Avaliação dos parâmetros genéticos da população de arroz irrigado CNA 11 e da divergência genética entre os genitores

Os avanços nas práticas de manejo e no melhoramento das cultivares de arroz irrigado têm permitido consolidar o Rio Grande do Sul como maior produtor deste cereal no Brasil. A seleção recorrente é um método alternativo de melhoramento que permite a recombinação cíclica de genótipos selecionados em uma população geneticamente divergente. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o potencial da população CNA 11 para fins de melhoramento para tolerância ao frio, estudar a divergência genética dos seus genitores e quantificar as alterações nas freqüências alélicas como resultado do processo de seleção. Para isso foram conduzidos dois ensaios de campo compostos de 140 famílias S0:2 derivadas da população CNA 11 e quatro cultivares testemunhas, no delineamento látice 12 x 12 e em dois locais: Cachoeirinha (RS) e Santa Vitória do Palmar (RS), onde foram avaliados dez caracteres fenotípicos. O DNA dos genitores da população CNA 11 e de 133 famílias S0:2 foi analisado com marcadores moleculares do tipo microssatélites. A população CNA 11 apresentou alto potencial para fins de melhoramento, com ampla variabilidade genética em todos os dez caracteres avaliados. Os caracteres estatura de planta, esterilidade de espiguetas e número de grãos por panícula apresentaram altas correlações genotípicas com rendimento de grãos, podendo ser usados como critérios de seleção indireta. A esterilidade de espiguetas mostrou ser um critério eficiente de seleção para identificação de genótipos de arroz com tolerância ao frio no estádio reprodutivo. Os genitores da população CNA 11 apresentaram ampla divergência genética e, de modo geral, as freqüências dos alelos de microssatélites característicos dos genótipos da subespécie índica aumentaram e as da subespécie japônica diminuíram à medida que a intensidade de seleção aumentou. As melhores famílias S0:2 mostraram maior similaridade genética com os genitores da subespécie índica.

Novel catalyst systems based on Ni(II), Ti(IV), and Cr(III) complexes for oligo-and polymerization of ethylene

The complex of Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) has been characterized after impregnation on silica (S1) and MAO-modified silicas (4.0, 8.0 and 23.0 wts.% Al/SiO2 called S2, S3 and S4, respectively). The treatment of these heterogeneous systems with MAO produces some active catalysts for the polymerization of the ethylene. A high catalytic activity has been gotten while using the system supported 1/S3 (196 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min and atmospheric pressure of ethylene). The effects of polymerization conditions have been tested with the catalyst supported in S2 and the best catalytic activity has been gotten with solvent hexane, MAO as cocatalyst, molar ratio Al/Ni of 1000 and to the temperature of 30°C (285 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). When the reaction has been driven according to the in situ methodology, the activity practically doubled and polymers showed some similar properties. Polymers products by the supported catalysts showed the absence of melting fusion, results similar to those gotten with the homogeneous systems by DSC analysis. But then, polymers gotten with the transplanted system present according to the GPC’s curves the polydispersity (MwD) varies between 1.7 and 7.0. A polyethylene blend (BPE/LPE) was prepared using the complex Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) and {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) supported in situ on MAO-modified silica (4.0 wts. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Reactions of polymerization of ethylene have been executed in the toluene in two different temperatures (0 and 30°C), varying the molars fraction of nickel (xNi), and using MAO as external cocatalyst. To all temperatures, the activities show a linear variation tendency with xNi and indicate the absence of the effect synergic between the species of nickel and the titanium. The maximum of activity have been found at 0°C. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene produced at 0 °C decrease whereas xNi increases indicating a good compatibility between phases of the polyethylene gotten with the two catalysts. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene showed be depend on the order according to which catalysts have been supported on the MAO-modified silica. The initial immobilization of 1 on the support (2/1/S2) product of polymers with a melting temperature (Tm) lower to the one of the polymer gotten when the titanium has been supported inicially (1/2/S2). The observation of polyethylenes gotten with the two systems (2/1/S2 and 1/2/S2) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the spherical polymer formation showing that the spherical morphology of the support to been reproduced. Are described the synthesis, the characterization and the catalytic properties for the oligomerization of the ethylene of four organometallics compounds of CrIII with ligands ([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine] chromium (III) chloride (3a), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]benzylamine] chromium (III) chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). In relation of the oligomerization, at exception made of the compounds 3a, all complex of the chromium showed be active after activation with MAO and the TOF gotten have one effect differentiated to those formed with CrCl3(thf)3. The coordination of a tridentate ligand on the metallic center doesn't provoke any considerable changes on the formation of the C4 and C6, but the amount of C8 are decrease and the C10 and C12+ have increased. The Polymers produced by the catalyst 3a to 3 and 20 bar of ethylene have, according to analyses by DSC, the temperatures of fusion of 133,8 and 136ºC respectively. It indicates that in the two cases the production of high density polyethylene. The molar mass, gotten by GPC, is 46647 g/mols with MwD = 2,4 (3 bar). The system 3c/MAO showed values of TOF, activity and selectivity to different α-olefins according to the pressure of ethylene uses. Himself that shown a big sensibility to the concentration of ethylene solubilized.