Estrutura de capital, estratégia e competição de mercado na indústria de gás liquefeito de petróleo (GLP) no período 1995-2003

A indústria brasileira de gás liquefeito de petróleo, GLP, tem sido alvo freqüente, nos últimos anos, da atenção de órgãos reguladores, mídia e público em geral. Muitas têm sido as especulações a respeito de seu padrão de conduta publicados na imprensa, variando desde práticas predatórias até a formação disciplinada de cartel. A presente pesquisa, baseada em depoimentos de executivos da indústria e no acesso a dados das firmas dessa indústria tomado públicos - dados financeiros e operacionais - explora qual seja, afinal, o padrão de competição desse oligopólio. O estudo parte da Teoria da Estrutura de Capital aplicada para decisões de competição e mercado - preços e quantidades a ofertar para constatar que, dadas suas escolhas de estrutura de capital, as firmas esta indústria específica simplesmente adotam um padrão tradicional de arrefecimento da competição a partir de sua dívida. A dívida, nesta indústria, é utilizada para a criação de barreiras de entrada. Ainda assim, casos de acirramento da competição e de concentração de mercado foram encontrados, indicando que não haja uma disciplina formal de conduta por parte de suas firmas as quais devem, eventualmente, encontrar dificuldades - ou falta de interesse - na convivência em um mercado em fase de transformação.

Confiança como antecedente da escolha de compra na indústria da construção civil

o conceito de confiança como antecedente à decisão de compra tem sido introduzido em estudos empíricos sobre marketing no Brasil a partir do referencial teórico adotado principalmente nos Estados Unidos e Europa. A presente dissertação examina a confiança, tanto no vendedor como na sua empresa, como fator que influencia a decisão de compra em relacionamentos business to business. O estudo se baseia no artigo de Doney e Cannon (1997) sobre a confiança no relacionamento entre empresas e seus vendedores. O estudo empírico trata de um levantamento de corte transversal, no qual foram testadas hipóteses específicas para examinar as relações entre as variáveis, em um processo de pesquisa formal e estruturado, com uma amostra de 170 lojas e revendas de materiais de construção no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram coletados a partir da base de clientes de uma indústria siderúrgica sediada no interior do estado do Rio de Janeiro com forte atuação nas regiões sul e sudeste do país. A análise dos dados foi feita com base no Modelo de Equações Estruturais (SEM), através do software Lisrel 8.30. Os resultados não são idênticos aos obtidos no estudo original, mas apontam para a importância de se estabelecerem relacionamentos com os clientes. A pesquisa conclui que as características da empresa fornecedora como também seu relacionamento e o do vendedor, influenciam a decisão de compra de seus clientes. No entanto, as características do vendedor não têm impacto sobre a confiança no mesmo. Este estudo fornece subsídios a futuras pesquisas sobre a confiança como antecedente à decisão de compra. São discutidas as limitações da pesquisa e as implicações de seus resultados para a gestão de marketing no Brasil.

Fusões, aquisições estratégicas, e capacidades tecnológicas inovadoras: evidências da indústria de telecomunicações multinacional

This dissertation studies the innovative technological capabilities available in the merger and acquisitions processes and the relationship between these processes with the technological capabilities accumulation to get convergence of technology and services. This study was examined in fourteen companies of the telecommunications industry during 2002 to 2007. Starting on 1990 there were from one end a profusion of studies on the technological capabilities as source of competitive advantages; from another end there are studies on merger and acquisitions with the objective to evaluate the motivations derived from technological factors and stimulation to the competition and the opening of the market. However few of the empirical studies of long stated period that examine the correlation of these events in the industry of telecommunications under the optics of the technological qualification in the level of the companies and for the strategic perspective of enterprise based on the dynamics abilities. An analytical framework already available in the literature was used to describe the contribution of the merger and acquisitions processes for the accumulation of innovative technological capabilities in the studied companies. However the framework was adapted specifically for the industry of Telecommunications. This dissertation also studies the importance of the strategic merger and acquisitions as organizational form in the complementation of technological capability for external sources. Such empirical evidences had been collected from information and data bases published for the own companies who had been examined in this dissertation. Regarding the results, it was found that: 1. In terms of participation with ingress technological capabilities in strategic merger and acquisitions the equipment manufacturers had entered with 71% to 55 of the technological capabilities and the service operator company had entered with 61% to 71 technological capabilities. 2. In terms of implications of the merger and acquisitions for the configuration of resultant technologic capabilities, it was found that the equipment manufacturers had increased 31% the ratio of convergence of technology and the operators of services had increased 4% the ratio for the change in the organizational structure. 3. Regarding the accumulation technological capability to obtain convergence of technology and services was verified the increase these technological capabilities after the merger and acquisitions process in the companies studied. Considering the limitation of this study, the evidences found in this dissertation suggest that the companies use the processes of strategic merger and acquisitions to search for external complementation of their knowledge base to compete in the globalization market. The result demonstrates that this movement has implied in an alteration and accumulation of capability from organization on innovative technological activities regarding the convergence of technology and services.

REPETRO - Regime Aduaneiro Especial de Importação e Exportação de Bens Destinados à Pesquisa e Lavra de Petróleo e Gás: análise dos entraves e propostas de soluções

REPETRO, the special tax regime for importing and exporting goods for the exploration and drilling of oil and gas, aims at bringing foreign assets to Brazil enjoying a suspension or even an exemption of taxes, so that Brazilian industry may profit from about 8 billion American dollars in investments. The creation of normative devices as well as the management of the REPETRO model are under the exclusive responsibility of the Brazilian Internal Revenue Services. REPETRO was created in 1999 and is composed of the following customs treatments: importation of goods with suspension of taxes by use of the drawback special regime, suspension mode for national exporting industry; exportation with fictitious exit for the national industry; temporary admission of goods or assets used in oil exploration and production, attending to the needs of both the national and foreign market. Considering the inability of the Brazilian government in restructuring its foreign trade model so that a strong investment in technology could provide for the sector¿s needs, we must ask how we can change REPETRO to help the various companies in the oil business? The issue is very important for one of our main economic activities, though not enough studied. The energy sector has a strategic importance for the development and the economic independence of any country. The winds of globalization lead Brazil to open its economy in the last decade and the national policy for exploration and drilling (E&D) was altered. The government created a new agency dedicated to market control and energy policies, the National Agency for Oil and Biofuels (ANP). With the opening of the market, Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras, the Brazilian giant, lost the monopoly of the oil business. The P-50 Platform, with a capacity for 180,000 barrels per day, was imported based on REPETRO. When it began operating on April 21st, 2006, Brazil achieved self-sufficiency in oil production. The present work intends to estimate the main variables affecting the importation and exportation of goods and assets for E&D, showing how REPETRO works. We also intend to look at the results yielded by the REPETRO model for the development of the production of oil and gas in Brazil, as well as show proposals for its modernization. It has been established that even though since its implementation the REPETRO model has brought fiscal advantages through the reduction of tax costs relating to foreign commerce operations and the incentive of investments in the E&D area with the increase in the national oil production there remain the following limitations: lack of preparation and of knowledge of the model; lack of adjustement of the model to the reality of actitity of E&D of oil and gas; taxes over the pre-operational stage or investment in oil production stage; non-allowance of full access by the national industry to the supply of goods and products relating to the industrialization of goods allowed by REPETRO; other fiscal and administrative difficulties. We conclude that the REPETRO model is important for the development of the area of E&D of oil and gas, but not completely effective. It is necessary to change it or create a new model based on a new perspective of the customs treatment of the activities of exploration and production, minimizing administrative procedures relating to the operations of exportation and importation.

Trajetórias De Acumulação De Capacidades Inovadoras, Mecanismos De Aprendizagem E Fatores Organizacionais Relativos A Atividades Em Gestão De Projetos: Estudo De Caso Comparativo Inter-Empresarial Na Indústria De Bens De Capital E De Celulose E Papel No Brasil

Over the last 40 years there has been a profusion of studies about the ccumulation of technological capacities in firms from developing economies. However, there remain few studies that examine, on a combined basis, the relationship among: the trajectories of technological capacities accumulation; the underlying learning mechanisms; and, the implications of organizational factors for these two variables. Still scarcer are the studies that examine the relationship among these variables along time and based on a comparative case study. This dissertation examines the relationship among the trajectory of accumulation of innovative capacities in complex project management, the learning mechanisms underlying these technological capacities and the intra-organizational factors that influence these learning echanisms. That set of relationships is examined through a comparative and a long-term (1988-2008) case study in a capital goods firm (for the pulp and paper industry) and a pulp mill in Brazil. Based on first-hand quantitative and qualitative empiric evidence, gathered through extensive field research, this dissertation found: 1. Both firms accumulated innovative capacity in project management at the international frontier level (Level 6). However, there was variability between the firms in terms of the nature and speed of accumulation of those capacities. It was also observed that, at this level of innovation, the innovative capacities of both firms are not confined to their organizational boundaries, but they are distributed beyond their boundaries. 2. So that these companies could accumulate those levels of innovative capacities it was necessary to manage several learning mechanisms: leveraging of external knowledge and its internalization in terms of internal apacities of the firm. In other words, as the companies accumulated more innovative levels of capacities for project management, it was necessary to manage different cycles of technological learning. 3. Further, the relationship between the ccumulation of technological capacities and learning was affected positively by intra-organizational factors, such as 'authority disposition', 'mutability of work roles' and 'intensity of internal crises', and negatively by the factor 'singularity of goals'. This dissertation revealed divergent results between firms in two of the four factors studied. These results contribute to advance our understanding of the complexity and variability involved in the process of accumulation of innovative capacities in firms from developing economies. This highlights the growing importance of the organizational and the human resource dimensions of innovation and technological capacity as the company approaches the international frontier. The results suggest to managers that: (i) the good performance in project management in the two firms studied did not occur simply as a result of the pulp and paper Brazilian industry growth, rather as a result of the deliberate construction and accumulation of the capacities through an intensive and coordinated cyclical process of technological learning, (ii) to develop innovative capabilities in project management, besides looking for learning mechanisms they should also look at the organizational factors that influence the learning mechanisms directly, (iii) performance of pulp mill¿s projects is better when projects are implemented together with technology suppliers than when performed only by the mill. This dissertation concludes that capital goods firms have been having a fundamental role for the innovative capabilities accumulation in project management of pulp mills in Brazil (and vice-versa) for a long time. This contradicts some authors' propositions that affirm that: a) equipment suppliers for the pulp and paper industry have been creating little, if any, development of processes or engineering projects in Brazil; b) firms in the pulp and paper industry have little capacity for machinery and equipments projects only taking place in few technological activities, being internal or external to the firm. Finally, some studies are proposed for future research.

Processos de aprendizagem e acumulação de competências tecnológicas na indústria de injeção plástica: o caso da Multibrás da Amazônia S.A.

This resume focus the connection between the learning process and the technological competences evolution. It is based on business case of a plastic injection company named Multibras da Amazonia S/A, that manufacture plastic parts to electro- electronic industry assemblers, the study used the company evolution from 1983 to 2000. Its conclusion allowed to demonstrate, how the theories developed by Figueiredo (2001) can be used to describe the technological competences and the learning process, and on it's scale from 1 to 6 the Multibras case has reached the level 5. Based on the business case, the study confirmed how the technological competences learning process and accumulation is linked to an organizational knowledge. Using the theory basis, but applied to an industry case, different from all the previous studies, this resume shows that it's necessary to have a continuous, organized and integrated effort to generate and develop the knowledge evolution inside the company to make possible the technological competences accumulation on a fast and effective track.

Acumulação de competências tecnológicas e os processos subjacentes de aprendizagem na indústria Mmtal - mecânica : o caso da empresa AGCO comércio e indústria LTDA em Santa Rosa - RS

This dissertation enfoca the relationship between technological competences accumulation and the learning underlying processes. This relationship is examined in the company AGCO Comércio and Indústria Ltda, during the period of 1970 to 2000. It is of a company metal-mechanics, agricultural machines manufacturer. In other words, the dissertation examines the processes technological learning implications for aA technological competences accumulation in the company in study. The dissertation enfoca the competences accumulation for three technological functions: processes and organization, products and equipments. The learning processes are examined to the light of four characteristic: variety, intensity, operation and interaction, from the structure existing analysis use in the literature. Based on study of individual case, this study found that the technological competences ways to accumulation in the studied company are associates to the several processes used to acquire technological knowledge and converts him in organizacional. Ademais, the simple incidence of these processes in the company didn't guarantee in the company a positive implication for the technological competences accumulation. The company accumulated level middleman-superior technological competence (level 6) to accomplish production and function products function processes and organization activities, and intermediary level (level 5) to accomplish function equipments activities. In haves to characteristic key, the learning processes introduce an oscillation differentiated along time: the variety oscillated of moderated the several; the intensity of intermittent the continuous; the operation of bad the good; and the interaction of weak the strong. Through the existing structure use in the literature, however applied to a previous studies different industry, this dissertation suggests that must there be an organized , continuous effort and integrated for the knowledge generation and sowing in every company in order to the technological training accumulation be accelerated in the company.

Acumulação de competências tecnológicas e os processos subjacentes de aprendizagem na indústria de bens de capital: O caso KVAERNER PULPING no Brasil

This dissertation is concerned with the implications of the learning processes for the technological capability accumulation at the firm level. This relationship was examined in Kvaerner Pulping over the period from 1980 to 2000. The firm is located in Curitiba/PR and supplies equipment and complete plants (capital goods) for pulp mills. In other words, based on an individual case study, this dissertation examines how the learning processes influence the building and accumulation of technological capability. The accumulation of technological capabilities is crucial for the survival and the competitive performance of the firms. An analytical framework already available in the literature was used to describe the paths (way and speed) of technological capability accumulation in the firm studied. However, the framework was adapted specifically for the capital goods industry for the pulp & paper sector. The paths of technological capability accumulation are analysed for three different technological functions: ¿engineering activities and project management¿, ¿operational processes and practices¿ and ¿process equipment¿. The learning mechanisms were examined in the light of four key features: variety, intensity, functioning and interaction. During the 1980s and 1990s the firm accumulated different levels of technological capability in the technological functions studied. It was only when the firm started to coordinate systematically the efforts to acquire and convert the knowledge from the individual to the organizational level, at the mid 1990s, that the accumulation of technological capability was accelerated. By the end of this decade the firm was able to accumulate innovative capabilities in all the functions analysed. Similarly to previous studies that investigated other types of firms, the conclusion of this dissertation suggests that the way and rate by which the firm accumulates technological capability can be explained by the learning process and its key features over time.

Gestão Cultural na indústria hotelaria

o propósito deste estudo é o de analisar criticamente o serviço de hotelaria em relação à formação e às habilidades dos profissionais da área, especialmente gerentes e empregados da linha de frente, para atender a expectativas presentes e futuras de clientes multiculturais, visando à competitividade. Uma breve retrospectiva histórica situa a experiência brasileira nesse servIço em expansão e sofisticação crescentes no país e no mundo globalizado e apresenta as características de cada unidade hoteleira estudada. No cenário de hotelaria, comunicação e idiomas são fatores centrais, gerando impactos recíprocos entre os envolvidos. O estudo identifica propostas e iniciativas de treinamento dessa natureza entre os gerentes entrevistados e avalia as possibilidades para competência intercultural. Uma visitação a autores estudiosos em cultura, cultura brasileira, cultura organizacional, comunicação organizacional, linguagem, idiomas e diferenças culturais no gerenciamento compôs o referencial teórico. A metodologia empregada foi primordialmente qualitativa, buscando percepções dos gerentes e suas implicações para a gestão das diferenças culturais. Essa foi complementada com uma análise de dados quantitativos, com o objetivo de dar maior consistência à leitura da realidade multicultural da hotelaria. Diante de indícios de atenção ao fator cultura para competitividade, as conclusões apontaram para a necessidade de melhorar o entendimento conceitual de cultura, sistematizar e ampliar conteúdos de treinamento multicultural, incluir a linha de frente mais ampla e freqüentemente nesses programas, cobrindo idiomas.

Acumulação de competências tecnológicas e os processos subjacentes de aprendizagem na indústria eletrônica de consumo : o caso da SHARP do Brasil S/A

Esta dissertação estuda o relacionamento entre a acumulação de competências tecnológicas e os processos subjacentes de aprendizagem. O estudo desse relacionamento foi examinado na fábrica de eletrônica de consumo Sharp do Brasil S/A, situada na cidade de Manaus, durante o período de 1972 a 2000. A acumulação e sustentação de competências tecnológicas são desenvolvidas através de processos de aprendizagem nas organizações. Os processos de aprendizagem estão relacionados diretamente à taxa de acumulação de competências tecnológicas das organizações. A dissertação, utilizando a estrutura de análise existente na literatura, examina os processos de aprendizagem à luz de quatro características: variedade, intensidade, funcionamento e interação. A acumulação de competências é analisada a partir de duas funções tecnológicas: processo/organização e produtos. Ao longo do periodo analisado, a empresa acumulou diferentes níveis de competências tecnológicas e com velocidades variadas nas funções estudadas. Na década de 80, a empresa através de uma melhor coordenação de esforços, passou a adquirir e converter conhecimentos individuais em conhecimentos organizacionais, acelerando o crescimento da taxa de competências tecnológicas acumuladas. Ainda no final da década 80, a empresa foi capaz de acumular competências inovadoras nas duas funções estudadas. A acumulação de competências tecnológicas é um aspecto importante a competitividades e sobrevivência das organizações. No entanto, somente a acumulação de competências tecnológicas não garante o bom desempenho e a sobrevivência da organização. A empresa estudada, apesar da acumulação de elevados níveis de competências tecnológicas ao longo do periodo, enfrenta uma grande crise financeira. A conclusão desta dissertação sugere que a taxa de acumulação de competências tecnológicas pode ser explicada pela capacidade da empresa em socializar e codificar a aprendizagem individual, adquiridas por processos externos e internos de aprendizagem aplicados de forma contínua e organizada, convertendo em aprendizagem organizacional.

Acumulação de Competências Tecnológicas e suas Implicações para a Performance Corporativa: Um Estudo Comparativo entre Duas Empresas da Indústria Moveleira em Bento Gonçalves - RS

This dissertation focus the implication of differences in accumulation of technological competences among companies and its reflex on the improvement of indexes of operational, economical and financial performance. This connection has been investigated at D'Itália Móveis Industrial Ltda. and Pozza S.A Industrial Moveleira, both companies of the furniture market located in Bento Gonçalves - RS. Based on a comparative case study of these two companies, this dissertation is based on empiric evidences about how the company has accumulated its technological competences. Such evidences are qualitative and quantitative, and were collected from several sources in the studied companies. The examination of technological competences accumulation is done based on an analytical structure that exists in the literature, that has been adapted to the analysis of the furniture market. The examination of performance improvement is based on a set of indexes used in the furniture industry. Studies about this subject are found in the literature, but the application of these analytic structures in the furniture market is scarce, mainly in brazilian companies. It has been noticed that the company D'Itália has accumulated technological competences on all the three functions analysed, what suggests implications for the improvement of its performance. On the other side, the company Pozza has shown a paralysation on technological competences accumulation during a long time, what brought implications for the reduction of its corporative performance. In this way, the conclusion of this dissertation suggests that the accumulation of technological competences has contributed to explain the differences of performance between both companies. Besides, it explains how both companies have managed (or not) to accumulate their indexes of performance in the long run. Even though this conclusion is not different from other studies formerly done, this conclusion is derivated from a study applied to a kind of industry that still wasn¿t examined in the available literature.

A crise e as novas fronteiras para a indústria fonográfica

The world's record industry has been undergoing a deep crisis over the past years, and has been seeking ways to overcome the fall in legal CD and DVD sales. Paradoxally, consumption of music in its varied forms has been increasing over the same period. Within this adverse scenario, record companies have been trying to adjust their business models so as to encompass other products and services bearing a direct relationship with music. This paper aims at identifying the causes as well as assessing opportunities and initiatives within the market aiming at allowing the record industry to overcome the ongoing crisis. The objective of this paper is to provide an assessment of the current situation and propose alternatives to overcome the crisis, including digital music and the market of concerts and events as potential opportunities for the industry.

Competição e alavancagem na indústria de aços planos

Pesquisas recentes nos campos das Finanças e de Economia Industrial vêem mostrando que as decisões de financiamento corporativo são interdependentes de decisões relativas ao mercado de produtos. As teorias apresentadas apóiam-se na responsabilidade limitada dos detentores do capital próprio para construir modelos nos quais a dívida é utilizada estrategicamente. Altos níveis de endividamento tendem a favorecer o acirramento da concorrência e a produzir resultados piores do que numa situação de conluio, provocando a adoção de mecanismos de limitação da alavancagem e da concorrência pelo oligopólio. Evidências indicam que firmas alavancadas suavizam a concorrência enquanto firmas menos ou não alavancadas tornam a concorrência mais acirrada ante a presença de um rival mais alavancado. Dados de corte seccional das firmas participantes do mercado brasileiro de aços planos ao carbono foram tratados pelo método econométrico para verificar o comportamento da variável de endividamento tendo como variáveis explicativas de interesse os preços praticados e as quantidades vendidas pelas firmas e, como variáveis de controle, algumas dentre aquelas sugeridas pela teoria da estrutura de capital. Os resultados mostram evidências de que a variável de concorrência "preço" influencia as decisões de estrutura de capital das firmas siderúrgicas produtoras de aços planos e que a correlação com a alavancagem é positiva. No entanto, nenhuma conclusão pôde ser obtida sobre a variável quantidade. Cálculos adicionais produziram resultados que são indicativos de iniciativas de aumento de concorrência pelas firmas mais alavancadas da indústria, como redução de preço, aumento de lucratividade e maior participação de mercado, sugerindo que as circunstâncias de expansão de demanda favorecem a ruptura do conluio.

Uma análise da gestão de contas a receber: estudo de caso para a indústria de confecção TRIUMPH

Atualmente a gestão de contas a receber passou a ter uma maior importância para a alta administração das empresas. A estabilidade monetária dos últimos anos apresenta com maior clareza os resultados desta gestão. Não existe mais espaço para a ineficiência nesta área, pois ela é refletida automaticamente através do aumento da inadimplência ou aumento dos prazos de recebimento, diferentemente do passado, quando a inflação escondia as suas falhas através das distorções de valores e também de uma preocupação quase que exclusiva, por parte desta alta administração, na correção dos seus ativos financeiros. o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a atual e novas propostas de gestão de contas a receber para identificar a mais adequada para a Indústria de Confecção Triumph. A análise partirá da identificação do atual estágio de gestão desta área nas empresas brasileiras, fazendo a sua descrição detalhada e mostrando os seus pontos fortes e fracos. Em seguida serão realizadas pesquisas identificadoras de diferentes instrumentos, políticas e procedimentos utilizados, mostrando também os seus pontos fortes e fracos, finalmente o trabalho apresentará um modelo-proposta de gestão eficaz para a Triumph. Como referencial teórico serão analisados os conceitos e as ferramentas da gestão estratégica, reengenharia, marketing, recursos humanos, tecnologia de informação, estatística aplicada à área, análise dos demonstrativos financeiros e administração do capital de giro, buscando interligar nestes instrumentos e teorias o que existe de mais adequado para uma gestão eficaz do tema em estudo.