A cross-cultural study of somatic countertransference: a brief overview

Whilst countertransference is commonly experienced as feelings, thoughts, images, symbols and dreams endured by the therapist in relation to their client, somatic countertransference is positioned as embodied, physical manifestations in the therapist’s body. Common examples include headaches, nausea, aches, pains, sleepiness, sexual arousal, dizziness and trembling felt by the psychotherapist in session. Current interest in somatic countertransference spans the spectrum from the psychoanalytic, post-Jungian, dance movement and humanistic modalities to empirical studies originating from the trauma research field. Although the clinical literature emphasizes the therapeutic relevance and richness of somatic countertransference for understanding unconscious communications occurring in the session, trauma research advocates greater self-awareness and management of somatic countertransference to prevent therapist burnout. This article will outline the rationale and research process for proposing the first cross-cultural study of somatic countertransference. This study is suggested as a means to extend our understanding of, and ability to work with, somatic countertransference. Preliminary results from an initial study of Chinese psychotherapists will be discussed.

A model for predicting clinician satisfaction with clinical supervision

Clinical supervision can improve staff satisfaction and reduce stress and burnout within the workplace and can be a component of organizational readiness to implement evidence-based practice. This study explores clinical supervision processes in alcohol and drug counselors working in telephone and online services, assessing how their experiences of supervision link to workplace satisfaction and well-being. Standardized surveys (Manchester Clinical Supervision Scale and the TCU Survey of Organizational Functioning) were completed by 43 alcohol and drug telephone counselors. Consistency of supervisors and good communication were the strongest predictors of satisfaction with clinical supervision, and satisfaction with supervision was a good predictor of overall workplace satisfaction. © 2014 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

The role of general and specific stressors in the health and well-being of call centre operators

The call centre industry has developed a reputation for generating a highly stressful work environment with high absenteeism and turnover rates. Research has identified role ambiguity, role conflict, role overload, and work-family conflict as common stressors in other settings. Call centre research has additionally identified performance monitoring, job design and job opportunities as call centre specific stressors.OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: This study investigated the impact of the identified stressors on burnout, somatic symptomology, and turnover intent among 126 call centre representatives (CCRs) from 11 call centres in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia.

Physical and psychosocial wellbeing of nurses in a regional Queensland hospital

Occupational stress is common among nurses. Two factors that may influence stress levels are diet and physical activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diets and physical activity levels of nurses and to quantify the relationships between these behaviours and anxiety, depressed mood, stress, and burnout. Nurses (N = 52) from one regional hospital completed a survey assessing physical activity, nutrition, and psychological functioning. Almost two-thirds (65%) of participants had met recommended levels of both moderate and vigorous physical activity in the week prior. Participants met recommended levels for fruit, but not vegetable, consumption. Burnout and stress levels were close to norms for physicians and nurses. Scores for depressed mood, anxiety, and stress symptoms were within one standard deviation of norms for the Australian adult population. Several moderately sized correlations were found between the psychological constructs measured and both physical activity and nutrition. Although most of the participants were physically active and seemed to be consuming nutritious diets, some nurses may need encouragement to adopt similarly healthy behaviours.

International perspectives on psychosocial working conditions, mental health, and stress of dairy farm operators

Dairy farm operators-farmers, workers, and family members-are faced with many demands and stressors in their daily work and these appear to be shared across countries and cultures. Dairy operators experience high psychosocial demands with respect to a hard work and production ethos, economic influences, and social and environmental responsibility. Furthermore, both traditional and industrial farms are highly dependent on external conditions, such as weather, fluctuating markets, and regulations from government authorities. Possible external stressors include disease outbreaks, taxes related to dairy production, and recent negative societal attitudes to farming in general. Dairy farm operators may have very few or no opportunities to influence and control these external conditions, demands, and expectations. High work demands and expectations coupled with low control and lack of social support can lead to a poor psychosocial work environment, with increased stress levels, ill mental health, depression, and, in the worst cases, suicide. Internationally, farmers with ill mental health have different health service options depending on their location. Regardless of location, it is initially the responsibility of the individual farmer and farm family to handle mental health and stress, which can be of short- or long-term duration. This paper reviews the literature on the topics of psychosocial working conditions, mental health, stress, depression, and suicide among dairy farm operators, farm workers, and farm family members in an international perspective.

Challenge demands, hindrance demands, and psychological need satisfaction: their influence on employee engagement and emotional exhaustion

The job demands-resources (JD-R) model provides a well-validated account of how job resources and job demands influence work engagement, burnout, and their constituent dimensions. The present study aimed to extend previous research by including challenge demands not widely examined in the context of the JD-R. Furthermore, and extending self-determination theory, the research also aimed to investigate the potential mediating effects that employees' need satisfaction as regards their need for autonomy, need for belongingness, need for competence, and need for achievement, as components of a higher order needs construct, may have on the relationships between job demands and engagement. Structural equations modeling across two independent samples generally supported the proposed relationships. Further research opportunities, practical implications, and study limitations are discussed.

Affective commitment and turnover intentions among healthcare professionals: the role of emotional exhaustion and disengagement

This paper utilises the conservation of resources theory to examine the mediating role played by disengagement in the relationships between emotional exhaustion, affective commitment and turnover intentions among healthcare professionals. Structural equation modelling was conducted on data obtained from 302 healthcare professionals in a major Australian cancer hospital. Our findings demonstrate that disengagement fully mediates the relationships between emotional exhaustion and both affective commitment and turnover intentions. Recommendations for future research are suggested and practical implications discussed. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.

Identifying educational priorities for occupational therapy students to prepare for mental health practice in Australia and New Zealand: opinions of practising occupational therapists

BACKGROUND: The effective preparation of occupational therapy students for mental health practice is critical to facilitate positive consumer outcomes, underpin optimal practice and support new graduates' professional identity. This project was established to determine a set of 'educational priorities' for occupational therapy students to prepare them for current (and future) entry-level practice in mental health, from the perspective of mental health occupational therapists in Australia and New Zealand. METHODS: The study included two phases. In Phase One, participants identified what they considered to be important educational priorities for occupational therapy students to prepare them for practice in mental health. For Phase Two, an 'expert panel' was assembled to review and rank these using a Policy Delphi approach. RESULTS: Eighty-five participants provided educational priorities in Phase One. These were grouped into a total of 149 educational themes. In Phase Two, the expert panel (consisting of 37 occupational therapists from diverse locations and practice settings) prioritised these themes across three Delphi rounds. A final priority list was generated dividing educational themes into three prioritised categories: 29 'Essential', 25 'Important' and 44 'Optional' priorities. Highest-ranked priorities were: clinical reasoning, client-centred practice, therapeutic use of self, functional implications of mental illness, therapeutic use of occupation and mental health fieldwork experience. CONCLUSION: The priority list developed as part of this project provides additional information to support the review of occupational therapy curricula across Australia and New Zealand to ensure that new graduates are optimally prepared for mental health practice.

Um estudo da contratransferência em um grupo de psicoterapeutas de orientação psicanalítica frente a relatos de situações traumáticas

O estudo da contratransferência (CT) tem servido aos psicanalistas e psicoterapeutas como um instrumento útil na pesquisa do inconsciente do paciente. No caso de terapeutas que tratam pacientes severamente traumatizados, como as vítimas de violência sexual, as reações contratransferenciais se manifestam de forma intensa e diversa, incluindo resistência de conluio, identificação com a vítima ou com o agressor, entre outras. As emoções despertadas no tratamento destes pacientes, não sendo bem compreendidas e elaboradas, podem originar psicopatologias no terapeuta, como o transtorno de stress traumático secundário, a traumatização vicária e o burnout. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os estados mentais dos psicoterapeutas estando frente a uma vinheta de caso de estupro e frente a uma de luto por morte súbita de pessoa significativa. Além disto, foram comparadas as diferenças entre gêneros e níveis de experiência dos psicoterapeutas. Para avaliação do constructo contratransferência, foram selecionadas na literatura e traduzidas para o português brasileiro, duas escalas de avaliação de CT: o Mental States Rating System (MSRS) e o Inventory of Countertransference Behavior (ICB). O MSRS trata-se de uma escala de análise de conteúdo do discurso, seja ele falado, descrito ou filmado, que abrange de modo amplo os tipos CT, que estão previa e detalhadamente descritas na escala O ICB constitui-se de uma escala de 21 itens, que buscam avaliar o comportamento contratransferencial, a ser preenchida pelo supervisor, após uma sessão de supervisão. A escala avalia a CT classificando-a em duas dimensões: positiva e negativa. Métodos: Para cada um dos 2 instrumentos foram realizadas duas traduções para o português, por tradutores independentes, bilíngües e profissionais. As duas traduções foram unificadas. Depois os instrumentos foram apresentados a 5 psicoterapeutas, sendo avaliada a sua compreensão das escalas e realizados os ajustes finais. Após foi realizada a retro-tradução por tradutor profissional comparadas as versões originais com as versões em português falado no Brasil e as versões retro-traduzidas através de processo de análise de equivalência semântica. Os autores das escalas participaram do processo de adaptação transcultural e o uso da versão final foi aprovado pelos mesmos. Foi então, realizado treinamento de juízes para utilização das duas escalas e a escala ICB foi adaptada para ser aplicada por juízes em material escrito. Posteriormente, a pesquisa da contratransferência foi realizada frente a duas vinhetas clínicas de trauma com uma amostra de 92 psicoterapeutas. Resultados: Os achados com o MSRS mostraram que houve um uso significativamente maior da atividade mental reflexiva dos terapeutas em relação à vinheta de luto, do que em relação à vinheta de trauma por estupro As mulheres mostraram uma atividade mental significativamente mais reflexiva, e os homens o uso de defesas mais primitivas. Os terapeutas mais experientes e menos experientes não diferiram entre si. Os achados com o ICB demonstraram que a vinheta de estupro provocou significativamente mais reações contratransferenciais negativas no total dos terapeutas e que a vinheta de luto provocou reações positivas de modo significativo; que os homens apresentaram, em relação às duas vinhetas, significativamente mais reações contratransferenciais negativas do que as mulheres, e que, em relação ao luto, os mais experientes apresentaram mais reações contratransferenciais negativas do que os menos experientes. Conclusões: Os achados deste estudo sugerem que o impacto sobre o terapeuta, ao tratar pacientes traumatizados, desperta um espectro variado de sentimentos. O conhecimento destes afetos pode trazer informações cruciais para o desenvolvimento da melhor forma de tratar e aliviar o sofrimento destes pacientes. Novas pesquisas devem ser realizadas para aprofundar o entendimento deste processo complexo.

The risk of falling into the acceleration trap during a privatization process: a case study of a European telecommunication company

A privatização de uma empresa é uma mudança empresarial disruptiva que geralmente coincide com o fim de uma posição de monopólio e da subsequente entrada num ambiente competitivo. Os desafios que a privatização coloca são tão árduos que eles levam muitas vezes a liderança (leadership) para executar planos ambiciosos de mudança empresarial. No entanto, a literatura mostra que muitos deles falharam. Na verdade, esses planos preveem mudanças bruscas e importantes que tendem a empurrar a empresa privatizada na armadilha de aceleração (acceleration trap). Um tipo de “burnout organizacional” (organizational burnout) onde a exaustão e a resignação da força de trabalho afetam drasticamente o desempenho da empresa. A tese, portanto, focalizou em estudar a ligação entre um processo de privatização e o risco de cair na armadilha de aceleração. Uma investigação preliminar sobre a literatura das mudanças empresariais permitiu a concepção de um quadro preliminar teórico que sugere a existência de dois moderadores (moderators) deste relacionamento entre um processo de privatização e a armadilha de aceleração: um “choque cultural” (cultural clash) e um “fraco clima de liderança transformacional” (weak transformational leadership). Em seguida, um estudo de caso - baseado numa empresa de telecomunicações europeia e conduzido através de uma abordagem metodológico não puramente indutivo (non-purely inductive approach) - confirma, mas também aprofunda a compreensão da ação desses dois moderadores. A respeito do moderador “choque cultural” (cultural clash moderator), a análise de dados do estudo de caso da empresa de telecomunicações europeia mostra a importância exercitado tanto por um “choque de identidade corporativa” (corporate identity conflict) como por um “conflito de identidade gerencial” (management identity conflict). Quanto ao moderador “fraco liderança transformacional”, a análise dos dados destaca o papel da “falta de confiança na nova gerência” (lack of trust in the new management), mas também de “sentido do trabalho” (lack of job sense), principalmente através da perda de “orgulho no trabalho” (loss of proudness). Finalmente, a análise dos dados salienta que a “não aceitação do novo sistema de incentivos” (non-acceptance of the new incentive system) afeta significativamente a relação entre a privatização e a armadilha de aceleração, contribuindo tanto para um “choque cultural” como para um “fraco clima de liderança transformacional”.

Impacto da liderança autêntica na motivação/satisfação docente: o caso das Eb1/PE da RAM

O presente estudo de investigação desenvolveu-se partindo de uma grande questão, qual o impacto da Liderança Autêntica na Satisfação/Motivação Docente, no caso das escolas básicas de primeiro ciclo com pré-escolar da RAM? Nesta linha pretendeu-se verificar qual o nível de satisfação/motivação dos docentes inquiridos, quais os padrões de liderança autêntica presentes nos líderes/directores das escolas e consequentemente, aferir se esta liderança impelia ou não a motivação/satisfação dos docentes. A revisão da literatura contemplou as temáticas em estudo, no sentido de conhecer e compreender os seus factos. Assim, abordámos a profissão docente, tentando compreender os contornos da sua situação profissional até aos dias de hoje, partindo de uma resenha histórica numa perspectiva sociológica, passando pela situação político- administrativa desta profissão. Desembarcámos assim na actualidade da docência e na preocupação com a satisfação/motivação docente. Aclarámos o conceito de motivação e expusemos as teorias existentes. Associada a desmotivação à carreira docente, descrevemos os diferentes conceitos que se interligam, o bem/mal-estar, a satisfação/insatisfação e o burnout docente. Entrando na liderança, descrevemos conceitos e teorias, destacando mais pormenorizadamente a liderança autêntica. Tendo como finalidade desvendar o impacto da liderança autêntica na satisfação/motivação docente, foram aplicados dois questionários, um aos docentes e outro aos directores, de uma Eb1/PE por concelho da RAM, nas quais obtivemos uma amostra de 144 participantes. Os questionários desenvolvidos para esta investigação foram adaptações dos estudos de Jesus (1996), relativos à Satisfação e motivação docente e o ALQ (Authentic Leardership Questionnaire) desenvolvido por Avolio et al. (2007). No geral, os dados sugerem que os docentes que pertencem a esta amostra têm uma elevada motivação, um stress moderado e níveis baixos de exaustão profissional. Quanto à liderança autêntica, tanto docentes como os directores indicam que o lideres/directores de escola revelam uma autenticidade elevada. Os dados desta investigação indicam ainda que não existem correlações entre a liderança autêntica e a motivação/satisfação docente. Estatisticamente, não foram encontradas correlações entre as variáveis de stress profissional, exaustão emocional e motivação intrínseca. Podendo concluir assim que, a liderança autêntica não exerce impacto com a motivação/satisfação docente.

Efeitos cognitivos e emocionais do estresse ocupacional em profissionais de enfermagem

Objective: Investigating the indicators of stress, anxiety, depression and the cognitive changes in members of the nursing team at Santa Casa de Misericordia de Assis - SP. Methods: 66 nursing professionals participated in the study, evaluated by psychological and cognitive tracking instruments. Results: The stress experience was not homogenous in the nursing team; high scores in the depression tracking were associated to low cognitive scores. Conclusion: Nursing auxiliaries and technicians were affected by stress. Therefore, workers healthcare should be provided for the whole nursing team.

REFEREE PERSONAL MEANING: PERCEPTION of FOOTBALL OFFICIALS

The aim of this study was to evaluate the personal meaning of refereeing for Portuguese football referees. Participants were 47 football referees from the 1st Portuguese Professional Football League evaluated through an open question: "Write down what refereeing means to you". The analysis was made according to Miles & Huberman (1994) procedures. The 5 categories are: relation with the football; costs of the practice; emotion for the arbitration; social interaction and way of life. The results show that be connected to the world of the football, passion and the relationship with other referees are important motivational factors, with that the referees have a high grade of excitement and pleasure in his labor activity. on the other hand the task of refereeing is generating of stress and burnout.

Cuidar em oncologia na perspectiva de Alfred Schütz.

The study was realized among oncological nurses in their daily work routine and aimed to understand these professionals' subjective action, starting from their relation with patients, adopting a phenomenological reference framework based on the ideas of Alfred Schütz. The question: what does working in oncological care mean to you? Please describe, was used to collect statements, which were analyzed and clarified the typical action of a nurse caregiver in this daily routine. The study revealed that oncological care implies dealing with humans in a fragile situation; requires a relationship of affectivity; is care delivery that entails the genesis of professional burnout. Care delivery in oncology is highly complex, requiring a professional competence that goes beyond the technical-scientific sphere. Nursing professionals need to seek strategies which enable them to face the fatigue they are submitted to in their work.

Parents' support in the sports career of young gymnasts

From the very first moment of entrance in sports up to the time of their successful achievements, parents have a pronounced influence on the sport's career of their children. This influence is readily seen when the parent's dedicated involvement and investment, both emotional and financial, put into the support they give to their children in sports is taken into account. This is all done with the objective that their young athlete may stay involved and reach their full potential. To describe the parental support in the context of Brazilian Artistic Gymnastics in formative categories, this study addressed the perceptions that young gymnasts have toward the behavior and attitude of their parents through a field research conducted among 29 sport institutions involving a total of 163 athletes. We have found that parental support enabled and greatly influenced the child's entering into sports, their access to the practice of a sport, their level of participation, their degree of involvement, and their physical and emotional wellbeing. Moreover, the parental support is crucial to the commitment and dedication of the young gymnast. However, when this support is perceived in a negative way it can result in stress, conflicts between parents and children, burnout and may provoke dropout.