Atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante de Licania rigida e Turnera ulmifolia

Introduction: Licania rigida Benth and Turnera ulmifolia Linn. var. elegans are species of semi-arid regional plants used in the treatment of various diseases. Objectives: The purpose of this study was chemically characterize the extracts and fractions and investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. Methods: For chemical analysis, were performed spectrophotometric quantification of the total phenolic and characterization of the extracts by chromatographic analysis. Evaluation of antioxidant activity was done by determining the radical scavenging capacity DPPH •. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar diffusion, broth microdilutionand time-kill assays. Results: The extracts and fractions L. rigid and T. ulmifolia showed a high phenolic content, the presence of flavonoids, which were determined as chemical markers. It was observed that the extracts of both species performed as sequestering agents in the trial of antioxidant activity in vitro. The L. rigida extract was the only active front strains of S. aureus 33591 (methicillin-resistant), S. aureus 29213, S. epidermidis 12228, and also against the yeast, Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida rugosa, Candida krusei eTrichosporon asahii. Conclusions: Based on these results it is possibly affirm the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of L. rigida and attributed the presence of polyphenolic flavonoid like responsible.

Agglutinins from marine macroalgae of the southeastern United States

Protein extracts from 22 species of marine macroalgae from Florida and North Carolina were compared for their abilities to agglutinate sheep and rabbit erythrocytes. Protein extracts from 21 algal species agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes compared to 19 for sheep erythrocytes. However, agglutination by brown algal extracts was variable. The agglutination produced by protein extracts from Dictyota dichotoma could be blocked by addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone. Protein extracts from North Carolina macroalgae were also tested against five bacterial species. Three of these agglutinated bacterial cells. Ulva curvata and Bryopsis plumosa agglutinated all five species. Protein extracts from five species of Florida algae were tested for their effects on mitogenesis in mouse splenocytes and human lymphocytes. Gracilaria tikvahiae HBOI Strain G-5, Ulva rigida and Gracilaria verrucosa HBOI Strain G-16S stimulated mitogenesis in mouse splenocytes, while Gracilaria tikvahiae HBOI Strain G-16stimulated mitogenesis in human lymphocytes.

Den anonyma seniorkonsumenten identifieras: Om identitetsskapande processer i en marknadsföringskontext

Marknadsföringen till äldre konsumenter har länge varit en grå zon. Konsumtionsvilja och penningstyrka är två sätt att beskriva dagens äldre konsument, och i avhandlingen bildar dessa omdömen och många andra beskrivningar fem diskurser som har benämnts senior, radikal, förlängd ungdom, hedonist och lyx och själfull och erfaren. Diskurserna baserar sig på analysen av intervjuer med reklambyråer och tidskrifter riktade till marknadsförare. Diskurserna är exempel på hur man bygger upp en identitet för den äldre konsumenten i marknadsföringens värld. Identiteterna erbjuder möjligheter till ett mångsidigare åldrande men de kan också skapa nya stereotyper. Resultaten i avhandlingen visar hur vår språkanvändning och vårt sätt att avbilda människor påverkar kategoriseringen och stereotypiseringen av dem. Avhandlingen erbjuder ett sätt att lära sig bemöta den äldre konsumenten, och egentligen vilken konsument som helst, med en så dynamisk uppfattning om denna som möjligt. Tidigare har marknadsförare främst utgått från konsumentens kronologiska ålder och diskussionen har kretsat kring när någon kan klassas som en äldre konsument. Att försöka bestämma när någon är gammal eller äldre utesluter det faktum att ålder skapas och återskapas i vårt sätt att tala om den. I denna skapelseprocess spelar marknadsförarens handlingar en viktig roll. Om ålder enbart ses som ett slags åldersgräns påtvingas vi färdiga kategorier och stereotyper som både stämplar och begränsar. Avhandlingen inför begreppet kulturell ålder där kulturens olika processer som skapar en åldersidentitet för konsumenten poängteras. Åldrande är en pågående, självuppfyllande process som ständigt omformas, definieras och förstärks av de bilder som finns runt omkring oss och sättet att tala om det (språk och representation). När vi känner till de ideologiska skiftningarna kan vi skapa en mera dynamisk kommunikation med konsumenten. Vi förstår också bättre vår roll vid uppkomsten av stereotyper och andra rigida konstruktioner. Avhandlingen har utnyttjat diskursanalytiska begrepp i kombination med ett kultursynsätt. Kombinationen kan utnyttjas då man analyserar sättet att konstruera identiteten hos olika konsumentgrupper i marknadernas olika dialoger. Därför borde man inte fråga ”Hur gammal är den äldre konsumenten?” utan ”Hur åldras konsumenten?”.

不同放牧率对不同草原主要植物叶片解剖结构和化学成分的影响

本文选取不同放牧率下的优势植物为研究对象，主要从植物解剖结构和化学成分方面，对内蒙古典型草原和北美混合普列里草原的放牧演替机制进行探讨，这将有助于进一步揭示放牧演替过程及其主要植物对放牧的适应机理。具体研究结果如下： 1. 长期不同放牧率的放牧（内蒙古典型草原区放牧15年和混合普列里草原放牧19年）对所有物种（IMGERS的羊草（Leymus chinensis）、冰草（Agropyron cristatum）、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）、扁蓿豆（Melissitus rutenica）、小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）、冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）和星毛委陵菜（Potentilla acaulis）和CGREC的Artemisia frgida ，Poa pratensis， Agropyron smithii，Solidago rigida， Helianthus rigidus和Symphoricarpos occidentalis）叶片的角质层厚度、表皮细胞面积、叶肉细胞面积、栅栏/海绵组织厚度、叶片厚度、中脉厚度均产生显著影响;放牧显著影响了两个研究区不同生活型功能群植物叶片的角质层厚度、表皮细胞面积、叶肉面积、栅栏/海绵组织和中脉厚度。内蒙古典型草原研究区草本植物功能群的叶片下角质层厚度、栅栏/海绵组织厚度显著大于灌木功能群，而美国混合普列里草原研究区，草本植物功能群的叶片下角质层厚度、表皮细胞面积、叶肉细胞面积、栅栏/海绵组织厚度、叶片厚度、中脉厚度均显著大于灌木功能群。 2. 内蒙古典型草原研究区放牧率显著影响了糙隐子草和小叶锦鸡儿的比叶面积（SLA）;在美国混合普列里草原研究区，放牧率显著影响了冷蒿SLA。但对生活型功能群的SLA影响不显著。 3. 内蒙古典型草原研究区放牧对物种叶片叶绿素含量、纤维素含量影响显著，放牧仅显著增加了扁蓿豆叶片的含氮量。美国混合普列里草原研究区物种叶片的全碳、干物质、酸性洗涤纤维、叶绿素a+b含量受放牧率的显著影响。两研究区放牧率对叶片叶绿素a+b含量影响显著。放牧率也显著影响了不同生活型功能群的全碳含量和叶绿素a+b含量。 4. 两研究区叶片表皮细胞面积和叶肉细胞面积无牧和重牧下显著正相关，表皮细胞面积和叶片厚度在轻牧下显著正相关，叶肉细胞面积和叶片厚度在无牧、中牧和重牧下显著正相关，比叶面积和叶绿素a+b含量在轻牧下显著正相关。扁蓿豆叶片的表皮细胞面积和叶肉细胞面积间存在显著的正相关，其全碳含量和叶绿素a+b含量间存在显著的正相关;Artemisia frgida叶片的角质层厚度和叶片厚度间显著正相关，Poa pratensis叶片的角质层厚度和表皮细胞面积间显著负相关，Solidago rigida叶片表皮细胞面积和光合速率显著正相关。Helianthus rigidus叶片叶肉细胞面积和叶片厚度显著负相关。

Ecology and settlement of marine fouling in the Suez Bay, Egypt

This study deals with seasonal variations, natural correlations and similarities of fouling assemblages on exposure panels in the Suez Bay during January 1992 to January 1993. Three main sources of pollutions flow into the bay; industrial waste products, domestic drainage of Suez city and ships' oil and refuse.The fouling assemblages on the test pan els after various periods (1, 2 and 3 months) belonged mainly to the algae (Ulva rigida), polychaetes (Hydroides elegans), Cirripedes (Balanus amphitrite) and amphipods. The fouling at the lst station was relatively more dense than at the 2nd station during the summer and autumn seasons. The lowest productivity was achieved at the 3rd station which was considered less polluted being offshore water. The overall paucity of fouling in the bay is because of the silt covering the submerged surfaces, particularly at the 2nd station, leading to the prevention of the settlements or establishment of fouling organisms. The seasonal changes in the intensity of fouling assemblages on submerged surfaces in seawater seems to be closely related to seasonal variations in water temperature. The great fouling communities on the buoys and long exposure panels showed a remarkable variety of species and density rather than on short term exposures, which were more dense during warmer months.

Ulva and Enteromorpha (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta) from two sides of the Yellow Sea: analysis of nuclear rDNA ITS and plastid rbcL sequence data

Ulvacean green seaweeds are common worldwide; they formed massive green tides in the Yellow Sea in recent years, which caused marine ecological problems as well as a social issue. We investigated two major genera of the Ulvaceae, Ulva and Enteromorpha, and collected the plastid rbcL and nuclear ITS sequences of specimens of the genera in two sides of the Yellow Sea and analyzed them. Phylogenetic trees of rbcL data show the occurrence of five species of Enteromorpha (E. compressa, E. flexuosa, E. intestinalis, E. linza and E. prolifera) and three species of Ulva (U. pertusa, U. rigida and U. ohnoi). However, we found U. ohnoi, which is known as a subtropical to tropical species, at two sites on Jeju Island, Korea. Four ribotypes in partial sequences of 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 from E. compressa were also found. Ribotype network analysis revealed that the common ribotype, occurring in China, Korea and Europe, is connected with ribotypes from Europe and China/Japan. Although samples of the same species were collected from both sides of the Yellow Sea, intraspecific genetic polymorphism of each species was low among samples collected worldwide.

Modelado de la dinámica y producción forestal de la Selva Pedemontana de Yungas, Argentina

Las Yungas representan el ecosistema de Selvas subtropicales de mayor extensión de la Argentina, constituyendo un área de gran biodiversidad y de recursos madereros. En ella la explotación forestal fue intensa debido a su relieve de pendiente suave, cercanía a centros urbanos y a la creciente demanda de productos madereros causando una gran fragmentación y comprometiendo su resiliencia. La sustentabilidad del manejo forestal se basa en el conocimiento de la composición florística, del crecimiento, la dinámica poblacional y la proyección en el tiempo de la evolución del bosque. Los objetivos planteados en esta tesis fueron determinar la composición y estructura forestal, definir las curvas de crecimientos, determinar las tasas de reclutamiento y mortalidad de las especies de valor, y proyectar la evolución de la Selva en distintas situaciones de manejo. Los parámetros estructurales muestran que las especies dominantes son Anadenanthera colubrina var cebil, Phyllostilon rhamnoides, Trichilia hieronymi, Parapiptadenia excelsa y Calycophyllum multiflorum. Las bajas tasas de incorporaciones y existencias de las especies de mayor valor, Cedrela balansae, Myroxylon peruiferum y Amburana cearensis, determinan su vulnerabilidad. La dinámica está determinada por la formación de claros que generan cambios en las condiciones de luz. Las variables que influyen sobre el crecimiento diamétrico son el tamaño del individuo, la posición sociológica y la densidad del rodal. Las especies de mayores crecimientos diamétricos son C. balansae, A. colubrina var. cebil, P. excelsa, Astronium urundeuva y M. peruiferum siendo el tiempo estimado en lograr sus diámetros mínimos de corta (DMC) de 50, 35, 60, 55 y 80 años respectivamente. La reducción de la densidad del rodal favorece los incrementos diamétricos de los individuos de las especies de valor forestal. La proyección del rodal demuestra que un aprovechamiento forestal realizado con las condiciones técnicas y DMC vigentes, la estructura, la dinámica y el volumen aprovechable no se recupera en un período de 25 años.

Modelado de la dinámica y producción forestal de la Selva Pedemontana de Yungas, Argentina

Las Yungas representan el ecosistema de Selvas subtropicales de mayor extensión de la Argentina, constituyendo un área de gran biodiversidad y de recursos madereros. En ella la explotación forestal fue intensa debido a su relieve de pendiente suave, cercanía a centros urbanos y a la creciente demanda de productos madereros causando una gran fragmentación y comprometiendo su resiliencia. La sustentabilidad del manejo forestal se basa en el conocimiento de la composición florística, del crecimiento, la dinámica poblacional y la proyección en el tiempo de la evolución del bosque. Los objetivos planteados en esta tesis fueron determinar la composición y estructura forestal, definir las curvas de crecimientos, determinar las tasas de reclutamiento y mortalidad de las especies de valor, y proyectar la evolución de la Selva en distintas situaciones de manejo. Los parámetros estructurales muestran que las especies dominantes son Anadenanthera colubrina var cebil, Phyllostilon rhamnoides, Trichilia hieronymi, Parapiptadenia excelsa y Calycophyllum multiflorum. Las bajas tasas de incorporaciones y existencias de las especies de mayor valor, Cedrela balansae, Myroxylon peruiferum y Amburana cearensis, determinan su vulnerabilidad. La dinámica está determinada por la formación de claros que generan cambios en las condiciones de luz. Las variables que influyen sobre el crecimiento diamétrico son el tamaño del individuo, la posición sociológica y la densidad del rodal. Las especies de mayores crecimientos diamétricos son C. balansae, A. colubrina var. cebil, P. excelsa, Astronium urundeuva y M. peruiferum siendo el tiempo estimado en lograr sus diámetros mínimos de corta (DMC)de 50, 35, 60, 55 y 80 años respectivamente. La reducción de la densidad del rodal favorece los incrementos diamétricos de los individuos de las especies de valor forestal. La proyección del rodal demuestra que un aprovechamiento forestal realizado con las condiciones técnicas y DMC vigentes, la estructura, la dinámica y el volumen aprovechable no se recupera en un período de 25 años.

La pol??tica educativa de la II Rep??blica espa??ola, a trav??s de la Revista de Pedagog??a (1931-1936)

Conocer los hechos educativos fundamentales acaecidos durante la II Rep??blica espa??ola a trav??s de la Revista de Pedagog??a. Este estudio pretende demostrar, que la Revista de Pedagog??a esta a favor del r??gimen republicano porque este representaba y defend??a en Espa??a las ideas de la libertad y del progreso, favoreciendo el acceso a la educaci??n a todos los espa??oles. El fundador de la Revista Don Lorenzo Luzurriaga entend??a pol??tica y educaci??n como una misma cosa pero enfocada desde planos y niveles diferentes. La educaci??n es considerada como motor de cambio, as?? como instrumento de progreso y defensa de la Rep??blica. Se habla de rep??blica como de la rep??blica de los maestros porque estos son los ??nicos que pueden hacerla real. La Revista de Pedagog??a defiende la escuela ??nica o unificada, entendiendo por esta el proceso cont??nuo desde la primaria hasta la universidad. La escuela p??blica es la pagada con los fondos p??blicos, rigida por el Estado, laica, promotora de la coeducaci??n en el aula y obligatoria en la ense??anza primaria. En su conjunto la revista aprueba la labor del primer bienio, aunque va a suceder todo lo contrario con el segundo bienio de la Rep??blica. Con las elecciones generales y el triunfo del frente popular se vuelve a tener el presentimiento de que la educaci??n p??blica mejorar??. Se aplaude la creaci??n de nuevas escuelas pero se es muy cr??tico con los equipamientos las escuelas y con el salario de los maestros que es r??diculo. Se demanda que se equiparen los maestros con funcionarios que desempe??an funciones t??cnicas del mismo nivel. Favorecen tambi??n la existencia de una inspecci??n m??s t??cnica y profesional. Crean las Misiones Pedag??gicas para llevar la cultura a las zonas m??s alejadas y pobres, llegando a crear 600 bibliotecas de las cuales 575 fueron destinadas a escuelas nacionales. Los postulados que se defienden est??n representados en Espa??a por la corriente pedag??gica de la Escuela Nueva, de la que la Revista es la protavoz. Se quiere que la preparaci??n del magisterio se acerque lo m??s posible a la universitaria. Se aplaude la creaci??n de la Secci??n de Pedagog??a de la Universidad de Madrid y Barcelona. Se considera que todos los maestros nacionales deben de serlo por concurso p??blico. Defienden la igualdad entre el profesorado del medio rural y urbano. En definitiva la Revista de Pedagog??a apoya y aprueba la Reforma Educativa de la II Rep??blica.

Apocynaceae sensun strictum from the Mucuge Municipal Park, Bahia, Brazil, including the valid publication of two names in Mandevilla Lindl.

Apocynaceae sensun strictum from the Mucuge Municipal Park, Bahia, Brazil, including the valid publication of two names in Mandevilla Lindl. The flora of Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae, which together form Apocynaceae s.s., from the Mucuge Municipal Park, Chapada Diamantina, State of Bahia, Brazil, is presented. Eight species and five genera were recognized. Mandevilla is the most diverse genus, With four species: M. scabra (Hoffmans. ex Roem. & Schult.) K. Schum., M. tenuifolia (J.C. Mikan) Woodson, M. bahiensis (Woodson) M.F. Sales & Kinoshita-Gouvea, and M.microphylla (Stadelm.) M.F. Sales & Kinoshita-Gouvea, the last two are a new status and a new combination, respectively, whose names are being validly published here. The four remaining genera are each represented by one species: Couma rigida Mull. Arg., Stipecoma peltigera (Stadelm.) Mull Arg,, Temnadenia violacea (Veil.) Miers, and Himatanthus bracteatus (A. DC.) Woodson. Identification key, descriptions, comments and illustrations are presented for every species.

Chemoselective screening for the reduction of a chiral functionalised (+/-)-2-(phenylthio)cyclohexanone by whole cells of Brazilian micro-organisms

The use of whole cells of micro-organisms to bring about the biotransformation of an organic compound offers a number of advantages, but problems caused by enzymatic Promiscuity may be encountered upon With Substrates hearing more than one functional group. A one-pot screening method, in which whole fungal cells were incubated with a Mixture of 4-rnethylcyclohexanone I and phenyl methyl Sulfide 2, has been employed to determine the chemoselectivity of various biocatalysts. The hyphomycetes, Aspergillus terreus CCT 3320 and A. terreus URM 3571, catalysed the oxidation of 2 accompanied by the reduction of I to 4-methylcyclohexanol 1a and, for strain A. terreus CCT 3320, the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 1. The Basidomycetes, Trametes versicolor CCB 202, Pycnoporus sanguineus CCB 501 and Trichaptum byssogenum CCB 203, catalysed the oxidation of 2 and the reduction 1, but no Baeyer-Villiger reaction products were detected. In contrast. Trametes rigida CCB 285 catalysed the biotransformation of 1 to 1a, exclusively, in the absence of any detectable Sulfide oxidation reactions. The chemoselective reduction Of (+/-)-2-(phenylthio)cyclohexanone 3 by T. rigida CCB 285 afforded exclusively the (+)-cis-(1R,2S) and (+)-trans-(1S,2S) diastereoisomers of 2-(phenylthio)cyclohexan-1-ol 3a in moderate yields (13% and 27%, respectively) and high enantiomeric excesses (>98%). Chemoselective screening for the reduction of a ketone and/or the oxidation Of a Sulfide group in one pot by whole cells of micro-organisms represents an attractive technique with applications in the development of synthesis of complex molecule hearing different functional groups. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Avaliação da atividade antimalárica e citotóxica de plantas medicinais dos Biomas Caatinga e Amazônico

Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to the usual antimalarials, as well as their adverse effects and high cost, has led to the search of new drugs against malaria. Several of these have been developed from medicinal plants based on ethnopharmacology, including the most widely used antimalarials today: quinine and artemisinin. In the present study schizonticide activity of extracts and fractions of a number of medicinal plants from the Caatinga and Amazon biomes were assessed based on ethnopharmacological and chemosystematic information. These included Ximenia americana, Maytenus rigida, Sideroxylon obtusifolium, Stryphnodendro coriaceum, Bowdichia virgiliodes, Schinopis brasiliensis and Picrolemma sprucei, the last, an Amazon species. Antimalarial tests of blood schizonticides were conducted in Swiss mice infected with P. berghei and in vitro against P. falciparum. In vitro cytotoxicity studies were carried out using HeLa, CHO, 3T3, Raw and HEPG2 cell lines. Except for X. americana, all species exhibited in vivo or in vitro antimalarial activity, inhibiting parasitic growth by up to 79%. Extracts exhibited moderate toxicity with dosedependent kinetics. In this sense, ethnopharmacological and chemosystematic approaches were shown to be useful and promising tools in the search of new drugs. These findings represent a significant contribution to scientific knowledge of the antimalarial potential of Brazilian flora, thereby opening perspectives for the development of new antimalarials

Capacidade antioxidante in vitro e avaliação da toxicidade aguda in vivo de extratos de folhas de Licania rígida Benth., Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch e Couepia impressa Prance (Chrysobalanaceae)

Licania rigida Benth., Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch, and Couepia impressa Prance (Chrysobalanaceae family) plants have long been used medicinally by the people from Northeastern Brazil. Crude extracts and infusions of these plants have been applied in the treatment of several conditions such as diabetes and rheumatism, degenerative diseases with involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the aqueous, ethanolic, and hydroethanolic leaves extracts antioxidant capacity of these species, using several in vitro assay systems (reducing power, DPPH● scavenging, the β-carotene linoleate model system and lipid peroxidation inhibition in rat brain homogenate, using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances - TBARS). The oral acute toxicity of aqueous extracts was also evaluated in vivo. Results revealed that these extracts possess a potent reducing power and DPPH scavenging ability, as well as the ability to prevent TBARS formation in rat brain homogenate in a concentration-dependent manner. Regarding in vivo oral acute toxicity of the aqueous species extracts, no toxic effects were observed upon evaluating physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters. The presence of high levels of phenolics and flavonoids was determined mainly in the ethanol extract. However, the C. impressa hydroethanolic extract, fractionated with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate for analysis by NMR 1H, showed more efficient results than the reference antioxidant Carduus marianus. The classes of organics compounds were determined were phenolics in the fraction of ethyl acetate and terpenes in chloroform and hexane fractions. The ethil acetate fraction had the highest content of flavonoids and increased scavenging capacity of DPPH●, possibly by the presence of phenolic compounds. Therefore, a detailed investigation of the phytochemical composition and in vivo study of the C. impressa hydroethanolic extract is suggested to characterize the active compounds of the species

A constituição de identidades de mulheres : práticas discursivas e relações de poder

This research investigates the discursive constitution of identities; in spe-cial, it aim to problematize women identities constitution, pointing discursive prac-tices and power relations which involve them. The interviewed subjects had been adult women who had resumed their school trajectory, after certain period without frequenting educational establishments. Aware of that those identities can be per-ceived through the observations of the discursive practices, we question: which discursive practices and power relations involve and constitute those women? Which identity positionings they take through the discursive practices and power relations that include them and that are identified in their stories? Which linguistic marks characterize, in the speech of those women, forms of resistance in the con-stitution of identities? We intend to investigate the constitution of woman identities in the contemporanity; pointing discursive practices and power relations which in-volve women that converge to their identity constitution; exploring in the linguistic materiality effects of senses that emanate of the discursive practices and power relations which involve the collaborators in the identity constitution in private and public spaces. Research corpus is composed by stories of life granted by three women, collected through semidirected interview between 2004 and 2005. To ana-lyze the data, we base in authors as Pêcheux (1993; 2002), Foucault (1979; 1988; etc.), Butler (2003), Scott (1992; 1995), Hall (2000; 2004; 2005), Bauman (1999; 2005), among others that problematize questions as discourse, identity, social gender, power and its interfaces. The life stories had allowed to analyze: the gen-der identity constitution from discursive practices and relations of forces lived in the familiar scenery; assumed identity positionings from discursive practices in globalized urban contexts; power positions in the domestic and extradomestic sphere and new identity positionings

Descrição da diversidade de fungos associados a formigas Attini por método independente de cultivo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)