Substituição parcial do farelo de soja pela farinha de carne e ossos em dietas para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Caldo de cana desidratado na ração de codornas de corte

In order to evaluate the effect of levels of dehydrated cane juice sugar (DCJS) (0.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5%) in the diet of European quail (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) on performance on performance, carcass characteristics and economical at 22 days of age indices, 192 quails cutting, were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates of eight birds each There was no significant difference to the performance of quail in any of the periods. Quadratic effects of levels of DCJS on carcass weight (y = 173.71 + 4.2767x – 1.2644x², R² = 0.99), thigh-thigh more about (y = 36,055 + 1,1263x – 0,2256x², R² = 0.91) and abdominal fat (y = 3,3295 - + 0.8903x 0,19x2, R ² = 0,97) where the optimum levels were estimated 1,69; 2.50 and 2.34%, respectively. There was a linear effect descending of DCJS levels on weight breast with skin (y = 66.267 – 0.5653x, R² = 0.83) and without skin (y = 60.286 – 0.7193x, R² = 0.58). In economic analysis, one can observe higher profit to the producer with the use of conventional feed. However, between the levels of inclusion of sugar cane juice is observed that the level of 1.5% DCJS obtained the best results in economic analysis, obtaining only a difference of relative gross margin of 0.47% compared to conventional. It is recommended 1.69 and 2.50% DCJS for higher carcass, thigh + drumstick weight and lower percentage of abdominal fat quails, respectively.

Avaliação das características de carcaça e perfil dos ácidos graxos em suínos na fase de terminação, alimentados com dietas contendo farelo de bagaço de caju

Provide healthier meat to consumers of pig farmers has required an adjustment of nutrition and feed management. Nutrition is a primary factor in defining the qualitative aspects of pork, because through it we can modify the fatty acid profile. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of adding bran bagasse cashew (FBC) in diets for finishing pigs, on carcass traits and meat quality. 20 crossbred barrows with an average initial weight of 57.93 ± 3.67 kg / BW were used Diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal containing vegetable oil, commercial core and different levels of inclusion of the bran bagasse cashew ( 0.0, 7.5 % , 15.0 % , 22.5 % and 30.0 % ) . The experimental design was a randomized block with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Quantitative, qualitative, fatty acid profile of the longissimus muscle and fat area parameters were evaluated. It was observed that with the inclusion of FBC, the parameters of carcass yield, backfat thickness, fat area had a negative linear effect relationship and meat / fat positive effect. Regarding the profile of fatty acids in fat area, the content of linoleic fatty acid level of 30 % of FBC was 18.2 % higher ( P < 0.05 ) at the level of 0.0 % and the arachidonic level of 22.5 % was higher than 33.3 % and 37.5 % at levels of 0.0 % and 15.0 % ( FBC ) respectively. It is concluded that finishing pigs may be food diets containing up to 30 % of FBC, improving the quality of housing for lower fat deposition and modification in the fatty acid profile.

Farelo do bagaço de caju na restrição alimentar qualitativa para suínos em terminação

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the use of cashew bagasse bran (CBB) as food ingredient in qualitative feed restriction programs on the carcass traits, meat quality, organs weight and intestinal morphometry of barrows and gilts. Twenty – four crossbred pigs were used (12 barrows and 12 gilts) with an average initial body weight of 57.93 ± 3.67 kg/LW. The experimental designs was in randomized blocks 3x2 factorial arrangement with three level (0%, 15% e 30% CBB), two genders (barrows and gilts) and four repetition. A total of twenty-four instalments. The treatments were composed of basal diet (BD) formulated with corn, soybean meal and commercial base mix for finishing pigs, being containing different levels of CBB. At the end of the trial period the animals were slaughtered for the evaluation of the meat quality, traits carcass, Absolute Weight (AW) and Relative Weight (RW) of the organs and morphometric study of small intestine fragment. The inclusion of (CBB) in the diets did not affect the traits carcass of gilts, but interfered in the traits carcass of the barrow positively, increasing the yield of meat into cold carcass and reducing the thickness of subcutaneous fat, without affecting the fatty acid profile. However, we observed increased weight of organs and partial volume of absortiva mucosa of gilts. In the comparison between sex was observed a greater liver weight (AW) and (RW), and surface density of absortiva mucosa of barrow. The use of CBB was considered as ingredient to be used in programs of qualitative feed restriction for finishing pigs.

Farelo do bagaço de caju na restrição alimentar qualitativa para suínos em terminação

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the use of cashew bagasse bran (CBB) as food ingredient in qualitative feed restriction programs on the carcass traits, meat quality, organs weight and intestinal morphometry of barrows and gilts. Twenty – four crossbred pigs were used (12 barrows and 12 gilts) with an average initial body weight of 57.93 ± 3.67 kg/LW. The experimental designs was in randomized blocks 3x2 factorial arrangement with three level (0%, 15% e 30% CBB), two genders (barrows and gilts) and four repetition. A total of twenty-four instalments. The treatments were composed of basal diet (BD) formulated with corn, soybean meal and commercial base mix for finishing pigs, being containing different levels of CBB. At the end of the trial period the animals were slaughtered for the evaluation of the meat quality, traits carcass, Absolute Weight (AW) and Relative Weight (RW) of the organs and morphometric study of small intestine fragment. The inclusion of (CBB) in the diets did not affect the traits carcass of gilts, but interfered in the traits carcass of the barrow positively, increasing the yield of meat into cold carcass and reducing the thickness of subcutaneous fat, without affecting the fatty acid profile. However, we observed increased weight of organs and partial volume of absortiva mucosa of gilts. In the comparison between sex was observed a greater liver weight (AW) and (RW), and surface density of absortiva mucosa of barrow. The use of CBB was considered as ingredient to be used in programs of qualitative feed restriction for finishing pigs.

Efeito do consumo de farinha de linhaça (Linum usitatissimum) no crescimento de ratos Wistar e relação com a digestibilidade de globulinas e fatores antinutricionais protéicos

Linseed is an important oilseed consumed raw as nutritional supplement, that although represents a rich source of nutrients, its nutritional value could be impaired due to the presence of antinutritional factors. In this study, protein fractions from raw linseed flour were extracted and isolated being obtained 12% of albumins, 82% of globulins, 5% of glutelins and 1% of prolamins. These proteins were visualized by SDS-PAGE and albumins showed low molecular mass protein bands around 21 kDa and minor bands, similar to that of trypsin inhibitor; Globulins presented protein bands with high molecular masses, which possibly are constituents of multimeric proteins, such as legumins. After determination of the centesimal composition of raw linseed, it was used as exclusive protein source for young rats to evaluate its effect on animal growth. The results showed negative effects on rat growth (weight gain 73% less than the control group) and reduction of intestinal villus (35%), that could be related with in vitro and in vivo globulin digestibility and proteinaceous antinutritional factors (mammalian digestive enzymes inhibitors and lectins) in albumin fraction. Native globulins showed, by SDS-PAGE, low susceptibility in vitro to trypsin and chymotrypsin, however presented high degradation by pancreatin. Thermal treatment of globulins for 5 and 15 minutes at 100ºC improved considerably its digestibility by trypsin and pancreatin. Globulins presented 93.2% in vivo digestibility, similar to the control protein. Albumin fraction had high trypsin inhibition activity (100%) and chymotrypsin inhibition of 28.3%; haemagglutinating activity was not detected. The results of this study indicate the negative action of trypsin inhibitors on animal growth, but can not be discarded its combined action with other antinutritional factors, which could compromise the raw linseed utilization as an alternative food

Efeito do consumo de farinha de linhaça (Linum usitatissimum) no crescimento de ratos Wistar e relação com a digestibilidade de globulinas e fatores antinutricionais protéicos

Linseed is an important oilseed consumed raw as nutritional supplement, that although represents a rich source of nutrients, its nutritional value could be impaired due to the presence of antinutritional factors. In this study, protein fractions from raw linseed flour were extracted and isolated being obtained 12% of albumins, 82% of globulins, 5% of glutelins and 1% of prolamins. These proteins were visualized by SDS-PAGE and albumins showed low molecular mass protein bands around 21 kDa and minor bands, similar to that of trypsin inhibitor; Globulins presented protein bands with high molecular masses, which possibly are constituents of multimeric proteins, such as legumins. After determination of the centesimal composition of raw linseed, it was used as exclusive protein source for young rats to evaluate its effect on animal growth. The results showed negative effects on rat growth (weight gain 73% less than the control group) and reduction of intestinal villus (35%), that could be related with in vitro and in vivo globulin digestibility and proteinaceous antinutritional factors (mammalian digestive enzymes inhibitors and lectins) in albumin fraction. Native globulins showed, by SDS-PAGE, low susceptibility in vitro to trypsin and chymotrypsin, however presented high degradation by pancreatin. Thermal treatment of globulins for 5 and 15 minutes at 100ºC improved considerably its digestibility by trypsin and pancreatin. Globulins presented 93.2% in vivo digestibility, similar to the control protein. Albumin fraction had high trypsin inhibition activity (100%) and chymotrypsin inhibition of 28.3%; haemagglutinating activity was not detected. The results of this study indicate the negative action of trypsin inhibitors on animal growth, but can not be discarded its combined action with other antinutritional factors, which could compromise the raw linseed utilization as an alternative food

Comportamento ingestivo de ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo sementes de urucum.

Resumo: Avaliaram-se os efeitos da inclusão dietética das sementes de urucum substituindo alimentos concentrados (milho e farelo de soja) e volumoso (feno de pasto nativo da caatinga) sobre o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos. Foram utilizados vinte ovinos machos, castrados, sem padrão racial definido (SPRD) distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos representados pelos níveis de inclusão das sementes de urucum (0%; 10%; 23%; 35% na matéria seca), com cinco animais por tratamento. Os animais foram submetidos à observação visual para avaliação do comportamento ingestivo, foram observados a cada cinco minutos, durante 24 horas, para determinação do tempo despendido em alimentação, ruminação e ócio. Avaliaram-se os eventos comportamentais dos ovinos: tempo de alimentação (TAL), ruminação (TRUM) e ócio (TÓCIO). Determinou-se também a mastigação merícica dos ovinos, estimando-se o número de mastigações e a quantidade de bolos ruminados por unidade de tempo, além do número médio de defecação e micção, e frequência de ingestão de água. Os dados foram analisados pelo software SAS®, tendo sido realizada a comparação das médias pelo teste Tuckey, análise dos contrastes polinomiais e ortogonais para os dados que apresentaram significância. A inclusão de sementes de urucum não influenciou os parâmetros de comportamento ingestivo e nem os padrões nictmerais (P<0,05). A substituição da fibra proveniente do feno de pasto nativo pela fibra das sementes de urucum trouxe vantagens especialmente pela melhoria das eficiências de alimentação e de ruminação. [Ingestive behavior of sheeps fed with diets containing anatto seeds]. Abstract: Evaluated the effect of dietary inclusion of annatto seeds replacing concentrate feed (corn and soybean meal) and roughage (hay of native pasture from Caatinga) on feeding behavior of sheep. Twenty male undefined breed sheep and castrated were distributed in a completely randomized design into four treatments (five animals per treatment), with the inclusion of annatto seeds in the diets at levels of 0%, 10%, 23% and 35%, in dry matter basis. The animals were submitted to visual observation in order to acess their ingestive behavior, were observed every five minutes, during 24 hours, to determine time spent on feeding, rumination and idleness. The behavioral events of the sheeps evaluated were time for feeding (TAL), time for rumination (TRUM) and time of idleness (TOCIO). The ruminating chews of the sheeps was determined, thus estimating the number of chews and quantity of ruminated boli per unit of time, the average number of defecation and urination, and frequency of water intake were also determined Data were analyzed using SAS® software and the Tukey test to comparison of means. Polynomial and orthogonal contrasts were made for data that showed significance. The inclusion of annatto seeds did not influence the parameters of feeding behavior and neither nictemerals patterns. The replacement of fiber

Uso da espectroscopia de reflectância do infravermelho próximo (NIRS) para previsão da composição bromatológica de vagens de algaroba e palma forrageira.

Espécies forrageiras adaptadas às condições semiáridas são uma alternativa para reduzir os impactos negativos na cadeia produtiva de ruminantes da região Nordeste brasileira devido à sazonalidade na oferta de forragem, além de reduzir custo com o fornecimento de alimentos concentrados. Dentre as espécies, a vagem de algaroba (Prosopis juliflora SW D.C.) e palma forrageira (Opuntia e Nopalea) ganham destaque por tolerarem o déficit hídrico e produzirem em períodos onde a oferta de forragem está reduzida, além de apresentam bom valor nutricional e serem bem aceitas pelos animais. Porém, devido à variação na sua composição, seu uso na alimentação animal exige o conhecimento profundo da sua composição para a elaboração de dietas balanceadas. No entanto, devido ao custo e tempo para análise, os produtores não fazem uso da prática de análise da composição químico-bromatológica dos alimentos. Por isto, a espectroscopia de reflectância no infravermelho próximo (NIRS) representa uma importante alternativa aos métodos tradicionais. Objetivou-se com este estudo desenvolver e validar modelos de predição da composição bromatológica de vagem de algaroba e palma forrageira baseados em espectroscopia NIRS, escaneadas em dois modelos de equipamentos e com diferentes processamentos da amostra. Foram coletadas amostras de vagem de algaroba nos estados do Ceará, Bahia, Paraíba e Pernambuco, e amostras de palma forrageira nos estados do Ceará, Paraíba e Pernambuco, frescas (in natura) ou pré-secas e moídas. Para obtenção dos espectros utilizaram-se dois equipamentos NIR, Perten DA 7250 e FOSS 5000. Inicialmente os alimentos foram escaneados in natura em aparelho do modelo Perten, e, com o auxílio do software The Unscrambler 10.2 foi selecionado um grupo de amostras para o banco de calibração. As amostras selecionadas foram secas e moídas, e escaneadas novamente em equipamentos Perten e FOSS. Os valores dos parâmetros de referência foram obtidos por meio de metodologias tradicionalmente aplicadas em laboratório de nutrição animal para matéria seca (MS), matéria mineral (MM), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), estrato etéreo (EE), fibra solúvel em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra solúvel em detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose (HEM) e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). O desempenho dos modelos foi avaliado de acordo com os erros médios de calibração (RMSEC) e validação (RMSECV), coeficiente de determinação (R2 ) e da relação de desempenho de desvio dos modelos (RPD). A análise exploratória dos dados, por meio de tratamentos espectrais e análise de componentes principais (PCA), demonstraram que os bancos de dados eram similares entre si, dando segurança de desenvolver os modelos com todas as amostras selecionadas em um único modelo para cada alimento, algaroba e palma. Na avaliação dos resultados de referência, observou-se que a variação dos resultados para cada parâmetro corroboraram com os descritos na literatura. No desempenho dos modelos, aqueles desenvolvidos com pré-processamento da amostra (pré-secagem e moagem) se mostraram mais robustos do que aqueles construídos com amostras in natura. O aparelho NIRS Perten apresentou desempenho semelhante ao equipamento FOSS, apesar desse último cobrir uma faixa espectral maior e com intervalos de leituras menores. A técnica NIR, associada ao método de calibração multivariada de regressão por meio de quadrados mínimos (PLS), mostrou-se confiável para prever a composição químico-bromatológica de vagem de algaroba e da palma forrageira. Abstract: Forage species adapted to semi-arid conditions are an alternative to reduce the negative impacts in the feed supply for ruminants in the Brazilian Northeast region, due to seasonality in forage availability, as well as in the reducing of cost by providing concentrated feedstuffs. Among the species, mesquite pods (Prosopis juliflora SW DC) and spineless cactus (Opuntia and Nopalea) are highlighted for tolerating the drought and producion in periods where the forage is scarce, and have high nutritional value and also are well accepted by the animals. However, its use in animal diets requires a knowledge about its composition to prepare balanced diets. However, farmers usually do not use feed composition analysis, because their high cost and time-consuming. Thus, the Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy in the (NIRS) is an important alternative to traditional methods. The objective of this study to develop and validate predictive models of the chemical composition of mesquite pods and spineless cactus-based NIRS spectroscopy, scanned in two different spectrometers and sample processing. Mesquite pods samples were collected in the states of Ceará, Bahia, Paraiba and Pernambuco, and samples of forage cactus in the states of Ceará, Paraíba and Pernambuco. In order to obtain the spectra, it was used two NIR equipment: Perten DA 7250 and FOSS 5000. sSpectra of samples were initially obtained fresh (as received) using Perten instrument, and with The Unscrambler software 10.2, a group of subsamples was selected to model development, keeping out redundant ones. The selected samples were dried and ground, and scanned again in both Perten and FOSS instruments. The values of the reference analysis were obtained by methods traditionally applied in animal nutrition laboratory to dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), soluble neutral detergent fiber (NDF), soluble acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose ( HEM) and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DIVDM). The performance of the models was evaluated according to the Root Mean Square Error of Calibration (RMSEC) and cross-validation (RMSECV), coefficient of determination (R2 ) and the deviation of Ratio of performance Deviation of the models (RPD). Exploratory data analysis through spectral treatments and principal component analysis (PCA), showed that the databases were similar to each other, and may be treated asa single model for each feed - mesquite pods and cactus. Evaluating the reference results, it was observed that the variation were similar to those reported in the literature. Comparing the preprocessing of samples, the performance ofthose developed with preprocessing (dried and ground) of the sample were more robust than those built with fresh samples. The NIRS Perten device performance similar to FOSS equipment, although the latter cover a larger spectral range and with lower readings intervals. NIR technology associate do multivariate techniques is reliable to predict the bromatological composition of mesquite pods and cactus.

Las plantas, ¿fabrican sus propios alimentos? : hacia un modelo escolar alternativo sobre la nutrición de las plantas.

resumen ampliado del ofrecido por la publicación

Efecto de tres periodos de suministro de alimento de retiro en broilers en la Empresa Tip-Top industrial, S.A.

En el presente estudio se evaluaron tres periodos de alimento de retiro o acabado en broilers (o, 3, 6 y 9 días antes de la matanza) el cual contiene 3,225 kcal EM/kg de alimento y 19% de proteína, ajustándose a los requerimientos nutricionales recomendados por Arbor Acres Farm Inc., (1992), en especial a la proporción energia-proteina. La evaluación tuvo lugar en la Granja Buenos Aires propiedad de la Empresa Tip-Top Industrial, S.A., con una duración de 42 días, en donde se utilizaron 800 pollos de engorde sin sexar (mixtos) de la línea Peterson-Arbor Acres de un día de edad, dichos pollos fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en cuatro tratamientos: T1 suministro de alimento de retiro por nueve días), T2 suministro de alimento de retiro por seis días), T3, (Suministro de alimento de retiro por tres días) y T4 (testigo, con cero días de alimento de retiro), con cuatro repeticiones cada uno, distribuidos en un Diseño completamente al Azar sometidos a la prueba de rangos múltiples de Duncan. Las variables estudiadas fueron: consumo de alimento, peso vivo, ganancia de peso, conversión alimenticia, mortalidad vs viabilidad, rendimiento en la canal, análisis económico. No se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0.05) entre los tratamientos al final del ensayo para el consumo de alimento, conversión alimenticia y costo de alimento, pero no así ara peso vivo y ganancia de peso. El porcentaje de mortalidad acumulada total fue de 2.5% y los rendimientos de la canal fueron: (90.74)T1 (88.98)T2, (85.86)T3,y (90.31)T4, Se corolo que el periodo de suministro de alimento de retiro que permitió los mejores pesos vivos, ganancias de pesos y conversiones alimenticias fue el periodo de tres días (T3), sin embargo, obtuvo el mayor consumo total para generar un peso promedio en la canal de 3.34 lbs, además, presentó el mayor costo alimenticio entre los tratamientos experimentales (T1, T2, T3) y bajo rendimiento en la canal, contrario al T1 que aunque los parámetros productivos fueron menores que el T3 obtuvo el mayor rendimiento en la canal con un menor costo alimenticio. El alimento de retiro no ejerció efecto sobre las variables estudiadas lo que demuestra que dicho alimento pueda ser una alternativa viable para disminuir costo alimenticio.

Efectos de retirar los aditivos del alimento finalizador en broilers sobre los principales índices productivos

Con el objetivo de reducir los costos de alimentación en broilers se le retiró al alimento finalizador los aditivos más caros y se evaluaron los principales índices productivos. Durante un período de 42 días los pollos de engorde fueron evaluados en la granja avícola "Buenos Aires" propiedad de la empresa Tip-Top industrial S.A., se utilizaron 800 pollos de engorde de un día de edad de la estirpe Peterson x Arbor Acres (sin sexar), se realizó un DCA con cuatro tratamientos y cuatro réplicas cada uno y fueron sometidos a la prueba de Duncan para determinar la superioridad por tratamiento y a la vez se le efectúo Análisis de Costo por alimentación. Los pollos del TI (12 días), T2 (nueve días) y T3 (seis días) de retiro, consumieron al final del período de crianza 3.44, 3.44 y 3.47 kg, mientras que para T4 (tres días) fue de 3.52 kg. El peso vivo final hasta las seis semanas fue de 1.87, 1.87, 1.89 y 1.90 kg. Para los TI, T2, T3 y T4 respectivamente. La ganancia media de peso a los 28-42 días fue de 0.81, 0.79, 0.84 y 0.80 kg para los tratamientos TI, T2, T3 y T4 respectivamente. La conversión alimenticia por tratamiento fue de 1.84 (TI, T2 y T3) y 1.85 (T4). El rendimiento en la canal fue de 82.00, 83.00, 85.00, y 85.00 para los tratamientos 1, 2, 3 y 4 respectivamente. No se encontró diferencia significativa (P<0.05) para las variables mencionadas en estudio sometidas al diseño estadístico, la mortalidad total acumulada fue de 2.37%. Usando el alimento de retiro seis días antes de la matanza se disminuyeron los costos alimenticios en $ 0.016 por kg de carne procesada.

Disminución del síndrome de muerte súbita en pollos de engorde a través de diferentes niveles de afrecho de trigo incluido en el alimento iniciador

El trabajo investigativo nace como una necesidad de encontrar bajo las condiciones tanto ambientales como de manejo , alternativas alimenticias que nos lleven a reducir el Síndrome de muerte súbita (SMS) que ocasiona grandes pérdidas económicas en explotaciones tanto lllfesanales (pequeftos productores) y las grandes industrias avícolas. La investigación se realizó en la granja avícola LA TRINIDAD propiedad de la empresa Tip­ Top, S.A Ubicada en Níndiri municipio de Masaya, para el experimento se emplearon 700 pollos de engorde de la raza Piterson hubbard, de día de nacido, que se distribuyeron en una galera experimental, en grupos de 175 pollos los cuales se subdividieron en 5 sub grupo de 35 pollos cada uno para estudiante el efecto de una restricción cualitativa del alimento iniciador en un periodo de 6 días partiendo del 5 a 11 día de edad en los siguientes tratamientos: TI 25 % de afrecho de trigo incluido en el concentrado iniciador, T2 15 %de afrecho de trigo incluido en el concentrado iniciador, T3 O % de afrecho de trigo incluido en el concentrado iniciador, T4 20 % de afrecho de trigo inclusión en el concentrado iniciador. Para disminuir la incidencia del SMS. Las variables estudiadas y evaluadas fueron las siguientes: Consumo de alimento, Peso vivo, Conversión alimenticia, Mortalidad vs. Viabilidad y Rendimiento en canal. Los datos que se registraron fueron evaluados a través de análisis estadístico Bifactorial y las medias a través de la prueba de rango múltiples de Tukey exceptuando la mortalidad y rendimiento en canal. Con el análisis estadístico no se encon traron diferencias significativas en todos los tratamiento evaluados (P>0.05) La tasa de mortalidad de los diferentes tratamientos fue analizada a través de una prueba de hipótesis para diferencias entre las proporciones de dos poblaciones no encontrando diferencias estadísticas entre las tasas de mortalidad, para los altos tratamientos evaluados en las diferentes semanas (P>0.05). El análisis económico fue evaluado auxiliándose de los presupuestos parciales para estudiar el beneficio entre los diferentes tratamientos, así también de presupuestos tipo empresa, con los cuales llegamos a la conclusión que el Tratamiento dos tuvo el mejor comportamiento.

Evaluar la modificación del primer alimento suministrado a los lechones de acuerdo al peso de ingreso en la recría y su impacto en el presupuesto

Resumen: Se realizó un análisis con el fin de evaluar la respuesta de los cerdos en la etapa de recría mediante índices productivos, frente a una modificación (disminución) del primer alimento suministrado en la recría, denominado pre-iniciador (fase 1). Se tomaron los datos poblacionales del criadero y en base a ello se realizaron gráficos comparativos de los parámetros productivos sobre el presupuesto anterior (sin modificación de la cantidad del alimento pre-iniciador) y al actual (con modificación de la cantidad del alimento pre-iniciador). En lo que corresponde al impacto económico se pudo observar una significativa reducción de costos en la modificación del presupuesto con respecto al anterior de un 1,11 % en lo que se refiere a la alimentación de la recría.

Especies alternativas: Manual de crianza de Cobayos (Cavia porcellus)

Este documento han sido preparados para la asignatura de Animales Alternativo que se imparte en la carrera Ingeniería en Zootecnia dictado por el Departamento Sistemas Integrales de Producción Animal (SIPA) de la Facultad de Ciencia Animal. Gran parte del contenido está basado en recopilaciones de documento y de algunos artículos técnicos de páginas electrónicas de Internet. Si el lector encuentra en estos apuntes alguna información útil se la debo a las personas experimentadas en la crianza de cobayos y que han escrito e investigado sobre la producción de cuyes por los errores, que con seguridad existen, asumo total responsabilidad. El contenido de estos apuntes debe cubrir la mayor parte de los temas a tratar en la asignatura, pero en ningún caso reemplazar a un buen texto de estudio. Los cobayos son una especie que tiene un potencial excepcional que se podría utilizar como fuente de alimento en nuestro país, como se hacen en otros países de América del Sur que es platillo exquisito, esto podría contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria que enfrenta Nicaragua y a fomentar nuevas crianza de esta especia y romper un poco las barrera de habito Alimenticio y experimentar un nuevo sabor de carne con alto contenido en proteína y baja en colesterol, ya que esta especie se adapta a nuestra condiciones y en segundo lugar su alimentación se limita a pastos y hierbas. Además es un animal de crecimiento rápido, de alta prolificidad. Para la elaboración de este compendio, hice uso de bibliografía elaborada por varios estudiosos del cobayo, así como la experiencia que acumule en cuando tuve la oportunidad de trabajar con cobayos. Los aspectos principales abordados en el presente texto son: Ventaja del cobayo, Razas, diferente tipo de crianza Reproducción, Instalaciones, Alimentación, Registro, Enfermedades, Sacrificio y alguna receta que se puede preparar.