Sobrevivência e migração vertical de larvas infectantes de Trichostrongylus colubriformis em gramíneas, nas diferentes estações do ano

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Caldo de cana-de-açúcar na biodigestão anaeróbia com dejetos de vacas em lactação sob diferentes dietas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Massa de forragem e dieta selecionada por bovinos em pastagens cultivadas e consorciadas com leguminosas, estabelecidas com e sem queima da vegetação secundária

Foi realizado um estudo no município de Igarapé-açú com o objetivo de avaliar a massa de forragem e a composição botânica da dieta de bovinos em pastagens de capim braquiarão e quicuio consorciadas com as leguminosas Arachis pintoi, Cratylia argentea e Leucaena leucocephala, submetidas a dois métodos de preparo de área: com mulch e com queima da vegetação secundária.A área foi dividida em parcelas, com três repetições. Foram realizados dois experimentos um com queima e outro onde a vegetação foi triturada - mulch. Foram testados três pastagens para cada experimento: 1. QB - B. humidicola + B. brizantha cv. Marandu. 2. QBAL - B. humidicola + B. brizantha consorciada com A. pintoi cv. Amarilo + L. leucocephala cv. Cunninghan . 3. QBAC - B. humidicola + B. brizantha consorciada com A. pintoi cv. Amarilo + C. argentea. A composição da dieta consumida pelos animais foi estimada através da análise microhistológica das fezes. As avaliações foram feitas no período experimental de 15/04/02 a 18/03/03. Para a determinação da composição botânica foi utilizada a técnica da análise microhistologica de fezes As coletas de fezes e de forragem foram realizadas a cada dezoito dias. As amostragens de forragem foram feitas ao acaso, nas parcelas somente com gramíneas foram amostrados seis locais, enquanto que nas parcelas consorciadas foram amostrados doze locais.Os dados da massa de forragem e composição botânica da dieta foram analisados estatisticamente pelo software SAS versão 8.2. Apresentaram diferenças entre épocas a massa total, a massa de folha de braquiarão, de araquis, de espécies da capoeira, e de material morto. Quanto ao método de preparo de área todas as variáveis de resposta apresentaram diferenças. As massas total, de folha e de colmo de braquiarão e de material morto foram superiores na pastagem composta por gramíneas (QB). A massa de folha e colmo de quicuio e de araquis foram superiores na pastagem QBAL e a massa de espécies da capoeira foi maior na pastagem QBAC. Todas as variáveis apresentaram diferenças significativas entre ciclo, sendo que, as massas totais mais elevadas foram alcançadas nos ciclos 3 e 4. O consumo de quicuio e de espécies da capoeira foram superiores na época seca, enquanto, a percentagem de braquiarão foi superior na época chuvosa. As percentagens de quicuio foram superiores no método com queima, enquanto as de braquiarão foram superiores no método mulch. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as pastagens para as percentagens de capim quicuio e de espécies da capoeira. As percentagens de braquiarão foram superiores nas pastagens de QB e QBAL e as de leguminosas foram superiores nas pastagens consorciadas com leguminosas QBAC e QBAL.Foram encontradas 14 famílias e 23 espécies. O método de preparo de área influenciou na massa de forragem e na composição botânica da dieta.A composição botânica da dieta foi influenciada pela massa de forragem. As espécies da capoeira tiveram pequena participação na composição botânica da dieta dos animais, devido a suficiente oferta de forragem na maior parte do ano.

Feeding ecology of Liophis reginae semilineatus (Serpentes: Colubridae: Xenodontinae) in eastern Amazon, Brazil

We studied the diet of Liophis reginae semilineatus (Wagler, 1824) from eastern Amazon, Brazil, based on the analysis of 182 preserved specimens. Thirty-six individuals had prey in their stomachs; 34 (95%) contained exclusively anurans and 2 (5%) contained both anurans and lizards. The most common prey items were small Leptodactylus sp. (33.3%), followed by Physalaemus ephippifer (Steindachner, 1864) (10.3%). Prey ingested head-first (78%; n = 25) were significantly larger than prey ingested tail-first (22%; n = 7). Females of L. reginae semilineatus have longer and wider heads than conspecific males with the same body length, which correspond to sexual divergences in the diet (size of the prey). No correlation was found between snake head length vs. prey size (SVL, width and mass). Liophis reginae semilineatus is an anurophagous snake that probably forages actively on the ground.

Decomposição da palhada de forrageiras em função da adubação nitrogenada após o consórcio com milho e produtividade da soja em sucessão

The objective of this study was to evaluate the straw decomposition of the Urochloa and Panicum after intercropped with corn and nitrogen fertilization, as well as, the agronomic performance of soybean in succession. The experiment was conducted in an Oxisol in Cerrado conditions under no-tillage eight years ago. After the corn harvest intercropped with grass and cutting of forage homogenization were applied N rates (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1 of N - urea source) in coverage. The plots consisted of Urochloa brizantha,Urochloa ruziziensis and Panicum maximum Tanzânia and Mombaça sown at the time of corn sowing and subplots composed by accumulated amounts of nitrogen applied in forage plants prior to the soybean cultivation (0, 250, 500 and 1000 kg ha-1 of N, after five cuts). The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications in a split plot. Soon after the last cut of the forage, proportionate amount of fresh mass of the species of each subplot was wrapped in nylon bags called Litter Bags, these being deposited in direct contact with the soil, to determine the time of decomposition of the dry mass during a period of 150 days. The nitrogen doses, as well as, the corn intercropped with forages (except with Mombaça) interfere similarly in the straw decomposition of forage and in the soybean yield in succession. All the consortiums of corn and nitrogen fertilization predecessors determined that, at 60 days after desiccation and cutting, still remained between 50 and 60% of the initial straw for no-tillage system.

Tropical tanniniferous legumes used as an option to mitigate sheep enteric methane emission

This study presents the first results from Brazil using SF6 tracer technique adapted from cattle to evaluate the capability of condensed tannin (CT) present in three tropical legume forages, Leucaena leucocephala (LEU), Styzolobium aterrimum (STA), and Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth (MIM) to reduce enteric CH4 production in Santa Ins sheep. Twelve male lambs [27.88 +/- 2.85 kg body weight (BW)] were allocated in individual metabolic cages for 20-day adaptation followed by 6 days for measuring dry matter intake (DMI) and CH4 emission. All lambs received water, mineral supplement, and Cynodon dactylon v. coast-cross hay ad libitum. The treatments consisted of soybean meal (710 g/kg) and ground corn (290 g/kg) [control (CON)]; soybean meal (150 g/kg), ground corn (30 g/kg), and Leucaena hay (820 g/kg) (LEU); soybean meal (160 g/kg), ground corn (150 g/kg), and Mucuna hay (690 g/kg) (STA); and soybean meal (280 g/kg), ground corn (190 g/kg), and Mimosa hay (530 g/kg) (MIM); all calculated to provide 40 g/kg CT (except for CON). DMI (in grams of DMI per kilogram BW per day) was lower for LEU (22.0) than CON (29.3), STA (31.2), and MIM (31.6). The LEU group showed emission of 7.8 g CH4/day, significantly lower than CON (10.5 g CH4/day), STA (10.4 g CH4/day), and MIM (11.3 g CH4/day). However, when the CH4 emission per DMI was considered, there were no significant differences among treatments (0.37, 0.36, 0.33, and 0.35 g CH4/g DMI/kg BW/day, respectively, for CON, LEU, STA, and MIM). The sheep receiving STA had shown a tendency (p = 0.15) to reduce methane emission when compared to the CON group. Therefore, it is suggested that tropical tanniniferous legumes may have potential to reduce CH4 emission in sheep, but more research is warranted to confirm these results.

Reducing supplementation frequency for Nellore beef steers grazing tropical pastures

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and gas production of Brachiaria managed under different forage allowances

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeito de sistemas de manejo do solo e velocidade de semeadura no desenvolvimento do sorgo forrageiro

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Corn production for silage intercropped with forage in the farming-cattle breeding integration

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Dry matter yield and tillering of brachiarias sown at depths intercropped with corn

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Performance of steers supplemented with mineral mixtures in the State of Mato Grosso

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Nitrogen fertilization (15NH4NO3) of palisadegrass and residual effect on subsequent no-tillage corn

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Survey of the nutritional recommendations and management practices adopted by feedlot cattle nutritionists in Brazil

Thirty-three feedlot cattle nutritionists were surveyed to evaluate the management practices and nutritional recommendations adopted by feedlots in Brazil. The web-based survey consisted of 81 questions that included: general information (n = 10); general commodity information (n = 15); use of coproducts (n = 5), roughage source and level (n = 5); adaptation methods (n = 7); feed mixers (n = 6); feeding management (n = 6); cattle management and type of cattle fed (n = 13); formulation practices (n = 9); information resources used for nutritional recommendations (n = 2); and additional questions (n = 3). In total, the 33 nutritionists were responsible for approximately 2,658,000 animals, and moreover, 65.5% of those participants had clients that feed less than 5000 animals yearly. Corn was the primary source of grain used in feedlot diets (87.9%) and cracking was the primary processing method recommended by nutritionists (57.6%). The average concentrate and roughage inclusion in finishing diets was 79.0% and 21.0%, respectively. The main challenges faced by nutritionists are the lack of available and precise equipment and lack of trained employees with respiratory diseases as the main health problem. This survey of nutrition and management practices should aid in the development of research for the feedlot industry in Brazil and similar tropical climates, as well as provide data to facilitate the broader application of future NRC models. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

MORPHOGENESIS AND PRODUCTION OF TANZANIA, MOMBACA AND MULATO GRASSES UNDER NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

A field trial was conducted designed in a completely randomized block in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement to evaluate the application of nitrogen doses (N) (0, 40, 80 and 160 kg/ha) on the morphogenical characteristics and dry matter partition of three forage grasses (Panicum maximum cvs. Mombasa and Tanzania and Brachiaria sp. Hybrid Mulato). The leaf appearance (LAR, leaf/day) and stretching (LER; mm/day) rates, the number of green leaves per tiller (NLT) and the average weight of tillers (MTW; g) presented s positive linear response to the N dose while the phyllochron (Phil; day/leaves) showed a negative linear response. The highest LER, IAL and final leaf length (FLL; cm) occurred in the Mombaca and Tanzania grasses, while the highest LAR occurred in the Mulato grass. There was a negative quadratic effect of the N dose on the stem elongation rate (SER; mm/day) and LF. The Mombaca and Tanzania grasses presented the highest SER; however, in just two forages. The production of total dry matter (TDM; kg/ha), leaves (LDM; kg/ha) and stems (SDM; kg/ha) increased linearly and quadratically with the N dose, respectively, for the Mombaca and Tanzania grasses. There was a high positive correlation among DM, LDM and SDM and the Mombaca grass MTW. The dry matter production and morphogenic characteristics were influenced by the nitrogen fertilization as a result of the substantial increase in the flow of tissues stimulated by fertilization, proving the importance of N for forage biomass accumulation.