Calcium-binding proteins in the circadian centers of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) brains

The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the thalamic intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) are considered to be the main centers of the mammalian circadian timing system. In primates, the IGL is included as part of the pregeniculate nucleus (PGN), a cell group located mediodorsally to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. This work was carried out to comparatively evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin D-28k (CB), parvalbumin (PV), and calretinin (CR) into the circadian brain districts of the common marmoset and the rock cavy. In both species, although no fibers, terminals or perikarya showed PV-immunoreaction (IR) into the SCN, CB-IR perikarya labeling was detected throughout the SCN rostrocaudal extent, Seeming to delimit its cytoarchitectonic borders. CR-IR perikarya and neuropil were noticed into the ventral and dorsal portions of the SCN, lacking immunoreactivity in the central core of the marmoset and filling the entire nucleus in the rockcavy. The PGN of the marmoset presented a significant number of CB-, PV-, and CR-IR perikarya throughout the nucleus. The IGL of the rocky cavy exhibited a prominent CB- and CR-IR neuropil, showing similarity to the pattern found in other rodents. By comparing with literature data from other mammals, the results of the present study suggest that CB, PV, and CR are differentially distributed into the SCN and IGL among species. They may act either in concert or in a complementary manner in the SCN and IGL, so as to participate in specific aspects of the circadian regulation. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Efeito in vitro das substâncias acumuladas na doença de Lesch-Nyhan sobre a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase em estriado de ratos

A doença de Lesch-Nyhan é um erro inato do metabolismo das purinas caracterizado pela deficiência na enzima hipoxantina- guanina fosforibosiltransferase. O bloqueio dessa reação resulta no acúmulo tecidual de hipoxantina, xantina e ácido úrico. A doença caracteriza-se por hiperuricemia, variado grau de retardo mental e motor, espasticidade e auto-mutilação. No sistema nervoso central, a Na+, K+ - ATPase é responsável pela manutenção da homeostase dos íons Na+ e K+, regulando o volume celular, a excitabilidade neuronal, o transporte de neurotransmissores e outras moléculas. Evidências na literatura demonstram que a redução na atividade da Na+, K+ - ATPase está relacionada com diversas doenças neurodegenerativas, tais como isquemia cerebral e doenças de Parkinson e de Alzheimer. No presente estudo, investigamos o efeito in vitro da hipoxantina, xantina e ácido úrico sobre a atividade da Na+, K+- ATPase em membrana plasmática sináptica de estriado de ratos. Estudamos, também, a cinética de inibição causada pela hipoxantina e de interação entre hipoxantina, xantina e ácido úrico. Nossos resultados demonstram que hipoxantina, xantina e ácido úrico inibem significativamente a atividade da Na+, K+- ATPase. O estudo dos mecanismos de inibição da atividade enzimática causados pela hipoxantina demonstrou um efeito inibitório não competitivo com o substrato ATP. Além disso, o estudo de interação cinética entre hipoxantina, xantina e ácido úrico sugere que esses compostos atuem em um mesmo sítio de ligação na enzima. Verificamos, também, o efeito da preincubação de homogeneizado de estriado de ratos na presença de hipoxantina (10 µM) sobre a atividade da Na+, K+- ATPase de membrana plasmática sináptica com a adição ou não de antioxidantes (glutationa e trolox), bem como alguns parâmetros de estresse oxidativo denominados TBARS (medida de lipoperoxidação) e TRAP (capacidade antioxidante tecidual não-enzimática) no intuito de verificar a participação do estresse oxidativo nos mecanismos de inibição enzimática provocados pela hipoxantina. Os resultados monstraram que a hipoxantina inibe significativamente a atividade da Na+, K+- ATPase. Adicionalmente, nossos resultados demonstraram que glutationa, mas não o trolox, na concentração de 1 mM, foi capaz de prevenir a inibição enzimática causada pela hipoxantina. Nossos resultados também mostraram que a hipoxantina, na mesma concentração, aumentou TBARS e diminuiu TRAP que essa substância induz o estresse oxidativo. É possível que a inibição na atividade da Na+, K+- ATPase possa estar envolvida nos mecanismos pelos quais as oxipurinas são neurotóxicas. Acreditamos que nossos resultados possam contribuir, pelo menos em parte, na compreensão da disfunção neurológica encontrada em pacientes portadores da doença de Lesch-Nyhan.

O papel do óxido nítrico nas alterações comportamentais eletroencefalográficas e neuroquímicas induzidas pelo metilmalonato em estriado de ratos

A acidemia metilmalônica é um erro inato do metabolismo caracterizado pelo acúmulo tecidual de ácido metilmalônico (MMA), dano oxidativo e alterações neurológicas, como degeneração estriatal e convulsões. Considerando que o óxido nítrico é um mensageiro químico trans-sináptico que está envolvido em diversos eventos fisiopatologógicos e seu papel na toxicidade induzida pelo MMA é pouco conhecido, nós decidimos investigar a participação deste radical livre nas alterações comportamentais e neuroquímicas induzidas pela administração intraestriatal de MMA. No primeiro trabalho, foi evidenciado que a administração intraestriatal de um inibidor não-seletivo da enzima óxido nítrico sintase, metil éster de Nϖ-nitro-L-arginina (LNAME: 10-4 - 100 nmol/0,5 μl), exerceu efeito bifásico nas convulsões e na carbonilação proteíca induzidas pela injeção de MMA (4,5 μmol/1,5 μl; 30 minutos após a injeção de L-NAME) no estriado de ratos. Estes resultados sugeriram um envolvimento do óxido nítrico nas convulsões e no dano oxidativo induzido pelo MMA. Em um segundo momento, confirmamos o envolvimento do óxido nítrico nas convulsões induzidas por MMA, uma vez que a injeção intraestriatal de MMA causou um aumento na concentração de nitrito e nitrato (NO2 e NO3) estriatal. Além disso, os episódios convulsivos induzidos por MMA apresentaram uma correlação significativa com a inibição da atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase no estriado injetado, mas não com os níveis de carbonilação protéica, um marcador de dano oxidativo protéico. Neste estudo também foi avaliado o efeito da administração intraestriatal do azul de metileno (AM; 0,015 a 1,5 nmol/ 0,5 μl), que possui atividade antioxidante e é um inibidor da guanilato ciclase, nas convulsões e dano oxidativo induzidos pelo MMA. O AM (1,5 nmol/0,5 μl) diminuiu a formação de NO2 e NO3 estriatal e preveniu as convulsões, a carbonilação protéica e a inibição da atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase induzidos pelo MMA. Esses dados sugerem que a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase pode ser de grande importância para a gênese das convulsões induzidas pelo MMA e que o AM exerce efeito neuroprotetor contra as alterações comportamentais e neuroquímicas induzidas pelo MMA. Além disso, se essas alterações ocorerem nos pacientes com acidemia metilmalônica, é possível propor que o AM poderia ser considerado como uma terapia adjuvante para o tratamento desta acidemia. O efeito da administração do 7-nitroindazol (7-NI; 3-60 mg/kg, i.p.), um inibidor da enzima NOSn, nas convulsões, carbonilação protéica, produção de NO2 e NO3 e na atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase após trinta minutos da administração intraestriatal de MMA (6 μmol/ 2 μl) também foi avaliado. O tratamento com 7-NI (60 mg/kg, i.p.) potencializou as convulsões, aumentou a carbonilação protéica e reduziu a produção de NO2 e NO3 induzidos pelo MMA, entretanto, este tratamento não alterou a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase. A adminstração intraestriatal de L-arginina (50 nmol/ 0.5 μl), mas não de D-arginina (5 and 50 nmol/ 0.5 μl), aumentou a produção de NO2 e NO3 e preveniu as convulsões, a carbonilação protéica e a inibição da atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase induzidos pelo MMA. Esses resultados sugerem que o óxido nítrico neuronal pode exercer um efeito protetor sobre as convulsões bem como nas alterações neuroquímicas evidenciadas neste modelo de acidemia orgânica. Concluindo, estes resultados ampliam o papel dos radicais livres nas alterações comportamentais e neuroquímicas induzidas pela administração intra-estriatal de MMA.

Anatomia comparada do lenho de Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) de floresta e cerradão

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Anatomia comparada do lenho em raiz e caule de Lippia salviifolia Cham. (Verbenaceae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

"O núcleo supraquiasmático e o folheto intergeniculado do mocó (Kerodon rupestris): Projeções retinianas e caracterização imuno-histoquímica

In this study, two circadian related centres, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) were evaluated in respect to their cytoarchitecture, retinal afferents and chemical content of major cells and axon terminals with a tract tracer and immunohistochemical techniques in the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), a Brazilian caviidae rodent species. The rock cavy SCN is innervated in its ventral portion by terminals from the predominantly contralateral retina. It also contains neurophisin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive cell bodies and neuropeptide Y and enkephalin immunopositive fibres and terminals and is marked by intense GFAP immunoreactivity. The IGL receives a predominantly contralateral retinal projection, contains neuropeptide Y and nitric oxide synthase producing neurons and enkephalin immunopositive terminals and is characterized by dense GFAP immunoreactivity. This is the first report examining the neural circadian system in a crepuscular rodent species for which circadian properties have been described. The results are discussed comparing with what has been described for other species and in the context of the functional significance of these centres

Centros subcorticais dos sistemas visual primário e óptico acessório no mocó (kerodon rupestris): caracterização pela projeção retiniana e citoarquitetura.

The primary and accessory optic systems comprise two set of retinorecipient neural clusters. In this study, these visual related centers in the rock cavy were evaluated by using the retinal innervations pattern and Nissl staining cytoarchigtecture. After unilateral intraocular injection of cholera toxin B subunit and immunohistochemical reaction of coronal and sagittal sections from the diencephalon and midbrain region of rock cavy. Three subcortical centres of primary visual system were identified, superior colliculus, lateral geniculate complex and pretectal complex. The lateral geniculate complex is formed by a series of nuclei receiving direct visual information from the retina, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. The pretectal complex is formed by series of pretectal nuclei, medial pretectal nucleus, olivary pretectal nucleus, posterior pretectal nucleus, nucleus of the optic tract and anterior pretectal nucleus. In the accessory optic system, retinal terminals were observed in the dorsal terminal, lateral terminal and medial terminal nuclei as well as in the interstitial nucleus of the superior fasciculus, posterior fibres. All retinorecipient nuclei received bilateral input, with a contralateral predominance. This is the first study of this nature in the rock cavy and the results are compared with the data obtained for other species. The investigation represents a contribution to the knowledge regarding the organization of visual optic systems in relation to the biology of species.

Aspectos anatômicos do olho e neuroquímicos da retina do mocó (Kerodon rupestris)

The visual system is an important link between the animal and the environment, com profound influences on the habits and lifestyle in various habitats. Adaptive mechanismsto the temporal niche are present in the visual system of many vertebrates, involving changins in ocular dimensios and design, retinal cell distribution and organization of neurochemical circuits related to the retinal resolution or sensitivity. The sensory system of the eye is represented by the retina, whose organization is responsible by receipty, initial analysis, and transmission of the information to the brain. The knowledge of the position of the eyes in the head and the distribution of retinal cells allow to identify adaptive aspects of each species to its visual field, which is characteristic to the ecological niche it occupies. In this research, we study eye anatomical characteristics and retina neurochemical features of the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), a tipical Brazilian rodent from the suborder Hystricomorpha, family Caviidae. The rock cavy has lateral eyes well constitute bony orbit and well differentiated extrinsic muscle. The study of the descriptive and morphometric anatomy of the showed mean values of axial diameter 10.7±0,5mm and equatorial diameter 11.6±0.7mm. The pupil is slit shaped and the lens has mean axial diameter 5.4±0.03 mm, corresponding to ~45% of the axial diameter of the eye. The posterior nodal distance and the retinal magnification factor were estimated at 6.74 mm e 118 μm/grau, respectively. Flat mounts were processed for Nissl stain, and the topographic distribution of ganglion cells showed a moderate visual band, just below the optic disc, with higher density in the ventral retina. Retinal vertical sections and flat mounts were processed for immunohistochemistry to visualize tyrosine hydroxilase (TH) and thus two types of TH+ cells were detected. Type 1 cells had strong TH-immunoreactivity, the body cell varied from 120.047 to 269.373 μm2 stratifying in the sublamina 1 of the IPL. Type 2 cells were weakly TH-imunoreactive, had cell body located mostly in the IPL, varying from 54.848 to 177.142 μm2, constituting ~10% of the TH+ cells. Both cell types exhibited similar topographic distribution with higher density found in a horizontal band along of the naso-temporal axis in the dorsal retina. The total population of dopaminergic cells was 2,156±469,4 cells, occupying an average area of 198,164 μm2. The presence of cones and rods was detected by immunohistochemistry in vertical sections and flat mounts. S cones density is around 10 times smaller than L cones, with different degree of spatial organization. Other retinal neuronal populations of the rock cavy were also detected in vertical sections with specific markers. Comparative analysis of the anatomical characteristics of the rock cavy eye 12 suggest that it was designed to acquire higher sensitivity to light, at expense of image sharpness, compatible with a vision at mesopic conditions. Additionally, the distribution of the 2 subtypes of dopaminergic cells in a naso-temporal band in the dorsal retina seems suitable to a gain in sensitivity, coherent with an animal with predominantly crepuscular activity pattern

Caracterização do ritmo de atividade/repouso do Mocó (Kerodon Rupestris) em fotoperíodo artificial

Kerodon rupestris (rock cavy, mocó) is an endemic caviidae of Brazilian northeast that inhabits rocky places in the semi arid region. The aim of this study was to characterize the activity/rest rhythm of the rock cavy under 12:12 h LD cycle and continuous light. In the first stage, seven animals were submitted to two light intensities (LD; 250:0 lux and 400:0 lux; 40 days each intensity). In the second stage four males were kept for 40 days in LD (470:<1 lux), for 18 days in LL 470 lux (LL470) and for 23 days in red dim light below 1 lux (LL<1). In the third stage three males were initially kept in LD 12:12 h (450:<1 lux) and after that in LL with gradual increase in light intensity each 21 days (<1 lux LL<1; 10 lux-LL10; 160 lux LL160; 450 lux LL450). In the fourth stage it was analyzed the motor activity of 16 animals in the first 10 days in LD. Motor activity was continuously recorded by passive infrared movement sensors connected to a computer and totaled in 5 min bins. The activity showed circadian and ultradian rhythms and activity peaks at phase transitions. The activity and the rest occurred in the light as well as in the dark phase, with activity mean greater in the light phase for most of the animals. The light intensity influenced the activity/rest rhythm in the first three stages and in the first stage the activity in 400 lux increased in four animals and decreases in two. In the second stage, the tau for 3 animals in LL470 was greater than 24 h; in LL<1 it was greater than 24 h for one and lower for two. In the third stage the tau decreased with the light intensity increase for animal 8. During the first days in the experimental room, the animals did not synchronize to the LD cycle with activity and rest occurring in both phases. The results indicate that the activity/rest rhythm of Kerodon rupestris can be affected by light intensity and that the synchronization to the LD cycle results from entrainment as well as masking probably as a consequence of the action of two or more oscillators with low coupling strength

O trato retino-hipotalâmico no mocó (Kerodon rupestris): Um estudo de traçado anterógrado com a subunidade b da toxina colérica

The light, besides the vision stimuli, controls other process completely independent of image formation, such as the synchronization of the organismic circadian rhythms to the enviromental light/dark cycle. In mammals, this adjust occurs through the retinohypothalamic tract, a direct retinal projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, considered to be the major circadian pacemaker. Early studies have identified only the suprachiasmatic nucleus as a retinal target in the hypothalamus. However, using more sensitive neuroanatomic tracers, other retinorecipient hypothalamic regions outside to suprachiasmatic nucleus were pointed in a great number of mammalian species. In this study, the retinohypothalamic tract was shown in the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), an endemic rodent of the semiarid region of the Brazilian Northeast, using unilateral intravitreal injections of cholera toxin subunit b as a neuronal tracer. The results reveal that in the rock cavy, besides the suprachiasmatic nucleus, several hypothalamic regions receive direct retinal projection, such as the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, medial and lateral preoptic areas, the supraoptic nucleus and bordering areas, anterior, lateral and rectrochiasmatic hypothalamic areas, and the subparaventricular zone. The results are discussed by comparing with those of the literature, into a functional context

Delimitação dos grupamentos serotoninérgicos/núcleos da rafe do mocó (kerodon rupestris): citoarquitetura e imunoistoquímica para serotonina

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a substance found in many tissues of the body, including as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system, in which may exert varied post-synaptic actions. Inside the neuro-axis, the location of 5-HT neurons is almost restricted to the raphe nuclei of the brainstem, such that 5-HT-immunoreactivity can be considered a marker of the raphe nuclei. The raphe nuclei are located in the brainstem, at or near the midline. The serotonergic groups were originally alphanumerically classified as B1 to B9 towards caudorrostral in rats and can be divided into upper and lower groups. In this study the distribution of serotonergic neurons was studied using immunohistochemistry in the brain of the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), a species of rodent endemic to Northeastern Brazil. The cytoarchitectonic location of serotonergic neurons was established in series of adjacent coronal and sagittal sections stained by the Nissl method and immunohistochemistry for 5-HT. Thus, we defined the raphe rostral linear, caudal linear, dorsal, median, and paramedian pontine raphe nuclei, and B9 cluster, constituting the rostral group, and the interpositus, magnus, obscure and palidus, constituting the caudal part of the group, comparable to which has been described for other mammalian species

Os núcleos dopaminérgicos do mesencéfalo do mocó (kerodon rupestris): caracterização citoarquitetônica e por imunoistoquímica para tirosina-hidroxilase

The 3-hydroxytyramine/dopamine (DA) is a monoamine of catecholamineric group and consists in the progenitor substantia of synthesis of noradrenaline and adrenaline, having the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase as a regulator of this process. Nuclei of midbrain expressing DA are the retrorubral field (RRF, A8 group), the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc, A9 group) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA, A10 group). These nuclei are involved in three complex circuitry called mesostriatal, mesocortical and mesolimbic, which are related directly with various behavioral manifestations such as motor control, reward signaling in behavioural learning, motivation and pathological manifestations of Parkinson s disease and schizophrenia. The aim of this study was describe the morphology of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (A8, A9 and A10) of the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), a rodent belonging to the family Caviidae typical of the Brazilian Northeast, which is being adopted as a model for neuroanatomical studies in laboratory of neuroanatomy of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. Coronal sections of brains of the rock cavies were submitted to staining by Nissl s method and immunohistochemistry against tyrosine hydroxylase. The nuclear organization of the midbrain dopaminergic nuclei of the rock cavy is very similar to that found in other animals of the order Rodentia, except by the presence of the tail of substantia nigra, which was found only in the studied species. We concluded that the midbrain dopaminergic nuclei are phylogenetically stable among species, but we think to be it necessary to expand the studies about the particularity found the rock cavy, investigating its occurrence in other species of rodents or investigating its functional relevance

Padrão de distribuição e caracterização morfológica de fibras serotonérgicas nos núcleos da linha Média/ intralaminares do tálamo do mocó (Kerodon rupestris)

The midline/intralaminar nuclei form a remarkable group of nuclei of the medial and dorsal thalamus. The midline nuclei, in rats, comprises the paratenial nuclei (PT), paraventricular (PV), intermediodorsal (IMD), reuniens (Re) and rhomboid (Rh). The intralaminar nuclei comprises the central medial (CM), paracentral (PC), central lateral (CL) and parafascicular (PF). Such nuclei have dense serotonergic innervation originating from the brainstem, especially from the so-called ascending activation system. These nuclei, in turn, send projections to various cortical and subcortical areas, specifically to limbic areas, which suggests the important role of this neurotransmitter in the limbic circuitry. The aim of this study was to characterize the distribution pattern and morphology of serotonin fibers in the nuclei of the midline and intralaminar thalamic of rocky cavy (Kerodon rupestris), a tipical rodent from brazilizan northeast. To reach this aim we used four rock cavies adults. Following the transcardially perfusion with paraformaldehyde and brain microtomy steps was performed immunohistochemistry for serotonin (5-HT), Nissl technique and subsequent achievement and image analysis to characterize the cytoarchitecture of these nuclei and the serotonergic fibers visualized. An analysis was made of Relative Optical Density (ROD) to semi-quantify the concentration of serotonin fibers in the areas of interest. Thus, we observed a cytoarchitectonic arrangement of these nuclei similar to that found in rats. In case of fibers distribution, those immunoreactive to 5-HT were presented in a higher concentration according as ROD in the midline nuclei relative to intralaminar; Re being the core which has a higher pixel value followed by the PV , Rh, IMD and PT. In intralaminar CL showed higher pixels, followed by nuclei CM, PC and PF. The serotonergic fibers were classified as number of varicosities and axon diameter, therefore find three types of fibers distributed through this nuclear complex: fibers rugous, granular and semi-granular. In PV fibers predominated rugous; in PT fibers predominated granular; IMD, CL and PF fibers were represented by semi-granular and Re, Rh, PC and CM fibers showed granular and semi-granular. Morphological characterization of serotonergic fibers and differences in density between the nuclei may suggest different patterns of synaptic organization of this neurotransmitter beyond confirming his large repertoire functional