Translation title list and cross reference guide.

Part II: Subject index.

Graphs for estimating atmospheric dispersion /

"This research was performed under an agreement between the U.S. Weather Bureau and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission."

A High magnetic field bubble chamber : report of ORINS-ORNL Committee.

"ORINS-40; Particle accelerators and high-voltage machines."

Supplementary meteorological data for Oak Ridge /

"March 15, 1963 [DTI Issuance Date]."

White and gray matter development in human fetal, newborn and pediatric brains

Brain anatomy is characterized by dramatic growth from the end of the second trimester through the neonatal stage. The characterization of normal axonal growth of the white matter tracts has not been well-documented to date and could provide important clues to understanding the extensive inhomogeneity of white matter injuries in cerebral palsy (CP) patients. However, anatomical studies of human brain development during this period are surprisingly scarce and histology-based atlases have become available only recently. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTMRI) can reveal detailed anatomy of white matter. We acquired diffusion tensor images (DTI) of postmortem fetal brain samples and in vivo neonates and children. Neural structures were annotated in two-dimensional (2D) slices, segmented, measured, and reconstructed three-dimensionally (3D). The growth status of various white matter tracts was evaluated on cross-sections at 19-20 gestational weeks, and compared with 0-month-old neonates and 5- to 6-year-old children. Limbic, commissural, association, and projection white matter tracts and gray matter structures were illustrated in 3D and quantitatively characterized to assess their dynamic changes. The overall pattern of the time courses for the development of different white matter is that limbic fibers develop first and association fibers last and commissural and projection fibers are forming from anterior to posterior part of the brain. The resultant DTNIRI-based 3D human brain data will be a valuable resource for human brain developmental study and will provide reference standards for diagnostic radiology of premature newborns. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Evidence of altered prefrontal-thalamic circuitry in schizophrenia: An optimised diffusion MRI study

MRI diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), optimized for measuring the trace of the diffusion tensor, was used to investigate microstructural changes in the brains of 12 individuals with schizophrenia compared with 12 matched control subjects. To control for the effects of anatomic variation between subject groups, all participants' diffusion images were non-linearly registered to standard anatomical space. Significant statistical differences in mean diffusivity (MD) measures between the two groups were determined on a pixel-by-pixel basis, using Gaussian random field theory. We found significantly elevated MD measures within temporal, parietal and prefrontal cortical regions in the schizophrenia group (P > 0.001), especially within the medial frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate. The dorsal medial and anterior nucleus of the thalamus, including the caudate, also exhibited significantly increased MD in the schizophrenia group (P > 0.001). This study has shown for the first time that MD measures offer an alternative strategy for investigating altered prefrontal-thalamic circuitry in schizophrenia. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Stakeholder performance measurement:general approaches and methods of economic evaluation

This paper begins by suggesting that when considering Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), even CSR as justified in terms of the business case, stakeholders are of great importance to corporations. In the UK the Company Law Review (DTI, 2002) has suggested that it is appropriate for UK companies to be managed upon the basis of an enlightened shareholder approach. Within this approach the importance of stakeholders, other than shareholders, is recognised as being instrumental in succeeding in providing shareholder value. Given the importance of these other stakeholders it is then important that corporate management measure and manage stakeholder performance. In order to do this there are two general approaches that could be adopted and these are the use of monetary values to reflect stakeholder value or cost and non-monetary values. In order to consider these approaches further this paper considered the possible use of these approaches for two stakeholder groups: namely employees and the environment. It concludes that there are ethical and practical difficulties with calculating economic values for stakeholder resources and so prefers a multi-dimensional approach to stakeholder performance measurement that does not use economic valuation.

University-industry-relations - their role in technological innovation:the case of biotechnology in the UK

Biotechnology is one of a series of new `generic technologies' that have been identified by western governments as possessing stategic economic opportunities. In this thesis I examine the characteristics of the technology and the government policies that have been developed to both promote and exploit the underpinning scientific research for biotechnology. The approach I have taken involves an in-depth analysis of the role of university-industry research relations in the development of biotechnology. To this end I carried out a detailed survey of biotechnology companies in the UK on the nature of their interactions and objectives. Through individual case studies of the SERC and DTI club mechanisms in biotechnology, I provide a contemporary appraisal of the development of new mechanisms involving co-ordination and cooperation between industry, government and academia, established to couple state funded science and national economic development. The public policy implications of the club funding systems for science in the UK are examined.

Benefits from competition:some illustrative UK cases

This study provides a powerful demonstration of the real world impact of increasedcompetition. By presenting six market case studies drawn from a variety of sectors itgives evidence of the type and magnitude of the benefits following marketinterventions to develop competition and free up the operation of these sectors. In discussing the types and form such interventions take, whether competition policy,deregulation or liberalisation, this report explores market conditions before and afterintervention, paying careful attention to both the envisaged benefits and the potentialfor negative side effects. Overall, the evidence suggests these benefits materialised,and in a number of instances proved more sizeable than anticipated. Concerns aboutharmful side effects have proved unfounded, with market stimuli impacting not only onthe price and range of goods available but also acting as a motivating force to productand process innovation. As Professor Davies points out, although active competition policy proves an importantcomponent in the competitive process, it is not sufficient in its own right. In order todeliver greater productivity, of which competition is a key driver, the UK needs a pool of resourceful entrepreneurs able to exploit changing market conditions. In order togive these people the best chance of success the framework conditions need to becorrect with strength in the complementary capabilities of innovation, investment, skillsand enterprise. Ensuring the competition framework is world class is central to the DTI’s strategy. The most recent peer review of the UK competition regime demonstrates that the UK isa strong performer, ranked third in the 2004 study, with the US first and Germanysecond. This study provides further evidence of the important role played by thatframework in delivering tangible benefits to consumers.

Elevated left and reduced right orbitomedial prefrontal fractional anisotropy in adults with bipolar disorder revealed by tract-based spatial statistics

Context - Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies in adults with bipolar disorder (BD) indicate altered white matter (WM) in the orbitomedial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC), potentially underlying abnormal prefrontal corticolimbic connectivity and mood dysregulation in BD. Objective - To use tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) to examine WM skeleton (ie, the most compact whole-brain WM) in subjects with BD vs healthy control subjects. Design - Cross-sectional, case-control, whole-brain DTI using TBSS. Setting - University research institute. Participants - Fifty-six individuals, 31 having a DSM-IV diagnosis of BD type I (mean age, 35.9 years [age range, 24-52 years]) and 25 controls (mean age, 29.5 years [age range, 19-52 years]). Main Outcome Measures - Fractional anisotropy (FA) longitudinal and radial diffusivities in subjects with BD vs controls (covarying for age) and their relationships with clinical and demographic variables. Results - Subjects with BD vs controls had significantly greater FA (t > 3.0, P = .05 corrected) in the left uncinate fasciculus (reduced radial diffusivity distally and increased longitudinal diffusivity centrally), left optic radiation (increased longitudinal diffusivity), and right anterothalamic radiation (no significant diffusivity change). Subjects with BD vs controls had significantly reduced FA (t > 3.0, P = .05 corrected) in the right uncinate fasciculus (greater radial diffusivity). Among subjects with BD, significant negative correlations (P < .01) were found between age and FA in bilateral uncinate fasciculi and in the right anterothalamic radiation, as well as between medication load and FA in the left optic radiation. Decreased FA (P < .01) was observed in the left optic radiation and in the right anterothalamic radiation among subjects with BD taking vs those not taking mood stabilizers, as well as in the left optic radiation among depressed vs remitted subjects with BD. Subjects having BD with vs without lifetime alcohol or other drug abuse had significantly decreased FA in the left uncinate fasciculus. Conclusions - To our knowledge, this is the first study to use TBSS to examine WM in subjects with BD. Subjects with BD vs controls showed greater WM FA in the left OMPFC that diminished with age and with alcohol or other drug abuse, as well as reduced WM FA in the right OMPFC. Mood stabilizers and depressed episode reduced WM FA in left-sided sensory visual processing regions among subjects with BD. Abnormal right vs left asymmetry in FA in OMPFC WM among subjects with BD, likely reflecting increased proportions of left-sided longitudinally aligned and right-sided obliquely aligned myelinated fibers, may represent a biologic mechanism for mood dysregulation in BD.

Estimating the impact of R&D on productivity using the BERD-ARD data

The UK has a relatively low ratio of business R&D to GDP (the BERD ratio) compared to other leading economies. There has also been a small decline in UK’s BERD ratio in the 1990s, whereas other leading economies have experienced small rises. The relatively low BERD ratio cannot be explained solely by sectoral or industry-level differences between the UK and other countries. There is, therefore, considerable interest in understanding the firm-level determinants of investment in R&D. This report was commissioned by the DTI to analyse the link between R&D and productivity for a sample of firms derived from merging the ONS’s Business Research and Development Database (BERD) and the Annual Respondents Database (ARD). The analysis estimates the private rates of returns to R&D, and not the social rates of return, since it is the private returns that should drive firms’ decisions. A key objective of this research is to analyse the productivity of R&D in small and medium sized enterprises (SME). The analysis is intended to allow comparisons to the results in Rogers (2005), which uses publicly available data on R&D in medium to large UK firms in the 1990s.

Three-dimensional brain fiber tracking modeling in diffusion tensor imaging

This dissertation establishes the foundation for a new 3-D visual interface integrating Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). The need for such an interface is critical for understanding brain dynamics, and for providing more accurate diagnosis of key brain dysfunctions in terms of neuronal connectivity. ^ This work involved two research fronts: (1) the development of new image processing and visualization techniques in order to accurately establish relational positioning of neuronal fiber tracts and key landmarks in 3-D brain atlases, and (2) the obligation to address the computational requirements such that the processing time is within the practical bounds of clinical settings. The system was evaluated using data from thirty patients and volunteers with the Brain Institute at Miami Children's Hospital. ^ Innovative visualization mechanisms allow for the first time white matter fiber tracts to be displayed alongside key anatomical structures within accurately registered 3-D semi-transparent images of the brain. ^ The segmentation algorithm is based on the calculation of mathematically-tuned thresholds and region-detection modules. The uniqueness of the algorithm is in its ability to perform fast and accurate segmentation of the ventricles. In contrast to the manual selection of the ventricles, which averaged over 12 minutes, the segmentation algorithm averaged less than 10 seconds in its execution. ^ The registration algorithm established searches and compares MR with DT images of the same subject, where derived correlation measures quantify the resulting accuracy. Overall, the images were 27% more correlated after registration, while an average of 1.5 seconds is all it took to execute the processes of registration, interpolation, and re-slicing of the images all at the same time and in all the given dimensions. ^ This interface was fully embedded into a fiber-tracking software system in order to establish an optimal research environment. This highly integrated 3-D visualization system reached a practical level that makes it ready for clinical deployment. ^

An integrated functional mapping and source localization platform for brain research

The premise of this dissertation is to create a highly integrated platform that combines the most current recording technologies for brain research through the development of new algorithms for three-dimensional (3D) functional mapping and 3D source localization. The recording modalities that were integrated include: Electroencephalography (EEG), Optical Topographic Maps (OTM), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). This work can be divided into two parts: The first part involves the integration of OTM with MRI, where the topographic maps are mapped to both the skull and cortical surface of the brain. This integration process is made possible through the development of new algorithms that determine the probes location on the MRI head model and warping the 2D topographic maps onto the 3D MRI head/brain model. Dynamic changes of the brain activation can be visualized on the MRI head model through a graphical user interface. The second part of this research involves augmenting a fiber tracking system, by adding the ability to integrate the source localization results generated by commercial software named Curry. This task involved registering the EEG electrodes and the dipole results to the MRI data. Such Integration will allow the visualization of fiber tracts, along with the source of the EEG, in a 3D transparent brain structure. The research findings of this dissertation were tested and validated through the participation of patients from Miami Children Hospital (MCH). Such an integrated platform presented to the medical professionals in the form of a user-friendly graphical interface is viewed as a major contribution of this dissertation. It should be emphasized that there are two main aspects to this research endeavor: (1) if a dipole could be situated in time at its different positions, its trajectory may reveal additional information on the extent and nature of the brain malfunction; (2) situating such a dipole trajectory with respect to the fiber tracks could ensure the preservation of these fiber tracks (axons) during surgical interventions, preserving as a consequence these parts of the brain that are responsible for information transmission.

Le metodiche di Diffusion Weighted Imaging per la caratterizzazione della malattia policistica renale

La tecnica di Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) si basa sullo studio del moto diffusivo delle molecole d’acqua nei tessuti biologici ed è in grado di fornire informazioni sulla struttura dei tessuti e sulla presenza di eventuali alterazioni patologiche. Il più recente sviluppo della DWI è rappresentato dal Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), tecnica che permette di determinare non solo l’entità, ma anche le direzioni principali della diffusione. Negli ultimi anni, grazie ai progressi nella tecnica di risonanza magnetica, l’imaging di diffusione è stato anche applicato ad altri distretti anatomici tra cui quello renale, per sfruttarne le potenzialità diagnostiche. Tuttavia, pochi sono ancora gli studi relativi all’applicazione delle metodiche di diffusione per la valutazione della malattia policistica renale autosomica dominante (ADPKD). ADPKD è una delle malattie ereditarie più comuni ed è la principale causa genetica di insufficienza renale dell’adulto. La caratteristica principale consiste nella formazione di cisti in entrambi i reni, che progressivamente aumentano in numero e dimensioni fino a causare la perdita della funzionalità renale nella metà circa dei pazienti. Ad oggi non sono disponibili terapie capaci di arrestare o rallentare l’evoluzione di ADPKD; è possibile controllare le complicanze per evitare che costituiscano componenti peggiorative. Il lavoro di tesi nasce dalla volontà di indagare se la tecnica dell’imaging di diffusione possa essere utile per fornire informazioni sullo stato della malattia e sul suo grado di avanzamento. L’analisi di studio è concentrata sul calcolo del coefficiente di diffusione apparente (ADC), derivato dalle immagini DWI e valutato nella regione della midollare. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è verificare se tale valore di ADC sia in grado di caratterizzare la malattia policistica renale e possa essere utilizzato in ambito clinico-diagnostico come indicatore prognostico nella progressione di questa patologia.

Dive depth profile and at surface behaviour data of emperor penguins from Pointe Géologie, Adélie Land, Antarctica, from expedition DDU 2005

Adult male and female emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) were fitted with satellite transmitters at Pointe-Géologie (Adélie Land), Dumont d'Urville Sea coast, in November 2005. Nine of 30 data sets were selected for analyses to investigate the penguins' diving behaviour at high resolution (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.633708, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.633709, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.633710, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.633711). The profiles are in synchrony with foraging trips of the birds during austral spring (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472171, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472173, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472164, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472160, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472161). Corresponding high resolution winter data (n = 5; archived elsewhere) were provided by A. Ancel, Centre d'Ecologie et Physiologie Energétiques, CNRS, Strasbourg, France. Air-breathing divers tend to increase their overall dive duration with increasing dive depth. In most penguin species, this occurs due to increasing transit (descent and ascent) durations but also because the duration of the bottom phase of the dive increases with increasing depth. We interpreted the efficiency with which emperor penguins can exploit different diving depths by analysing dive depth profile data of nine birds studied during the early and late chick-rearing period in Adélie Land, Antarctica. Another eight datasets of dive depth and duration frequency recordings (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472150, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472152, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472154, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472155, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472142, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472144, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472146, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472147), which backup the analysed high resolution depth profile data, and dive depth and duration frequency recordings of another bird (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472156, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472148) did not match the requirement of high resolution for analyses. Eleven additional data sets provide information on the overall foraging distribution of emperor penguins during the period analysed (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472157, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472158, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472162, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472163, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472166, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472167, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472168, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472170, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472172, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472174, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.472175).