Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 857 - Bestätigung der nicht beabsichtigten Heirat mit ihrem Verehrer Roland

u.a. Cholera;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 17 - Antwortschreiben mit umfangreichen autobiographischen Angaben

Umzug nach Frankfurt am Main 1833; Erstbegegnung Anthime Gregoire de Blésimaires in Trittau; Cholera in Berlin; Kritik an der Regierung in Deutschland; Philosophie von Jean Paul; Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; weitere philosophische Veröffentlichungen nach "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung" von 1819; Alexander von Humboldt; Lehrtätigkeit als Professor an der Berliner Universität von 1820 bis 1831; zwischenzeitlicher Aufenthalt in Mannheim von 1831 bis 1833; Vorzüge von Frankfurt; Flötenspielerei; Sprachkenntnisse; kompliziertes Verhältnis zur in Bonn lebenden Mutter Johanna Schopenhauer;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 720 - Ausdruck der Freude über das wiederhergestellte geschwisterliche Verhältnis

u.a.: Ausbreitung der Cholera;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 721 - Schreiben zu den unglücklichen Lebensumständen

u.a.: Verhältnis zu Sibylle Mertens-Schaaffhausen; Klima; Cholera; Jugendfreund Gottfried Osann; Heiratspläne; Pessimismus; Zahnschmerzen; Finanzen;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 723 - Erklärungen der schwierigen finanziellen und privaten Umstände nach dem Bankrott des Bankhauses Muhl 1819

u.a.: Zahnschmerzen; Unmündigkeit in Finanzangelegenheiten; Rückzahlung von Darlehen; Umzug von Weimar nach Bonn; Ohrarsche Ländereien; Bankrott des Bankhauses Peter de Bihl; Cholera;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 831 - Aufforderung zur Rückkehr nach Berlin

u.a. Auswirkungen der Cholera; Steuer; Liebesbeziehung;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 830 - Bekräftigungsschreiben der Freundschaft mit Schopenhauer

u.a. Mitteilung des Todes von Caroline Marquet an Cholera;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 829 - Mitteilung über das verspätete Eintreffen der Briefe

u.a. Angst vor der Cholera; Angaben zu Berlin;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 833 - Benachrichtigung über die Unzustellbarkeit der Briefe

u.a. Cholera;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 832 - Schilderung von Ereignissen in Berlin

u.a. Manuskripte Schopenhauers; Bürgerschaft; Liebschaften Schopenhauers; Cholera;

Na 50 Nachlass Arthur Schopenhauer - 'Schopenhauer-Archiv', 837 - Antwortschreiben zu finanziellen Angelegenheiten

Cholera;

THE RECOVERY OF ENTEROPATHOGENS FROM CONTAMINATED COOKED FOODS AT HOLDING TEMPERATURES

Hot foods served in foodservice establishments, institutions and homes, have always been regarded as safe, since cooking temperatures are more likely to kill the bacterial agents that may cause foodborne diseases. However, foods that are otherwise served hot have been epidemiologically incriminated for causing foodborne diseases. This situation arises due to the possible post-cooking food contamination. Post-cooking contamination of hot-held food is most threatening for it gives the contaminating agents the possibility of proliferation. On one hand, post-cooking contamination is least understood and on the other, hot-holding of food gives the consumer a false sense of freedom from foodborne diseases. In this study, the dynamics of food contamination before or after cooking and during hot-holding are discussed and a food contamination dynamics model is presented.^ The literature on foodborne cholera, cholera-like diarrhea, shigellosis and E. coli gastroenteritis together with the literature on the occurrence and growth of the causative enteropathogens; 01 V. cholerae, non-01 V. cholerae, S. sonnei, S. flexneri and E. coli were reviewed. The literature on the infective doses of these organisms were also cited.^ In the study, four cooked food types held hot at 40-60(DEGREES)C were deliberately contaminated with 01 V. cholerae, non-01 V. cholerae, S. sonnei, S. flexneri and E. coli, one at a time at each of the hot-holding temperatures. Tested food samples for the recovery of these enteropathogens were withdrawn at various time intervals of hot holding.^ The results showed bacterial recovery to decline with increasing temperature and with increasing hot-holding time within each holding temperature. All the bacterial types except V. cholerae were recovered even after holding the food at 60(DEGREES)C for one hour. V. cholerae was not recovered after hot-holding the food at 50-60(DEGREES)C at certain holding periods. After 48 hrs incubation, V. cholerae was recovered on TCBS agar plates that read negative after the initial 24 hrs of incubation. Effective hot-holding temperatures were determined for each of the food types contaminated by each of the bacterial types.^ Statistical analysis of the collected data showed temperature, bacterial type and their interaction to be significant in enteropathogen recovery. Food type and its interactions with temperature and bacterial type were found not significant. ^

Syntaxin 6- and microtubule- mediated intracellular trafficking contributes to Golgi and nuclear translocation of EGFR

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is well known for its degradation and recycling trafficking. Recent evidence shows that these cell surface receptors translocate from cell surface to different cellular compartments, including the Golgi, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the nucleus to regulate physiological and pathological functions. Although some trafficking mechanisms have been resolved, the mechanism of intracellular trafficking from cell surface to the Golgi is not yet completed understood. Here we report a mechanism of Golgi translocation of EGFR in which EGF-induced EGFR travels to the Golgi via microtubule (MT)-dependent movement by interacting with dynein and fuses with the Golgi through syntaxin 6 (Syn6)-mediated membrane fusion. We also demonstrate that the Golgi translocation of EGFR is necessary for its consequent nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity. Interestingly, foreign protein such as bacterial cholera toxin, which is known to activate its pathological function through the Golgi/ER retrograde pathway, also utilizes the MT/Syn6 pathway. Thus, the MT, and syntaxin 6 mediated trafficking pathway from cell surface to the Golgi and ER defines a comprehensive retrograde trafficking route for both cellular and foreign molecules to travel from cell surface to the Golgi and the nucleus.

HIV-1 Tat protein mimicry of chemokines

The HIV-1 Tat protein is a potent chemoattractant for monocytes. We observed that Tat shows conserved amino acids corresponding to critical sequences of the chemokines, a family of molecules known for their potent ability to attract monocytes. Synthetic Tat and a peptide (CysL24–51) encompassing the “chemokine-like” region of Tat induced a rapid and transient Ca2+ influx in monocytes and macrophages, analogous to β-chemokines. Both monocyte migration and Ca2+ mobilization were pertussis toxin sensitive and cholera toxin insensitive. Cross-desensitization studies indicated that Tat shares receptors with MCP-1, MCP-3, and eotaxin. Tat was able to displace binding of β-chemokines from the β-chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR3, but not CCR1, CCR4, and CCR5. Direct receptor binding experiments with the CysL24–51 peptide confirmed binding to cells transfected with CCR2 and CCR3. HIV-1 Tat appears to mimic β-chemokine features, which may serve to locally recruit chemokine receptor-expressing monocytes/macrophages toward HIV producing cells and facilitate activation and infection.

The Vibrio cholerae genome contains two unique circular chromosomes

Vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, is a Gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the γ subdivision of the family Proteobacteriaceae. The physical map of the genome has been reported, and the genome has been described as a single 3.2-Mb chromosome [Majumder, R., et al. (1996) J. Bacteriol. 178, 1105–1112]. By using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA immobilized in agarose plugs and digested with the restriction enzymes I-CeuI, SfiI, and NotI, we have also constructed the physical map of V. cholerae. Our analysis estimates the size of the genome at 4.0 Mb, 25% larger than the physical map reported by others. Our most notable finding is, however, that the V. cholerae chromosome appears to be not the single chromosome reported but two unique and separate circular megareplicons.