively). Our results strongly suggest an association between CXCL12/CXCR4 expression and the induction of CRA, CRC and the development of CRLM. Therefore, CXCR4 may be a potential target for specific therapeutic interventions.