Triploid origin of the gibel carp as revealed by 5S rDNA localization and chromosome painting

5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was isolated and sequenced from the gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio with 162 chromosomes and crucian carp Carassius auratus with 100 chromosomes, and fluorescent probes for chromosome localization were prepared to ascertain the ploidy origin and evolutionary relationship between the two species. Using fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), major 5S rDNA signals were localized to the short arms of three subtelocentric chromosomes in the gibel carp and to the short arms of two subtelocentrics in the crucian carp. In addition, some minor signals were detected on other chromosomes of both species. Simultaneously, six chromosomes were microdissected from the gibel carp metaphase spreads using glass needles, and the isolated chromosomes were amplified in vitro by degenerate oligonucleotide primed-polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR). Significantly, when the DOP-PCR-generated probes prepared from each single chromosome were hybridized, three same-sized chromosomes were painted in each gibel carp metaphase, whereas only two painted chromosomes were observed in each crucian carp metaphase spread. The data indicate that gibel carp is of triploid origin in comparison with diploid crucian carp.

Is the genus Digramma synonymous to the genus Ligula (Cestoda : Pseudophyllidea)? Evidence from ITS and 5 ' end 28S rDNA sequences

The genus Digramma (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) described by Cholodkovsky in 1915 differs from the genus Ligula only by the number of the reproductive organs per proglottis. However, the occurrence of transitional forms in Digramma raises much confusion concerning its generic validity. In the present study, cestodes previously designated as Digramma and Ligula were collected from lakes in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and also from Qinghai Lake on Qingzang plateau, China. The entire internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA) and 5' end of 28S rDNA were compared between the Digramma and Ligula specimens. The low level of nucleotide variation between the two genera may imply that cestodes in the genus Digramma are paraphyletic to the Ligula genus, and Digramma is a synonym of Ligula. However, whether previously identified Digramma cestodes represent different species in the genus Ligula requires further investigation.

Molecular variation of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 (Cestoda : Pseudophyllidea) in different fish host species based on ITS rDNA sequences

The molecular variation in Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 from 11 species of freshwater fish collected in Australia, China, the Czech Republic, England and Hawaii was investigated by determining the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region. The length of the first and second internal transcribed spacer sequences of multiple individuals ranged from 553 to 571 bp and 553 to 615 bp, and the G + C content from 53.1 to 53.5%. The percentage sequence divergence varied between 0 and 0.9% in the ITS1 and 0 and 6.6% in the ITS2, respectively, indicating the occurrence of intraspecific variation. It is demonstrated that the fragment length variation resulted primarily from microsatellite polymorphisms present in the ITS region, especially in the ITS2 region. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that B. acheilognathi examined in this study consisted of three closely related genotypes with certain degrees of host-specificity, and the genotype representing isolates from Cyprinus carpio L. was the most common and diverse form within the species B. acheilognathi.

Characteristics of rDNA intergenic spacer region from a waterbloom cyanobacteria species Oscillatoria sp.

Sequence of rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) from a waterbloom cyanobacterial species Oscillatoria sp, was determined and analyzed. The results of sequence comparison showed that the spacer had a high level sequence divergence, suggesting the sequence may be a target sequence for developing cyanobacteria genus- and species-specific oligonucleotide probes. In addition, a 20bp sequence of rDNA ISR was found highly conserved in all species of cyanobacteria, which was not found in other eubacteria. This conserved sequence within a variable region indicates that it might be a functional oligonucleotide in the processing of the rRNA precursor.

贾第虫rDNA的研究

典型的真核生物有四种rRNA（18S、5.8S、28S和5SrRNA）。一般18S、5.8S和28S的基因分别由转录间隔区（ITS）隔开而位于同一个转录单位上构成一个rRNA基因拷贝，多个rRNA基因拷贝串联形成rDNA。rDNA聚集在一起构成核仁组织区（NOR），成为核仁发生的位置。5SrRNA基因除在少数真核生物（如：酵母）中是和18S、28S rRNA基因位于同一个转录单位上外，一般是处在核仁以外的区域。贾第虫一度被认为是现存最原始的真核生物。支持这一观点的一个重要证据之一就是它还不具核仁结构。那么它的rDNA与典型真核生物的相比会有怎样的特点呢？本文在基因组的水平上对贾第虫的rDNA进行了全面调查分析，并对5S rRNA及其相关蛋白进行重点研究，得到如下结果和结论： 1）贾第虫的18S rRNA（1448bp）基因和28S rRNA（2300bp）基因比其他一些真核生物的（一般为1800bp和3400bp）要小的多，甚至比一些原核生物的相应的rRNA基因还要小。不仅如此，其5.8S rRNA基因和28SrRNA基因之间的转录间隔区（ITS2）比典型真核生物的对应区域也要短得多（只有54bp），且GC含量较高。结构预测表明该间隔区不能形成在许多真核生物中所能形成的保守的二级结构。更特别的是，贾第虫基因组中的rRNA基因序列大部分都是不完整的，并且不按照18S-5.8S-28S rRNA基因顺序排列，也没有多个完整拷贝顺序排列的区域。这提示贾第虫rRNA基因可能是以一种不同于典型真核生物的方式聚集的。因此本文认为以上这些特点可能与贾第虫不能形成典型核仁结构有关。 2）本文从贾第虫基因组中鉴定出了5S rRNA基因，并实验验证了其表达及其完整基因序列所编码的5S rRNA具有典型真核生物的T型二级结构，且具有绝大多数保守位点。RT-PCR表明该基因具有转录活性。该结果否定了前人的贾第虫没有5S rRNA的实验结果。并表明贾第虫尽管很原始，但其5S rRNA基因仍然是独立存在的和单独转录的。贾第虫基因组中总共有8个5S rRNA基因拷贝（且其中还有一个拷贝具有15个bp的异常插入）这大大低于一般真核生物的拷贝数。这些5S rRNA基因也不形成串联排列的区域。 我们还在贾第虫中鉴定出在真核生物中唯一与5S rRNA接触的核糖体蛋白L5蛋白并验证了其表达，该序列与其他真核生物的L5蛋白相似性很高，这提示贾第虫在5S rRNA基因转录出核后与L5蛋白结合形成5S RNP的过程可能与典型的真核生物是一致的。此外，我们从贾第虫中鉴定不出符合典型真核生物TFIIIA因子特征的蛋白，这提示贾第虫5S rRNA的转录起始以及转录后出核的机制可能与典型真核生物不同。过去对贾第虫的研究表明高等真核生物里RNA聚合酶III所独有的四个亚基在贾第虫中找不到同源物，而这样不完整的RNA聚合酶III已经可以在贾第虫中完成5S rRNA的转录了，这表明RNA聚合酶III所独有的这些亚基可能是为了完成其他功能而进化出来的。

~(188)Tl的πh_(9／2)vi_(13／2)扁椭球转动带的旋称反转研究

利用能量为170MeV的35Cl束流,通过157Gd(35Cl,4n)熔合蒸发反应研究了188Tl的高自旋态能级结构．依据实验结果建立了188Tl基于πh9／2(?)vi13／2组态的转动带．根据双奇Tl核能级结构的相似性,指定了188Tlπh9／2(?)vi13／2扁椭球转动带的自旋值．结果表明在188Tl中,πh9／2(?)vi13／2扁椭球转动带在低自旋区具有旋称反转性质．利用包含了质子-中子剩余相互作用的准粒子-转子模型,定性地解释了πh9／2(?)vi13／2扁椭球转动带的低自旋区旋称反转现象．

双奇核~(188)Au的准粒子带结构研究

利用在束γ谱学实验技术,通过173Yb(19F,4nγ)反应布居了188Au的高自旋态,并对其准粒子带结构进行了研究．基于实验测量结果,对原有的双奇核188Au能级纲图做了较大的修改．通过系统性比较,对15+以上的能级结构进行了讨论．

Prolate and oblate shape coexistence in Pt-188

A standard in-beam gamma-spectroscopy experiment for Pt-188 is performed via the Yb-176(O-18, 6n) reaction at beam energies of 88 and 95 MeV, and the level scheme for (188) Pt is established. Prolate and oblate shape coexistence has been demonstrated to occur in Pt-188 by applying the projected shell model. The rotation alignment of i(13/2) neutrons drives the yrast sequence changing suddenly from prolate to oblate shape at angular momentum 10th, indicating likely a new type of shape phase transition along the yrast line in Pt-188.

Observation of a pi h(9/2) circle times nu i(13/2) oblate band in Tl-188

Excited states in Tl-188 have been studied experimentally using the Gd-157(Cl-35;4n) reaction at a beam energy of 170 MeV. A rotational band built on the pi h(9/2) x nu i(13/2) configuration with oblate deformation has been established for Tl-188. Based on the structure systematics of the oblate pi h(9/2) x nu i(13/2) bands in the heavier odd-odd Tl nuclei, we have tentatively proposed spin values for the new band in Tl-188. The pi h(9/2) x nu i(13/2) oblate band in Tl-188 shows low-spin signature inversion, and it can be interpreted qualitatively by the two-quasiparticle plus rotor model including a J-dependent p-n residual interaction.

Properties of the pi h(9/2)circle times nu i(13/2) oblate band in Tl-188

High spin states in Tl-188 have been investigated via the Gd-157(Cl-35,4n) reaction at beam energy of 170 MeV. A rotational band built on the pi h(9/2) circle times nu(13/2) configuration with oblate deformation has been established. Considering the similarity between the band structure observed in odd-odd Tl nuclei, spin values have been tentatively proposed for the new band in Tl-188. The pi h(9/2) circle times nu(13/2) oblate band in Tl-188 shows low-spin signature inversion, and it can be interpreted qualitatively by the two quasiparticle plus rotor model including a J-dependent p-n residual interaction.

Signature inversion in pi h(9/2) circle times nu i(13/2) oblate band of Tl-188

High-spin Level structure of Tl-188 has been studied via Gd-157 (Cl-35,4n) fusion-evaporation reaction at beam energy of 170MeV. A rotational band built on the pi h(9/2) circle times nu i(13/2) configuration with oblate deformation has been established. Spin values have been proposed to the pi h(9/2) circle times nu i(13/2) oblate band based on the similarities between the oblate band of Tl-188 and those in odd-odd Tl190-200. With the spin assignments, the low-spin signature inversion has been revealed for the pi h(9/2) circle times nu i(13/2) oblate band of Tl-188. The low-spin signature inversion can be interpreted qualitatively in the framework of the quasi-particles plus rotor model including a J dependent p-n residual interaction.

Study of quasiparticles bands in odd-odd Au-188

High-spin level structure of Au-188 has been studied via the Yb-173(F-19, 4n gamma) reaction using techniques of in-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy. Based on the experimental results, the level scheme of 188Au has been revised significantly. The previously reported positive parity levels have been modified and a new 20(+) level was proposed to feed the 18(+) states via two low-energy transitions. The existence of the 20(+) and the level structures above it are similar to those in the neighboring odd-odd Au-190,Au-192, therefore, the pi h(11/12)(-1)circle times-vi(13/2)(-2)h(9/2)(-1) configuration was assigned to the 20(+) state.

High-spin states in Au-188: Further evidence for nonaxial shape

The high-spin level structure of Au-188 has been investigated via the Yb-173(F-19,4n gamma) reaction at beam energies of 86 and 90 MeV. The previously reported level scheme has been modified and extended significantly. A new I-pi = 20(+) state associated with pi h(11/2)(-1) circle times nu i(13/2)(-2)h(9/2)(-1) configuration and two new rotational bands, one of which is built on the pi h(9/2) circle times nu i(13/2) configuration, have been identified. The prolate-to-oblate shape transition through triaxial shape has been proposed to occur around Au-188 for the pi h(9/2) circle times nu i(13/2) bands in odd-odd Au isotopes. Evidence for pi h(11/2)(-1) circle times nu i(13/2)(-1) structure of nonaxial shape with gamma < -70 degrees has been obtained by comparison with total Routhian surface and cranked-shell-model calculations.