Ação de adjuvantes na absorção e translocação de glyphosate em plantas de aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes)

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a ação de adjuvantes na absorção e translocação de glyphosate em plantas de aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes). Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 5 x 8, sendo: cinco tratamentos com glyphosate (sem adjuvante e com os adjuvantes Aterbane a 0,5 e 0,25% v/v e Silwet L77 a 0,1 e 0,05% v/v), aplicados somente em uma folha de cada planta; e oito intervalos para lavagem ou corte das folhas (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 e 48 horas, além de um intervalo contínuo sem lavagem ou corte). Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Os adjuvantes Aterbane a 0,5% e Silwet a 0,1% promoveram maior controle em períodos mais curtos sem a lavagem das folhas (duas e quatro horas), embora no final do estudo todos os adjuvantes tenham resultado em controle eficiente a partir de duas horas, assim como o glyphosate sem adjuvante. No estudo de translocação, independentemente do adjuvante testado, observou-se excelente controle após o período de seis horas sem o corte das folhas. Nos períodos de duas e quatro horas, observou-se controle insatisfatório independentemente do adjuvante testado: esse fato demonstra que o corte das folhas em períodos inferiores a seis horas após a aplicação não é suficiente para uma translocação eficiente e garantir o controle de plantas de aguapé.

Adjuvantes e assistência de ar em pulverizador de barras sobre a deposição da calda e controle de Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Sydow & Sydow)

Com o intuito de melhorar a cobertura da pulverização e diminuir as perdas na produtividade da cultura da soja, o estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da adição de adjuvantes à calda combinado ou não ao uso da assistência de ar sobre a deposição da pulverização, controle de Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Sydow & P. Sydow, perdas de produção (peso de 1000 grãos) e produtividade da cultura (kg ha-1). Dois experimentos a campo foram conduzidos na cultura da soja, variedade Conquista, safra agrícola 2008/09. Um deles no delineamento em blocos ao acaso com três doses de adjuvantes associados a um marcador cúprico combinadas a dois níveis de ar na barra de pulverização (0 e 29 km h-1), totalizando 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Outro experimento foi instalado no mesmo local do anterior. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com 7 tratamentos: fungicida e dois adjuvantes associados ao fungicida, combinados a dois níveis de ar na barra de pulverização (0 e 29 km h-1), mais testemunha, e 4 repetições. Após a pulverização do fungicida piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole com diferentes tecnologias, procedeu-se a avaliação da severidade da doença através da estimativa da área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD) e da produtividade da cultura da soja. A assistência de ar na velocidade máxima gerada pelo ventilador (29 km h-1), combinada ao fungicida piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole mais o adjuvante organosiliconado Silwet L-77 contribuiu para melhor controle da ferrugem asiática, proporcionando incremento na produtividade e no peso de 1000 grãos.

Effect of the bacillus of Calmette-Guerin, Propionibacterium acnes and avridine as immunomodulators in antirabies vaccination of mice using the Fuenzalida-Palacios mouse brain vaccine

Using the laboratory mice, Fuenzalida-Palacios mouse brain human rabies vaccine was administered in groups of animals previously inoculated with rabies virus and then submitted to treatments with the immunomodulators onco-BCG, avridine and Plopionibacterium acnes. Humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated through the macrophage inhibition factor (MIF), intra-pad inoculation (IPI) and serum neutralization (SN) tests and by the detection of gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma). The IPI test was not effective in detecting the response of delayed-type hypersensitivity, contrary to MIF, which showed the immune cellular response. Higher levels of IFN-gamma were observed in the groups of mice vaccinated and treated with avridine and P. acnes. Although immunomodulating activities have been detected, the use of adjuvants with the Fuenzalida-Palacios type vaccine in mice did not reveal any encouraging results. (C) 1999 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

New Nanostructured Silica Adjuvant (SBA-15) Employed to Produce Antivenom in Young Sheep Using Crotalus durissus terrificus and Apis mellifera Venoms Detoxified by Cobalt-60

Equine antivenom is considered the only treatment for animal-generated envenomations, but it is costly. The study aimed to produce Apis mellifera (Africanized honeybee) and Crotalus durissus terrificus (C.d.t.) antivenoms using nanostructured silica (SBA-15) as adjuvant and cobalt-60 (60Co)-detoxified venoms utilizing young sheep. Natural and 60Co-irradiated venoms were employed in four different hyperimmunization protocols. Thus, 8 groups of 60- to 90-d-old sheep were hyperimmunized, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serum titers collected every 14 d were assessed clinically daily, and individual weight were measured, until d 84. Incomplete Freund's (IFA) and nanostructured silica (SBA15) adjuvants were compared. The lethal dose (LD50) for both venoms was determined following intraperitoneal (ip) administration to mice. High-performance liquid chromatography on reversed phase (HPLC-RP) was used also to measure the 60Co irradiation effects on Apis venom. At the end of the study, sheep were killed in a slaughterhouse. Kidneys were histologically analyzed. LD50 was 5.97 mg/kg Apis and 0.07 mg/kg C.d.t. for native compared to 13.44 mg/kg Apis and 0.35 mg/kg C.d.t. for irradiated venoms. HPLC revealed significant differences in chromatographic profiles between native and irradiated Apis venoms. Native venom plus IFA compared with SBA-15 showed significantly higher antibody titers for both venoms. Apis-irradiated venom plus IFA or SBA-15 displayed similar antibody titers but were significantly lower when compared with native venom plus IFA. Weight gain did not differ significantly among all groups. 60Co irradiation decreased toxicity and maintained venom immunogenic capacity, while IFA produced higher antibody titers. SBA-15 was able to act as an adjuvant without producing adverse effects. Hyperimmunization did not affect sheep weight gain, which would considerably reduce the cost of antiserum production, as these sheep were still approved for human consumption even after being subjected to hyperimmunization.

Controle do arroz vermelho através do herbicida sulfosate isolado e em misturacom adjuvantes

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do herbicida sulfosate, aplicado isoladamente e em misturas com diferentes adjuvantes, comparado com o herbicida glifosate, ambos aplicados com baixo volume de calda, no controle da planta daninha arroz vermelho (Oryza sativa L.) sob aplicação em condições de préplantio da cultura do arroz. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, sendo a área experimental instalada na cultura de arroz irrigado, variedade IAC-101. A área de pousio recebeu uma lâmina de água de 5 a 10cm de pro fundidade por dois dias, e após a retirada, o arroz vermelho começou a germinar. Quando o mesmo atingiu cerca de 20-25cm de altura, procedeu-se a aplicação de herbicidas de manejo (pré-plantio) . Após 16 dias da aplicação foi efetuado o plantio da cultura com densidade de 60-80 sementes/metro linear e profundidade de 3cm, sendo o espaçamento utilizado de 21,8cm entre linhas. Foram testados tratamentos com os seguintes produtos: sulfosate a 1,20; 1,44 e 1,68Kg i.a./ha e glifosate a 1,20; 1,44 e 1,68Kg i.a./ha, ambos os produtos aplicados isolados e em misturas com os seguintes adjuvantes: Poliglicol, Organosilicone e Amina Graxa, além de uma testemunha não capinada. Para a avaliação do efeito dos tratamentos empregados foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: fitotoxicidade aperente, porcentagem de controle do arroz vermelho; altura do arroz vermelho (em cm); estande da cultura (no de per filhos/metro linear) e altura da cultura (em cm). Através dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que os herbicidas sulfosate, glifosate nas formulações comerciais Rodeo e Roundup, nas doses de 1,20; 1,44 e 1,68Kg i.a./ha, aplicados isolados (exceto o Rodeo) e conjuntamente com os adjuvantes poliglicol (Mojante), organosilicone (Silwet) e amina graxa (Frigate) (exceto Roundup, que foi utilizado apenas com o adjuvante amina graxa e sozinho), propiciaram excelente nível de controle do arroz vermelho, quando aplicados em pós-emergência e área total, e pré-plantio da cultura de arroz, implantada no sistema de plantio direto. Também foi verificado que não ocorreu diferença quanto à eficiência entre sulfosate e glifosate no controle do arroz vermelho, ambos controlando de forma eficiente a planta daninha.

Espectro de gotas de pontas de pulverização com adjuvantes de uso agrícola

O sucesso de uma boa aplicação de produtos fitossanitários depende da sinergia entre fatores como tamanho de gota, tipo de ponta, pressão, volume e composição da calda e características do alvo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o espectro de gotas produzidas por pontas de jato plano defletor (TT 11002) e jato plano defletor com indução de ar (TTI 11002), com diferentes adjuvantes adicionados à calda de pulverização, pela técnica de difração de raio laser. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, ou seja, duas pontas de aplicação (jato plano defletor e jato plano defletor com indução de ar) e cinco composições de calda (água e água mais quatro adjuvantes: fosfatidilcoline+ácido propiônico, éter poliglicólico de monilfenol, ésteres de ácidos graxos e nonil-fenol etoxilado+óxido de etileno). em ambiente controlado, avaliou-se o espectro de gotas, por meio de um analisador a laser de gotas em tempo real, na pressão de 276 kPa. O efeito dos adjuvantes no espectro de gotas mostrou-se dependente da ponta de pulverização empregada. A adição dos adjuvantes à calda não alterou o risco potencial de deriva, expresso pela porcentagem do volume em gotas com diâmetro inferior a 100 µm, porém o adjuvante fosfatidilcoline+ácido propiônico reduziu o diâmetro da mediana volumétrica das gotas produzidas pela ponta de jato plano defletor com indução de ar, em relação à avaliação feita somente com água.

Immunisation of dogs and guinea pigs against Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks using gut extract

Tick-bite naive guinea pigs were inoculated three times with Rhipicephalus sanguineus gut or salivary gland extracts and saponin as adjuvant. Dogs were inoculated three times with gut extract only as this fraction induced a more efficient resistance in guinea pigs (lower tick recovery and lower engorged female weights). Freund's adjuvant and saponin were used as adjuvants for the immunisation of dogs. Freund's adjuvant was used to enhance cellular immunity. The highest level of resistance in dogs was induced by the immunisation with gut extract and Freund's adjuvant. Many female ticks from dogs immunised this way engorged fully but died prior to oviposition. Resistant guinea pigs and dogs seemed to trigger different immune mechanisms against R. sanguineus ticks as damage to parasites also differed. A major role for cellular immunity in the resistance of dogs against R. sanguineus ticks is suggested. Resistance mechanisms against R. sanguineus ticks is discussed.

Saponins, IL12 and BCG adjuvant in the FML-vaccine formulation against murine visceral leishmaniasis

The FML antigen of Leishmania donovani, in combination with either Riedel de Haen (R), QuilA, QS21 saponins, IL12 or BCG, was used in vaccination of an outbred murine model against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Significant and specific increases in anti-FML IgG and IgM responses were detected for all adjuvants, and in anti-FML IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b and delayed type of hypersensitivity to L. donovani lysate (DTH), only for all saponins and IL12. The QS21-FML and QuilA-FML groups achieved the highest IgG2a response. QuilA-FML developed the strongest DTH and QS21-FML animals showed the highest serum IFN-gamma concentrations. The reduction of parasitic load in the liver in response to each FML-vaccine formulation was: 52% (P < 0.025) for BCG-FML, 73% (P < 0.005) for R-FML, 93% (P < 0.005) for QuilA-FML and 79.2% (P < 0.025) for QS21-FML treated animals, respectively. Protection was specific for R-FML and QS21-FML while the QuilA saponin treatment itself induced 69% of LDU reduction. The FML-saponin vaccines promote significant, specific and strong protective effects against murine visceral leishmaniasis. BCG-FML induced minor and non-specific protection while IL 12-FML, although enhancing the specific antibody and IDR response, failed to reduce the parasitic load of infected animals. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Single dose of a vaccine based on DNA encoding mycobacterial hsp65 protein plus TDM-loaded PLGA microspheres protects mice against a virulent strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The high incidence of tuberculosis around the world and the inability of BCG to protect certain populations clearly indicate that an improved vaccine against tuberculosis is needed. A single antigen, the mycobacterial heat shock protein hsp65, is sufficient to protect BALB/c mice against challenge infection when administered as DNA vaccine in a three-dose-based schedule. In order to simplify the vaccination schedule, we coencapsulated hsp65-DNA and trehalose dimicolate (TDM) into biodegradable poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres. BALB/c mice immunized with a single dose of DNA-hsp65/TDM-1oaded microspheres produced high levels of IgG2a subtype antibody and high amounts of IFN-gamma in the supernatant of spleen cell cultures. DNA-hsp65/TDM-loaded microspheres were also able to induce high IFN-gamma production in bulk lung cells from challenged mice and confer protection as effective as that attained after three doses of naked DNA administration. This new formulation also allowed a ten-fold reduction in the DNA dose when compared to naked DNA. Thus, this combination of DNA vaccine and adjuvants with immunomodulatory and carrier properties holds the potential for an improved vaccine against tuberculosis.

Seletividade e eficácia de herbicidas inibidores da enzima accase na cultura da mamona

This experiment aimed to evaluate the selectivity and efficacy of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in castor bean crop, at Paraguacu Paulista, São Paulo, during the 2002/03 agricultural season. The experimental design used was randomized complete blocks, with eleven treatments and four replicates, constituted by the following herbicides and adjuvants: fluazifop-p-butyl 313 g ha(-1)) + Agral (TM) 0.2% v/v); sethoxydim 322 g ha(-1)) + Assist (TM) 0.5% v/v); haloxyfop-methyl 120 g ha(-1)) + Assist (TM) 0.5% v/v); clethodim+ fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 75 g ha(-1)) + Assist (TM) 0.5% v/v); quizalofop-pethyl 125 g ha(-1)) + Assist (TM) 0.5% v/v); clethodim 156 g ha(-1)) + Assist (TM) 0.5% v/v); propaquizafop 175 g ha(-1)) + Assist (TM) 0.5% v/v); tepraloxydim 400 g ha(-1)) + Dash (TM) 0.5% v/v); butroxydim 100 g ha(-1)) + Dash (TM) 0.5% v/v); isoxaflutole 60 g ha(-1)) and weed-free check. At the moment of application, castor bean plants presented 4 to 6 leaves and Cenchrus echinatus, 1 to 5 tillers. AL Guarany 2002 cultivar presented high selectivity to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, without visible symptoms of phytotoxicity in 14 DAA days after application), except for tepraloxydim, whose symptoms persisted until 21 DAA, and isoxaflutole HPPD inhibiting), which showed injuries in older leaves and significant yield reduction. C. echinatus infestation was efficiently controlled by ACCase-inhibiting herbicides between 14 and 21 DAA (>= 95.0%).

AVALIACAO DA REACAO DE MITSUDA EM PACIENTES VIRCHOVIANOS INATIVOS ANTES E APOS IMUNOTERAPIA

In this study the immunopotentiator levamisole as well as a mixture of BCG/Mycobacterium leprae were investigated in inactive lepromatous leprosy patients by using the Mitsuda reaction as a parameter. Twenty lepromatous patients ten years ago classified as histologically negative for Mitsuda's test were divided into three groups: five patients that were only retested with Mitsuda antigen; eight patients that received oral levamisol and seven patients that received a mixture of alive BCG plus autoclaved M. leprae. The results indicated that: 1) the levamisole did not alter the reactivity to lepromin in any of the patients studied; 2) neither the changes in the reactivity to lepromin by using the mixture (3 cases) nor those that occurred spontaneously (3 cases) were clear. They properly reflected the natural variation of patients with some degree of resistance to Mycobacterium leprae.

Investigation into the use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs

Objective - To investigate the use of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in dogs. Study Design - Prospective experimental study. Animals - Eight healthy adult mixed breed dogs weighing from 15 to 20 kg. Methods - The dogs were anesthetized with intravenous pentobarbital. An LMA was introduced after the induction of anesthesia and 1 L/min O2 plus 1 L/min air was delivered using a circle anesthetic system. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, arterial O2 saturation (pulse oximetry), end tidal CO2, inspired fraction of O2, pulse rate, and mean arterial blood pressure were measured after the insertion of the LMA and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes afterwards. Results - There were no changes in respiratory rate, tidal volume, arterial O2 saturation, and pulse rate during anesthesia. End tidal CO2 decreased significantly by the end of anesthesia and ventilation appeared satisfactory. Conclusions - An LMA appeared to be an alternative option to maintain the patency of the airway in dogs. Clinical Relevance - This device may allow safe maintenance of an airway in dogs when intubation is difficult or when it interferes with the procedure (eg, cervical myelography). ©Copyright 1999 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.

Laboratory evaluation of young ovines inoculated with natural or 60Co-irradiated Crotalus durissus terrificus venom during hyperimmunization process

Laboratory profile of young ovines was studied in order to evaluate and compare their antiserum production from natural and Cobalt-60 irradiated Crotalus durissus terrificus (C.d.t.) venoms. The parameters analyzed included complete blood count, and urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, total proteins, albumin and globulin serum measurements. Three groups of six animals each were used. Group 1 (G1) received natural C.d.t. venom; Group 2 (G2) received irradiated C.d.t. venom; and Group 3 (G3) was used as control and did not receive venom, only adjuvants, using seven venom inoculations. During the experimental period, animals were fortnightly weighed. According to clinical and weight evaluation, sheep in post-weaning phase showed no changes in their physiological profiles but had excellent weight gain. The parameters analyzed were not statistically different (p<5%) among the groups tested. The hyperimmunization process was successfully accomplished with the production of specific antibodies against Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. Results bring a new possibility of utilizing ovines in the commercial production of anticrotalic serum, which may be used to treat human and animal envenomation. Its production cost may be reduced by subsequent use of hyperimmunized sheep for human consumption.

Biochemical and hematological study of goats envenomed with natural and 60Co-irradiated bothropic venom

Venoms from snakes of the Bothrops genus are proteolytic, coagulant, hemorrhagic and nephrotoxic, causing edema, necrosis, hemorrhage and intense pain at the bite site, besides systemic alterations. Many adjuvants have been added to the venom used in the sensitization of antiserum-producer animals to increase antigenic induction and reduce the envenomation pathological effects. Gamma radiation from 60Co has been used as an attenuating agent of the venoms toxic properties. The main objective was to study, comparatively, clinical and laboratory aspects of goats inoculated with bothropic (Bothrops jararaca) venom, natural and irradiated from a 60Co source. Twelve goats were divided into two groups of six animals: GINV, inoculated with 0.5mg/kg of natural venom; and GIIV, inoculated with 0.5mg/kg of irradiated venom. Blood samples were collected immediately before and one, two, seven, and thirty days after venom injection. Local lesions were daily evaluated. The following exams were carried out: blood tests; biochemical tests of urea, creatinine, creatine kinase (CK), aspartate amino-transferase (AST) and alanine amino-transferase (ALT); clotting time; platelets count; and total serum immunoglobulin measurement. In the conditions of the present experiment, irradiated venom was less aggressive and more immunogenic than natural venom.

Immunization of Balb/c mice with modified auto-antigens for induction of autoimmune sialoadenitis

Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by sialoadenitis and elevated titers of autoantibodies. To assess whether it is possible to induce inflammatory changes in salivary gland tissues, a series of immunizations in Balb/c mice have been undertaken, using salivary gland extract, modified or not, added to several adjuvants. Mice's humoral immune response to salivary gland antigens was monitored by ELISA. Inflammatory cells infiltrating gland tissue were seen 3 months after immunization with salivary gland extract modified with pepsin (AgGp) and metaperiodate (AgGMp). Although pathological progression was not observed, the histopathological picture was similar to the initial phase of Sjögren's syndrome. In addition, a monoclonal antibody reactive with 3 gland polypeptides and anhydrase carbonic II was rescued among B cells from immunized mice. Thus, immunizations with modified autoantigens were able to initiate pathological damage to glandular tissue and stimulate the proliferation of auto-reactive B cells.