Uso de morfina, xilazina e meloxicam para o controle da dor pós-operatória em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingo-histerectomia

Foram realizados estudos empregando-se analgésicos por via epidural e subcutânea em cadelas de diferentes raças e idades, submetidas à castração mediante celiotomia. Vinte animais foram tranquilizados e anestesiados com tiletamina-zolazepam, e aleatoriamente distribuídos em quatro grupos (n=5), de acordo com o fármaco e a via de administração. Os do grupo morfina (GM) foram submetidos à anestesia epidural no espaço lombossacro, com morfina (0,1mg/kg) associada ao cloreto de sódio a 0,9%. Aos do grupo xilazina (GX), foram administrados xilazina (0,2mg/kg) e cloreto de sódio a 0,9%. Os do grupo meloxicam (GME) receberam 0,2mg/kg do anti-inflamatório meloxicam associado ao cloreto de sódio a 0,9%, injetado pela via subcutânea. Os do grupo-controle (CG) receberam apenas cloreto de sódio a 0,9%. O volume final para as injeções epidurais foi padronizado para 0,3mL/kg. A mensuração inicial da concentração de cortisol plasmático, do ritmo cardíaco, da frequência respiratória e os parâmetros comportamentais foram registrados imediatamente antes do procedimento cirúrgico (M1). Registros adicionais foram apresentados às 2, 6, 12 e 24 horas após o procedimento cirúrgico (M2, M3, M4 e M5, respectivamente). As variáveis comportamentais foram avaliadas por meio de sinais clínicos e seus respectivos escores. em GX foram observadas depressão respiratória, bradicardia e concentração de cortisol mais alta do que o registrado no GM. A analgesia obtida pelo meloxicam foi considerada ineficiente. É possível concluir que a morfina, via epidural, promoveu menor incidência de efeitos colaterais e melhor analgesia e bem-estar animal.

Effects of intravenous administration of caffeine on physiologic variables in exercising horses

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Responsiveness of the interrenal tissue of Jundia (Rhamdia quelen) to an in vivo ACTH test following acute exposure to sublethal concentrations of agrichemicals

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Stress responses in juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) submitted to repeated air exposure.

Pacu juveniles (5.2 [plus or minus] 1.5 g) were submitted to two one-minute air exposures in a 24h interval, and sampled before the exposure (control) and 5, 15, 30 and 60 min., 24 and 48h afterwards for whole-body cortisol, sodium, potassium and calcium ion concentrations. For the first air exposure, there was a trend of increased cortisol concentration after 15 min., whereas in the second air exposure, the cortisol concentration increased significantly within 5 min. after stress was induced. Sodium ion concentration increased significantly 24h after both air exposures. Potassium concentration presented fluctuations over the experimental period. Calcium ion concentration increased progressively from 5 to 30 min., in both air exposures. The repeated air exposures exacerbated the cortisol response, but they did not affect the recovery ability of pacu over the experimental period. Additionally, the whole-body cortisol measurement might be a reliable indicator of stress, when sampled fish are smaller and blood volumes are very low, making samples inadequate for analysis.

Respostas fisiológicas de estresse no matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) após exercício físico intenso durante a captura

Para determinar as respostas de estresse do matrinxã após perseguição com puçá, juvenis (26,7±6,7 g) foram aclimatados em caixas plásticas e submetidos aos tratamentos: Controle (sem perseguição), Perseguição por 2 minutos, Perseguição por 5 minutos, Perseguição por 10 minutos (quatro repetições, N=8/tratamento). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas 15, 30 e 60 minutos após a perseguição para determinação do cortisol, glicose, sódio, cloreto, potássio, hematócrito, hemoglobina, número total de eritrócitos e osmolaridade. O perfil das respostas após o exercício físico dos peixes não mostrou as alterações típicas do estresse. Até 60 minutos após o estímulo, não ocorreram alterações nos níveis sanguíneos de cortisol, glicose e potássio nos peixes dos diferentes tratamentos. Os níveis de cloreto foram reduzidos 15 minutos após a natação forçada, enquanto os níveis do sódio mais baixos foram registrados 60 minutos depois. Houve redução da osmolaridade a partir dos 30 minutos após o estímulo, independente do tempo de perseguição. A natação forçada não interferiu nos indicadores hematológicos, corroborando os outros indicadores usados. Dessa forma, o exercício intenso dos peixes por até 10 minutos não foi estímulo suficiente para gerar respostas de estresse, sugerindo que o matrinxã é bastante resistente ao manejo de criação.

Stress responses of juvenile matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) after transport in a closed system under different loading densities

Neste estudo, foram investigadas as densidades de carga adequadas para transporte de matrinxãs juvenis em sistema fechado com sacos plásticos. O transporte de 4h foi feito com peixes (23,5±0,4g; 11,6 (0,08cm) em jejum por 24h, em densidades de 83g L-1 (D1), 125g L-1 (D2), 168g L-1 (D3) e 206g L-1 (D4). Os peixes foram amostrados antes do transporte (AT), logo após o transporte (chegada) (DT) e 24h depois. A qualidade da água foi monitorada antes da captura dos peixes nos tanques de depuração, após o transporte nos sacos plásticos e nos tanques de recuperação. O oxigênio da água diminuiu para valores inferiores a 4mg L-1 em D2, D3 e D4, a temperatura esteve em torno de 32°C, pH 6,5-6,78, a amônia total foi de 1,09-1,7mg L-1, a amônia não-ionizada foi de 3,58-9,33 x 10³mg L-1 e alcalinidade 134-165mg CaCO3 L-1. O cortisol plasmático e a glicose sanguínea aumentaram após o transporte nos peixes em todas as densidades ensaiadas, voltando aos valores controle 24h depois. Os valores de osmolaridade não mudaram logo após o transporte, mas aumentaram 24h depois de modo igual em todas as densidades. O cloreto plasmático diminuiu na chegada, de modo inversamente proporcional à densidade de carga. O hematócrito diminuiu 24h depois da chegada dos peixes, em todas as densidades testadas, mas não houve diferença no número de eritrócitos. Não houve mortalidade até uma semana após o transporte. O matrinxã mostrou ser uma espécie tolerante a altas densidades de carga em embalagens para transporte além de suportar baixos níveis de oxigênio na água.

Dietary L-tryptophan alters aggression in juvenile matrinxa Brycon amazonicus

This study evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation with -tryptophan (L-TRP), a serotonin precursor, on the aggressiveness of juvenile matrinx . Fish were kept in individual aquaria for 7 days receiving the diets: D1 (control: 0.47% of TRP), D2 (0.94% of TRP), D3 (1.88% of TRP), and D4 (3.76% of TRP). After this, they were grouped with an intruder fish to establish a resident-intruder relationship during periods of 20 min. Blood cortisol, glucose, chloride, sodium and calcium; hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count and volume; liver glycogen and lipids were measured. Territoriality had significant effect on the aggressiveness of matrinx (the residents were more aggressive than intruders, < 0.001) and tryptophan significantly affected their behavior. Fish fed with the D2 diet presented a longer latency until the first attack ( = 0.0069) and bit the intruder fewer times ( = 0.0136) during the period of observation, compared to the control group. The frequency of bites and chases after the first attack was not affected by the dietary supplementation of TRP. Physiological variables were not significantly affected by the diet, except for a moderate increase in cortisol level in fish fed with D2 diet after the fight, indicating slight activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis. The results show that juvenile matrinx have aggressive and territorial behavior and that a diet containing 9.4 g TRP kg(-1) alter their aggressiveness, without affecting the stress-related physiological parameters.

Physiological responses of piau (Leporinus friderici, Bloch 1794) to transportation

This study evaluated stress indicators of juvenile piau (Leporinus friderici) during and after a 4-hour transportation in order to establish an appropriate transportation protocol for this type of fish. Fish were transported in plastic bags (133.1 g/L) and sampled before loading, during 1, 2, 3 and 4 h and after transportation (2, 6, 12 and 24 h). Blood samples were analyzed for cortisol and glucose levels, hematocrit, hemoglobin level, number and mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes. Water pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature and ammonia were monitored before, during and after transportation. No mortality was observed through the experiment. Ammonia levels increased throughout transportation, but the low pH values kept NH3 in safe levels for fish. Cortisol levels increased within 4 h of transportation, and returned to control condition 2 h after arrival. Plasma glucose increased within one hour of transportation, reaching peak value within 4 h and returning to initial condition 2 h after arrival. Erythrocyte number and hemoglobin levels showed the lowest levels 2 h after arrival, and mean corpuscular volume increased during transportation, decreasing at 12 and 24 h after arrival. Transporting piau is stressful, but fish recover the initial condition in short time, showing tolerance to the changes in the water quality parameters.

Cardiorespiratory and endocrine effects of endogenous opioid antagonism by naloxone in ponies anaesthetised with halothane

Halothane depresses cardiorespiratory function and activates the pituitary-adrenal axis, increasing beta endorphin. In horses, beta endorphin may enhance the anaesthetic-associated cardiorespiratory depression and mortality risk. The authors studied endogenous opioid effects on cardiorespiratory function and pituitary-adrenal activity in halothane-anaesthetised ponies by investigating opioid antagonism by naloxone. Six ponies were anaesthetised three times (crossover design). Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone and maintained with 1.2 per cent halothane for 2 hours. Immediately after induction, naloxone was administered either intra venously (0.5 mg kg(-1) bolus then 0.25 mg kg(-1) hour(-1) for 2 hours) or intrathecally (0.5 mg) or was replaced by saline as control. Pulse and respiratory rates, arterial blood gases, cardiac output and plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentrations were measured. All groups developed cardiorespiratory depression (40 per cent decrease in cardiac output) and plasma cortisol increased. Plasma ACTH concentration was higher in ponies treated with intrathecal naloxone. Endogenous opioids may inhibit ACTH Secretion, attenuating the stress response to halothane anaesthesia in equidae. (C) 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.

Plasma hormones, muscle mass and strength in resistance-trained postmenopausal women

Objective: To associate changes of body composition, muscle strength (MS) and plasma hormones (PH) in resistance-training protocol in sedentary postmenopausal women (PMW).Design: This randomized controlled trial, Brazilian 43 PMW (45-70-year-old) able for physical exercises were selected after they have accomplished medical and ethical criteria. They were assigned in two groups: RT, resistance training (n = 22); and CT, not trained control (n = 2 1); with supervision sessions of two to three exercise for large and one exercise for smaller groups in three series of 8-12 rep. (60-80% 1RM) for each exercise. The training period lasted 16 weeks and was preceded by low-load exercise (40-50% 1RM) adaptation period of 4 weeks (3/(times week)). Body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and composition (BIA) along with fast-PH (FSH, LH, estrachol, cortisol, IGF-1 and testosterone) were assessed before (MO) and after (M 16) the 4 weeks period with the MS (1RM) determined also at 8 weeks (W). The values were correlated by Person's test and the means compared by Student's t-test and ANOVA.Results: At baseline both groups were similar in age, time of PMW, body composition, MS and fast-PH. However after 16 weeks, RT presented higher BMI (2. 1 %), IGF- 1 (37.8%) and MM gain (1.8 +/- 0.8 kg) than CT. MM correlated positively with IGF-1 (r = 0.45, p < 0.05) and MS progressively increased in all exercise greater in pectoral than legs and upper arms.Conclusion: Former sedentary postmenopausal women submitted to resistance training gained MM and MS irrespectively of fat mass changes but significantly associated with IGF-1 increase. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electroacupuncture analgesia in dogs: is there a difference between uni- and bi-lateral stimulation?

Objective To compare the analgesic effect of uni- and bi-lateral electroacupuncture (EA) in response to thermal and mechanical nociceptive stimuli and to investigate the cardiorespiratory, endocrine, and behavioral changes in dogs submitted to EA.Study design Prospective, randomized cross-over experimental study.Animals Eight adult, clinically healthy, cross-breed dogs, weighing 13 +/- 4 kg.Methods Dogs underwent electrostimulation at false acupoints (T-false); bilateral EA at acupoints, stomach 36, gall bladder 34 and spleen 6 (T-EA/bil); unilateral EA at the same points (T-EA/uni) or were untreated (T-control). All animals received acepromazine (0.05 mg kg(-1)) IV; and heart rate, pulse oximetry, indirect arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, PECO2, rectal temperature, and plasma cortisol concentration were measured before, during, and after EA. Analgesia was tested using thoracic and abdominal cutaneous thermal and mechanical stimuli, and an interdigital thermal stimulus. Behavior was classified as calm or restless. Analysis of variance for repeated measures followed by Tukey's test was used for analysis of the data.Results There were no cardiorespiratory differences among the treatments. The cutaneous pain threshold was higher after EA, compared with false points. The latency period was shorter and analgesia was more intense in T-EA/bil than T-EA/uni, when both were compared with T-false and T-control. Six out of eight animals treated with EA were calm during treatment, and 5/8 and 4/8 of the T-false and T-control animals, respectively, were restless. Latency to interdigital thermal stimulation increased in T-EA/bil compared with the others. There was no difference in plasma cortisol concentrations among the treatments.Conclusions Bilateral EA produced a shorter latency period, a greater intensity, and longer duration of analgesia than unilateral stimulation, without stimulating a stress response.Clinical relevance Bilateral EA produces a better analgesic effect than unilateral EA.

Analgesic efficacy of perioperative use of vedaprofen, tramadol or their combination in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy

The analgesic efficacy of tramadol and/or vedaprofen was evaluated in cats submitted for elective ovariohysterectomy, using a randomised double blind placebo controlled design. Forty adult female cats (3.0 +/- 0.32 kg; 1.8 +/- 0.7 years) were distributed into four groups. Vedaprofen PO (0.5 mg/kg), tramadol SC (2 mg/kg), both, or placebo was administered 1 h before surgery and every 24 and 8 h, respectively, for 72 h after surgery. Pain score evaluated by interactive visual analogue and composite pain score and hyperalgesia by the von Frey filament test were recorded at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 28, 32, 48, 52, 56, 72, 96 h and on the 7th day after surgery. Animals treated with combined vedaprofen and tramadol treatment did not need rescue analgesia, did not develop hyperalgesia, and their serum cortisol concentrations and pain scores were lower than placebo until 24 and 72 h after surgery, respectively. Combined vedaprofen and tramadol treatment provided more effective postoperative analgesia and prevented hyperalgesia than when used on their own. Multimodal technique is a superior method of treating pain after feline ovariohysterectomy. This work also provides evidence for the benefits of analgesia for up to 3 days following ovariohysterectomy. (C) 2008 ESFM and AAFP. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of intravenous propofol and remifentanil on heart rate, blood pressure and nociceptive response in acepromazine premedicated dogs

ObjectiveTo investigate the cardiorespiratory, nociceptive and endocrine effects of the combination of propofol and remifentanil, in dogs sedated with acepromazine.Study designProspective randomized, blinded, cross-over experimental trial.AnimalsTwelve healthy adult female cross-breed dogs, mean weight 18.4 +/- 2.3 kg.MethodsDogs were sedated with intravenous (IV) acepromazine (0.05 mg kg-1) followed by induction of anesthesia with IV propofol (5 mg kg-1). Anesthesia was maintained with IV propofol (0.2 mg kg-1 minute-1) and remifentanil, infused as follows: R1, 0.125 mu g kg-1 minute-1; R2, 0.25 mu g kg-1 minute-1; and R3, 0.5 mu g kg-1 minute-1. The same dogs were administered each dose of remifentanil at 1-week intervals. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (f(R)), end tidal CO(2) (Pe'CO(2)), arterial hemoglobin O(2) saturation, blood gases, and rectal temperature were measured before induction, and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 minutes after beginning the infusion. Nociceptive response was investigated by electrical stimulus (50 V, 5 Hz and 10 ms). Blood samples were collected for plasma cortisol measurements. Statistical analysis was performed by anova (p < 0.05).ResultsIn all treatments, HR decreased during anesthesia with increasing doses of remifentanil, and increased significantly immediately after the end of infusion. MAP remained stable during anesthesia (72-98 mmHg). Antinociception was proportional to the remifentanil infusion dose, and was considered satisfactory only with R2 and R3. Plasma cortisol concentration decreased during anesthesia in all treatments. Recovery was smooth and fast in all dogs.Conclusions and clinical relevanceInfusion of 0.25-0.5 mu g kg-1 minute-1 remifentanil combined with 0.2 mg kg-1 minute-1 propofol produced little effect on arterial blood pressure and led to a good recovery. The analgesia produced was sufficient to control the nociceptive response applied by electrical stimulation, suggesting that it may be appropriate for performing surgery.

Influence of chromium supplementation on energy metabolism in horses used in policing activity

O presente trabalho avaliou a influência da suplementação com cromo em algumas variáveis sanguíneas em 11 equinos machos, adultos, usados em atividade de policiamento. Cada animal recebeu 11mg de cromo/400kg de peso corpóreo, via oral, durante 30 dias. Nos dias 0 (antes) e 30 (após), os animais foram avaliados e amostras de sangue foram obtidas antes e após o exercício. Glicose e lactato plasmáticos e cortisol e insulina séricas foram determinados. No dia 0, as concentrações de glicose plasmática foram 68,4±5,6mg/dL e 78,7±6,5mg/dL; de lactato plasmático, 6,2±0,6mg/dL e 13,1±7,6mg/dL; de cortisol sérico, 48,5±7,9ng/mL e 42,6±19,7ng/mL; e de insulina sérica, 3,0±6,4µUI/m L e 1,9±1,7µUI/mL, respectivamente, antes e após o exercício. No dia 30, as concentrações de glicose plasmática foram 73,3±5,7mg/dL e 78,4±6,7mg/dL; de lactato plasmático, 7,3±0,9mg/dL e 7,6±1,2mg/dL; de cortisol sérico, 62,9±21,8ng/mL e 40,3±17,0ng/mL; e de insulina sérica, 1,4±1,3µUI/mL e 1,7±1,4µUI/mL, respectivamente, antes e após o exercício. Como efeito do exercício, foi demonstrado redução na concentração sérica de insulina e aumento no lactato e glicose plasmáticas. A suplementação com cromo resulto u em redução dos valores de lactato após a atividade física, possivelmente indicando que o cromo contribuiu para a melhor utilização da glicose plasmática e melhor adaptação ao exercício físico realizado.

O leucograma como indicador de estresse no desmame e no transporte rodoviário de bovinos da raça Nelore

Stress can cause economic losses due to lower weight gain and increased susceptibility of animal diseases. Among the events that cause stress in calves, stand out weaning and road transport, which can result in increased serum concentrations of adrenaline and / or cortisol. This study evaluated the influence of weaning and road transport on the leukogram of Nelore calves. With this purpose, 30 calves with seven to eight months of age, divided into three groups, the first being composed of lactating animals (GL), the second by weaning animals (GD) and the third by weaning animals subjected to road transport for four hours (GDT). The first day of weaning, but not in subsequent days, there were changes in GD and GDT leukogram compatible with the action of adrenaline, as significant increases counts of WBC and neutrophils (p < 0.05), without changing in the neutrophil lymphocytes ratio (NL). In the GDT, immediately after transport, but not in subsequent days, leukogram changes were (p < 0.05) compatible with the action of cortisol, as higher N: L ratio and decreased eosinophil count. It was concluded that, under the conditions of this experiment, there are changes in leukocytes on weaning and road transport related to the action of adrenaline and road transport, respectively, and that the WBC can be used as an indicator of stress in this species.