Acaricidal action of destruxins produced by a marine-derived Beauveria felina on the bovine tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

The increasing resistance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick to commercial insecticides requires alternative methods for the control of this cattle plague. The enthomopathogenic fungus Beauveria feline produces destruxins in culture media, cyclic depsipeptides which display an array of biological activities. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the acaricide action of destruxins isolated from B. felina culture media on R. (B.) microplus engorged females. B. felina was grown in MF medium under 19 different growth conditions. HPLC-PDA analysis of chromatographic fractions obtained from the 19 different growth media extracts indicated the presence of destruxins in all lipophylic fractions. Such fractions were combined and subjected to separation by HPLC. Fractions containing distinct destruxins composition were tested against R. (B.) micro plus. Two fractions, composed of destruxin Ed(1) and pseudodestruxin B and/or pseudodestruxin C (fraction P1) as well as by hydroxyhomodestruxin B and/or destruxin D and/or roseotoxin C (fraction P7), displayed 30% and 28.7% acaricidal efficacy, respectively. This activity profile in such low concentration is adequate to consider destruxins as potential leading compounds to be developed for tick biological control. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Exposure of small mammals to ticks and rickettsiae in Atlantic Forest patches in the metropolitan area of Recife, North-eastern Brazil

Between December 2007 and March 2009, small mammals were captured in 6 Atlantic Forest patches in Brazil. We assessed tick-host associations and whether they differ among forest strata, sites, seasons, and host age classes or between sexes. Moreover, we assessed the exposure of animals to Rickettsia spp. In total, 432 animals were captured and 808 ticks were found on 32-9% of them. Significant differences were found among host species, collection sites, and forest strata; microhabitat preference was a strong risk factor for tick infestation. The highest tick density rates were recorded in forest fragments settled in rural areas; 91.3% of the ticks were collected from animals trapped in these forest fragments. A high prevalence (68.8%) of antibodies to Rickettsia spp. was detected among animals. This study suggests that disturbed Atlantic Forest fragments provide an environment for ticks and small mammals, which are highly exposed to rickettsiae. It also indicates that forest patches settled in rural areas are usually associated with higher small mammal diversity as well as with higher tick density rates.

Rickettsia bellii infecting Amblyomma sabanerae ticks in El Salvador

Four Amblyomma sabanerae ticks collected from a turtle (Kinosternon sp.) in San Miguel, El Salvador, were found by molecular analysis to be infected by Rickettsia bellii. We provide the first report of Rickettsia bellii in Central America, and the first report of a Rickettsia species in El Salvador.

Patogeni e zecche vettrici: studio epidemiologico in parchi pubblici dell'Emilia Romagna

Le malattie trasmesse da zecche sono un importante problema sia per la salute animale che per quella umana e negli ultimi decenni hanno aumentato notevolmente la loro diffusione, in seguito ai cambiamenti climatici, che hanno permesso la distribuzione delle zecche in aree prima non interessate. Per tale motivo si è deciso di effettuare un’indagine sulla diffusione delle zecche e sui patogeni da loro trasmessi, mediante campionamenti sia a livello ambientale, sia su animali e umani infestati in quattro siti di tre parchi dell’Emilia Romagna, dove non risultavano precedenti segnalazioni, nelle province di Bologna e Ravenna, da Aprile a Ottobre 2010. In totale sono state raccolte 8212 zecche. Dall’ambiente sono state campionate 6734 larve, 1344 ninfe, 61 adulti; dagli animali e da persone sono stati raccolti 68 adulti e 5 ninfe appartenenti a diverse specie di Ixodidae. Sono state condotte analisi sull’abbondanza delle zecche nelle diverse aree di raccolta, in funzione del periodo di campionamento, della temperatura e dell’umidità relativa misurata a 5 cm dal suolo al momento del campionamento e della vegetazione. Su tutti gli individui adulti e su pool di ninfe e di larve, per un totale di 393 campioni, sono state condotte analisi di tipo molecolare per la ricerca di piroplasmi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum e Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. Attraverso la PCR e il sequenziamento, è emerso che il 7,6% dei campioni era positivo per piroplasmi, tra i quali è stata riscontrata anche la presenza delle specie zoonosiche Babesia EU1 e B. divergens. La real-time PCR eseguita solo sui campioni costituiti da ninfe e adulti ha evidenziato una prevalenza del 9,2% per A. phagocytophilum e del 21,6% per B. burgdorferi s.l. Su questi patogeni sono state quindi condotte analisi di tipo filogenetico. In alcuni campioni sono state riscontrate coinfezioni con combinazioni di due patogeni contemporaneamente.

Presence of potentially pathogenic Babesia sp. for human in Ixodes ricinus in Switzerland

We have designed and performed a new PCR method based on the 18S rRNA in order to individuate the presence and the identity of Babesia parasites. Out of 1159 Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks collected in four areas of Switzerland, nine were found to contain Babesia DNA. Sequencing of the short amplicon obtained (411-452 bp) allowed the identification of three human pathogenic species: Babesia microti, B. divergens, for the first time in Switzerland, Babesia sp. EU1. We also report coinfections with B. sp. EU1-Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Babesia sp. EU1-B. afzelii.

Ticks; a monograph of the Ixodoidea /

Mode of access: Internet.

Systematics and evolution of ticks with a list of valid genus and species names

In recent years there has been much progress in our understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of ticks, in particular the hard ticks (Ixodidae). Indeed, a consensus about the phylogeny of the hard ticks has emerged which is quite different to the working hypothesis of 10 years ago. So that the classification reflects our knowledge of ticks, several changes to the nomenclature of ticks are imminent or have been made. One subfamily, the Hyalomminae, should be sunk, while another, the Bothriocrotoninae, has been created (Klompen, Dobson & Barker, 2002). Bothriocrotoninae, and its sole genus Bothriocroton, have been created to house an early-diverging ('basal') lineage of endemic Australian ticks that used to be in the genus Aponomma. The remaining species of the genus Aponomma have been moved to the genus Amblyomma. Thus, the name Aponomma is no longer a valid genus name. The genus Rhipicephalus is paraphyletic with respect to the genus Boophilus. Thus, the genus Boophilus has become a subgenus of the genus Rhipicephalus (Murrell & Barker, 2003). Knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of ticks has also provided new insights into the evolution of ornateness and of their life cycles, and has allowed the historical zoogeography of ticks to be studied. Finally, we present a list of the 899 valid genus and species names of ticks as of February 2004.