Recuperação de pastagem com estilosantes Campo Grande e adubação Fosfatada

Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Animal - FEIS

Avaliação de atributos físico-químicos do solo sobre palhadas de diferentes poáceas e adubação nitrogenada em semeadura direta na cultura do feijoeiro

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

CRESCIMENTO INICIAL E CONCENTRAÇÃO DE NUTRIENTES EM CLONES DE Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis SOB INTERFERÊNCIA DE PLANTAS DANINHAS

A presença de plantas daninhas em plantios de eucalipto, especialmente nos dois primeiros anos, pode acarretar grandes prejuízos à produtividade, pois reduz a eficiência de aproveitamento dos recursos de crescimento pela cultura. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da interferência de plantas daninhas sobre o crescimento inicial de dois clones de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis e a concentração foliar de nutrientes na cultura e nas plantas daninhas. O experimento foi instalado em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 + 7, sendo dois clones de híbridos de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis, identificados como CNB001 e CNB016, em competição com cinco plantas daninhas Urochloa decumbens (capim-braquiária), Ipomoea nil (corda-de-viola), Commelina diffusa (trapoeraba), Spermacoce latifolia (erva-quente) e Panicum maximum (capim-colonião). Adicionalmente, foram cultivados os dois clones de eucalipto e as cinco plantas daninhas em monocultivo como padrão de comparação, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados eucalipto através da altura de plantas, o diâmetro do coleto, o número de ramos, a área foliar, a matéria seca e, o teor foliar de nutrientes do eucalipto, bem como o teor de nutrientes nas folhas das plantas daninhas. O clone CNB001 apresentou crescimento inicial superior ao clone CNB016, no entanto, livre da interferência de plantas daninhas, verificaram-se teores foliares semelhantes para a maioria dos nutrientes em ambos os genótipos. O clone CNB016 mostrou maior sensibilidade à interferência negativa das plantas daninhas que o clone CNB001, sendo seu crescimento inicial mais afetado por Ipomoea nil e a concentração de nutrientes reduzida pelas espécies Panicum maximum, Urochloa decumbens e Commelina diffusa. Panicum maximum apresentou maior interferência com o clone CNB001, enquanto Ipomoea nil pouco influenciou o crescimento e o teor de nutrientes deste híbrido. As plantas daninhas apresentaram elevada capacidade de extrair nutrientes do solo, mesmo em convivência com os clones de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis. A interferência imposta à cultura é dependente da espécie infestante e do genótipo de eucalipto.

Bioecology of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1757) in different cover crops.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the biological variables of Spodoptera frugiperda on species of cover crops. The experiments were conducted in laboratory and greenhouse using the following species: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea), brachiaria (Urochloa decumbens e Urochloa ruziziensis), millet (Pennisetum americanum), black oat (Avena stringosa), white lupin (Lupinus albus), forage turnip (Rafanus sativus) and maize (Zea mays). In laboratory the S. frugiperda larval survival varied from 57%, on L. albus, to 93% on H. annuus and the survival of the pre-imaginal phase varied from 45% on U. decumbens to 81.6% on Z. mays. On C. juncea the larval biomass was lower and the development period of the young and larval stage was higher. The adaptation index was less on C. juncea in greenhouse and laboratory. In greenhouse the larval survival at 14 days was similar for all plants and at 21 days was the lowest on C. juncea. There was less accumulation of biomass at 14 days on C. juncea and at 21 days on C. juncea and A. stringosa. Regarding damage, C. juncea presented less susceptibility to Spodoptera frugiperda attack, which together with the other evaluated parameters, indicated this plant as the most appropriate for soil cover before cultivation of maize.

Soil carbon stock in integrated crop-livestock-forest system in the Central Region of Minas Gerais.

2016

Hepatogenous photosensitization of ruminants by Brachiaria decumbens and Panicum dichotomiflorum in the absence of sporidesmin: Lithogenic saponins may be responsible

As part of a study of plants involved in crystal-associated hepatogenous photosensitization diseases, samples of Brachiaria decumbens and Panicum dichotomiflorum on which cattle and goats had recently been photosensitized were analyzed. The level of saponins associated with these photosensitization outbreaks were determined by GC-MS. Only low levels of Pithomyces chartarum spores were present on the B decumbens, and all isolates obtained failed to produce sporidesmin.

Disponibilidade, composição bromatológica e consumo de matéria seca em pastagem consorciada de Brachiaria decumbens com Stylosanthes guianensis

The objective of this work was to evaluate the herbage availability, nutritive value, dry matter intake and grass and legume percentage in diet of crossbred Holstein-Zebu cows, in pasture with Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Stylosanthes guianensis var. vulgaris cv. Mineirão and tree legumes. To estimate the fecal output, it was used 10 g cow -1 day -1 of chromium oxide during ten consecutive days. Extrusa samples were used to determine the chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility. B. decumbens availability varied with climatic conditions, while S. guianensis availability decreased linearly along the experimental period. Dry matter intake was higher in May/2001 (1.9% body weight) and did not differ among other months (1.5% body weight). Low dry matter intake values were related to low in vitro dry matter digestibility coefficients (42.1 % to 48.0%) and high neutral detergent fiber content (70.2% to 79.4%). Dry matter intake was directly related to legume percentage in the pasture. This observation could indicate the potential of mixed pasture for improving nutritive value in dairy cattle diet.

Efeito residual de calcário, nitrogênio e zinco na produção de matéria seca de Brachiaria decumbens em condições de campo

The balance of liming and fertilization practice with nitrogen and zinc could affect the production of the pasture. Thus, the present work has as objective to evaluate the residual effect of the application of calcareous rock, nitrogen, and zinc on the dry matter production of Brachiaria decumbens, during three cuts. For this, an experiment was installed in Selvíria, Brazil, on a distrofic red Latosol, from october 1997 to may 1998. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a factorial project 3×3×2, with four repetitions. The treatments were three doses of nitrogen: 0, 50, and 100 kg/ha, three doses of lime: 0, 267, and 556 kg/ha, corresponding to 41, 50, and 60% of the levels of base saturation, respectively, and two doses of zinc 0 and 5 kg/ha, applied in the first year and reapplied in the second year, except for the limestone. Four cuts were done in the grass at 10 cm of height, with intervals of 49 days, to obtain the dry matter production. The limestone application in the first year did not provide to residual effect on the production of Brachiaria decumbens. However, the nitrogen fertilization increased the dry matter production of the grass. The application of zinc in the first year and the reapplication in the second year did not result in a productive response of B. decumbens. © 2009 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agricolas INIA.

Effect of the density and of the distance of Brachiaria decumbens staff on the initial growth of Coffea arabica L. Seedligns

The aim of this work was to evaluate the interference of three densities (4, 8 and 16 plants/m 2) of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf distributed at three different distances (0, 10 and 20 cm from coffee plants) on the initial growth of Coffea arabica L. seedlings. Dark red Latosoil was used as substrate to fill up 70 liters cement boxes. Coffee seedlings at 15 cm height and 8 leaves stage were planted in each box. B. decumbens seedlings were transplanted when they reached two to four leaves stage. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with ten treatments and three replications. At the end of the experiment were measured, height, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content and dry weight of coffee plants. Dry weight of B. decumbens leaves was also evaluated. The leaf area and leaf dry weight was shown to be more sensitive parameters to the interference of Brachiaria plants. Dry weight of coffee plants were reduced from 60% to 88% when the B. decumbens were transplanted 0 cm from the coffee plant. With distance of 10 cm the reduction of dry weight increased with the increase of the density of the B. decumbens. In the coexistence of the coffee plants with 16 plants/m 2 of B. decumbens, there was a reduction in the dry weight of about 80% at the distances of 0 and 20 cm. Regarding leaf area, the reduction was 47% on the average in the density of 4 plants/m 2 of B. decumbens The reduction in leaf area at other densities was higher at the distance of 0 and 20 cm, and 55% reduction was obtained at the distance of 10 cm.

Emergence and seed persistence of Echinochloa colona, Urochloa panicoides and Hibiscus trionum in the sub-tropical environment of north-eastern Australia.

Better understanding of seed-bank dynamics of Echinochloa colona, Urochloa panicoides and Hibiscus trionum, major crop weeds in sub-tropical Australia, was needed to improve weed control. Emergence patterns and seed persistence were investigated, with viable seeds sown at different depths in large in-ground pots. Seedlings of all species emerged between October and March when mean soil temperatures were 21-23C. However, E. colona emerged as a series of flushes predominantly in the first year, with most seedlings emerging from 0-2 cm. Urochloa panicoides emerged mostly as a single large flush in the first two years, with most seedlings emerging from 5 cm. Hibiscus trionum emerged as a series of flushes over three seasons, initially with majority from 5 cm and then 0-2 cm in the later seasons. Longevity of the grass seed was short, with <5% remaining after burial at 0-2 cm for 24 months. In contrast, 38% of H. trionum seeds remained viable after the same period. Persistence of all species increased significantly with burial depth. These data highlight that management strategies need to be tailored for each species, particularly relating to the need for monitoring, application times for control tactics, impact of tillage, and time needed to reduce the seed-bank to low numbers.

Valor nutritivo del pasto pangola (Digitaria decumbens stent.) vr. transvala a distintos niveles de fertilización y diversas edades de corte

Este estudio Se desarrolló en el periodo de julio a diciembre de 1990 en el Centro de Investigación Zootecnia “La Polvosa” de la UCA (Universidad Centroamericana), situada en el km 23 112 de la carretera nueva a León, depto. de Managua. El centro se ubica a una elevación de 40 msnrn a 1 2 grados 12 minutos, Latitud norte y 86 grados 22 minutos, longitud oeste registra temperaturas promedio anuales de 32 grados centígrados los y unos 8OO mm de precipitación media por año, por lo cual, es posible calificar su zona agroecológica como de trópico seco se evaluó la respuesta en términos de valor nutritivo del pasto Pangola (Digitaria decumbens Stent.) vr. Transvala, utilizándose un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar (BCA) con arreglo factorial, se estudió el efecto de dos factores (Niveles de fertilizantes-edades de cortes) con cuatro repeticiones, formándose un total de 16 tratamientos El ensayo contó con un área experimental total de 357.75 mt2 para la toma de muestras, se empleó el método del metro cuadrado realizándose en las parcelas un muestreo sin reemplazo para cada frecuencia en estudio. Previo al momento experimental, se efectúo una poda de control procediéndose después a aplicar de una sola vez los respectivos niveles de fertizante. El estudio estadístico contempló el uso del análisis de varianza (ANDEVA), se hizo una separción de medias por Tukey, y se midió la influencia porcentual (Individual y asociada) de 4 niveles de fertilizante (0, 50,100 y150 kg urea (46%N2) / mz) y 4 edades de corte (15, 30.. 45y 60 días), sobre nueve variables o componentes bromatológicos (MS, PB,FC, ELN, EE, EB (Kcal/ 100g), Cz, Ca y P). Todos los componentes bromatológicos evaluados excepto el EE.. presentaron una variación significativa (P<0.05), bajo el efecto de los factores en estudio. Los niveles de fertilizante influyeron ios valores de mayor mérito con la dosis •150 kg urea / rnz, observando la PB.. 9.76% ;el ELN, 56.54 y la EB,190.97 Kcal ,' 100 g. En tanto que los 50 kg1mz mostraron !os mayores índices en FC (28.88), EE (2.75) y Cz. (11.:39) las parcelas no fertilizadas brindaron los porcentajes más altos de MS (23.78) y Ca (0.60),y el nivel 100 kg/ mz El mejor en P (0.39) y el más bajo en FC (26.61). A su vez con O kg / mz_. Observaron sus níveles minimos la PB (6.91), el ELN (53.58). el valor energético (175.45 Kcal/ 100 g) y el P (O.28), y con 100 kg/ mz los menores en MS y Cz (25.08 y 10.38 respectivamente), a. los 150kg/mz el EE (2.29) y el Ca (0.49), rindieron sus índices más bajos. En cuanto a la frecuencia de corte, la edad 15 días presentó los máximos contenidos en PH (11.95), ELN (56.45),EB (202.40 Kcal/ 100g), EE (2.65) y el mínimo en FC (27.09). Observando el corte a los 60 días, las mayores proporciones en MS (30.91) Cz (12.43) )'Ca (0.58),en tanto que con 30 y 45 días se dieron los más altos valores de P (0.34) FC (28.55) respectivamente los índices más bajos de PB (6.48),ELN (52.63), Ca (0.47)y P (0.30), se obtuvieron a los 45 días de madurez mientras que la MS (22.88) y la Cz (9.56),alcanzaron sus valores más pequeños con 15 días de corte a los 60 días, la EB (175. 42 Kcal ./ 100g) y el EE (2.20) respondieron con sus por cientos más bajos. Para los tratamientos resultantes de la combinación de un nivel de fertilizante y una edad de corte, la interacción 50 kg/mz-60 días reportó el mayor contenido en MS (32.72), sobresaliendo el tratamiento 150 kg / mz-15 días al presentar los valores más altos en EB (214.39 Kcal/100g), PB (14.30) y ELN (59.02), aunque la combinación 50 kg/mz-30 días brindó igual valor en ELN y el máximo en Cz (13.10) con aplicaciones de 100 kg/mz y frecuencia de 15 días se obtuvieron los menores índices en FC (24.82) y Cz (9.37). Consiguiéndose en O kg / mz-15 días el valor más alto en Ca (0.76) y el menor en P (0.22), observando la MS su índice más bajo (18.37) con el tratamiento 100 kg / mz-15 días. Finalmente, en las interacciones que incluyen la frecuencia 45 días, se encontró que las parcelas no fertilizadas presentaron los menores contenidos en PB (5.02), ELN (48.95) y EB (165.44 Kcal/ 1oo g). en cambio al aplicar 100 kg /rnz, se obtuvieron (para la misma interacción) los valores más bajos en EE (1.72), Ca (0.43) y el mayor en P (0.44),en tanto los niveles 50 y 150 kg / mz influyeron los índices más altos en EE (3.85) y FC (30.75) respectivamente.

Laurendecumallenes A-B and laurendecumenynes A-B, halogenated nonterpenoid C-15-Acetogenins from the marine red alga Laurencia decumbens

Four new halogenated nonterpenoid C-15-acetogenins, 4:7,6:13-bisepoxy-9,10-diol-1,12-dibromopentadeca-1,2-diene (1, laurendecumallene A), 4:7,6:12-bisepoxy-9,10-diol-1,13-dibromopentadeca-1,2-diene (2, laurendecumallene 13), (3Z)-6:10,7:13-bisepoxy-12-bromo-9-hydroperoxylpentadeca-3-en-1-yne (3, laurendecumenyne A), and (3Z)-6:10,9:13-bisepoxy-12-bromo-7-chloropentadeca-3-en-1-yne (4, laurendecumenyne 13), together with one known halogenated C-15-acetogenin elatenyne (5) were isolated and identified from the organic extract of the marine red alga Laurencia decumbens. Their structures and relative stereochemistry were established by means of spectroscopic analysis including UV, IR, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), and ID and 2D NMR techniques. All these metabolites were submitted for the cytotoxic assay against tumor cell line A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma), but all of them were found inactive (IC50 > 10 mu g/mL).

Two new brominated diterpenes from Laurencia decumbens

Two new brominated diterpenes, namely, laurendecumtriol and 11-deacetylpinnaterpene C, were isolated and identified from the marine red alga Laurencia decumbens. Their structures were established on the basis of various NMR spectroscopic techniques and HR-ESI-MS analyses. (c) 2007 Bing Gui Wang. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Terpenes and polybromoindoles from the marine red alga Laurencia decumbens (Rhodomelaceae)

Two new brominated diterpenes, namely, laurendecumtriol (1) and 11-O-deacetylpinnaterpene C (2), one new polybromoindole, 2,3,4,6-tetrabromo-1-methyl-1H-indole (7), and six known natural products were isolated and identified from the marine red alga Laurencia decumbens. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic and mass-spectrometric analysis as well as by comparison with literature data. Based on 2D-NMR experiments, the previously reported NMR data for pinnaterpene C (3) were reassigned.

Adubação fosfatada para manutenção de pastagem de brachiaria decumbens no cerrado.

2001