The cause of conflict in Burundi

The cause of the conflict in Burundi is not only that of ethnicity but also poverty.

Identification of cause of impairment in spiral drawings, using non-stationary feature extraction approach

Parkinson’s disease is a clinical syndrome manifesting with slowness and instability. As it is a progressive disease with varying symptoms, repeated assessments are necessary to determine the outcome of treatment changes in the patient. In the recent past, a computer-based method was developed to rate impairment in spiral drawings. The downside of this method is that it cannot separate the bradykinetic and dyskinetic spiral drawings. This work intends to construct the computer method which can overcome this weakness by using the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) of tangential velocity. The work is done under supervised learning, so a target class is used which is acquired from a neurologist using a web interface. After reducing the dimension of HHT features by using PCA, classification is performed. C4.5 classifier is used to perform the classification. Results of the classification are close to random guessing which shows that the computer method is unsuccessful in assessing the cause of drawing impairment in spirals when evaluated against human ratings. One promising reason is that there is no difference between the two classes of spiral drawings. Displaying patients self ratings along with the spirals in the web application is another possible reason for this, as the neurologist may have relied too much on this in his own ratings.

Can France really stop them? : A study grounded on the realist perspective about the French foreign policy towards Syria as the root cause of the Phenomenon of French Foreign Fighters

During the Syrian conflict the number of European Foreign Fighters has increased exponentially and has become an ever-growing concern for European policymakers. This phenomenon presents host of major security challenges for European policymakers and governments. Among European countries, France provides the highest number of citizens who have gone to Syria to fight against Assad´s regime. The French authorities have estimated that by mid-2014, over 700 French citizens have left France and travelled to Syria to fight. Historically France has had a relationship with Syria which started with its role as a border-drawing colonial power. Grounded in a framework of realism, that emphasizes nation-states as the primary actor within the international system, the analysis concentrates on the role of France´s foreign policy on the Syria as push factor for terrorism and radicalization. This paper attempts to determinate a specific correlation between the policy that France has been conducting towards Syria between 2000 and 2015, and the phenomenon of French Foreign Fighters. Findings suggest that France´s foreign policy towards Syria is the main root cause of the French Foreign Fighters phenomenon.

Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015 : the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. Methods For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassifi cation. Findings Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1–3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5–2·8 million) since 2005, after a period of fast decline between 1997 and 2005. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has been steadily increasing and reached 38·8 million (95% UI 37·6–40·4 million) in 2015. At the same time, HIV/AIDS mortality has been declining at a steady pace, from a peak of 1·8 million deaths (95% UI 1·7–1·9 million) in 2005, to 1·2 million deaths (1·1–1·3 million) in 2015. We recorded substantial heterogeneity in the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS across countries. Although many countries have experienced decreases in HIV/AIDS mortality and in annual new infections, other countries have had slowdowns or increases in rates of change in annual new infections. Interpretation Scale-up of ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission has been one of the great successes of global health in the past two decades. However, in the past decade, progress in reducing new infections has been slow, development assistance for health devoted to HIV has stagnated, and resources for health in low-income countries have grown slowly. Achievement of the new ambitious goals for HIV enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal 3 and the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets will be challenging, and will need continued eff orts from governments and international agencies in the next 15 years to end AIDS by 2030.

Situationen för anhöriga och sjuksköterskan vid plötsligt dödsfall – en litteraturöversikt

Bakgrund: Att förlora en anhörig är något som är väldigt traumatiskt och omtumlande. Reaktioner på krisen brukar visa sig enligt olika faser, dessa är chockfasen, reaktionsfasen, bearbetning- och reperationsfasen samt nyorienteringsfasen. Det är viktigt att kommunikationen är ärlig och ska alltid vara hjälpande för patienten eller anhöriga. Syfte: Syftet med den här studien är att sammanställa befintliga vetenskapliga artiklar för att belysa situationen för anhöriga och personal vid plötsligt dödsfall. Metod: En litteraturstudie gjordes som baserades på 13st vetenskapliga artiklar. Litteratursökningen gjordes med hjälp av databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Resultat: Resultatet av studien visade på att anhöriga behövde olika stöd i olika stadier och att informationen gavs på ett så rakt och ärligt sätt. Personalen upplevde att utbildning var viktigt för hantering av omhändertagande och att de sökte stöd och kunskap hos mer erfarna kollegor. Slutsats: Informationen om dödsorsaken till de anhöriga var mycket viktig och att personalen var öppna och ärliga. Anhöriga uppskattade att personalen fanns tillgängliga. Att som sjuksköterska ha tillräcklig utbildning gör att självförtroende ökar och hanteringen av svåra situationer underlättas samt kunskapen hjälper att kunna stödja anhöriga bättre.

Beröringsbehandling hos patienter med cancer : En litteraturöversikt

Bakgrund: Varje år diagnostiseras cirka 64 000 personer med cancer och tumörsjukdomar är den näst vanligaste dödsorsaken i Sverige. Att få diagnosen cancer innebär en påfrestande tid både fysiskt och psykiskt. Sjuksköterskans arbetsuppgift är bland annat att lindra lidande och främja för god hälsa. Beröring är ett allmänmänskligt livslångt behov och blir extra tydligt när en dödlig sjukdom drabbar en människa. Syfte: Syftet är att belysa erfarenheter av beröringsbehandling hos sjuksköterskor och patienter med cancer. Metod: Studien har valt att genomföras som en litteraturöversikt, där 14 vetenskapliga artiklar användes varav 5 kvalitativa och 9 kvantitativa. Resultat: Resultatet delades in i två områden: Patienters erfarenheter av beröringsbehandling och sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av beröringsbehandling. Under området patienters erfarenheter framkom två kategorier: lindrande inverkan och främjande inverkan, samt underkategorierna: fysiskt obehag, psykiskt obehag, välbefinnande och närhet. Under området sjuksköterskors erfarenheter framkom en kategori: utbildning i beröringsbehandling samt underkategorin: upplevelser av beröringsbehandling. Slutsats: Beröringsbehandling har en kortvarig symtomlindrande inverkan på smärta, ångest, illamående samt ger ökat välbefinnande och livskvalitet. Därtill förbättrades kontakten mellan sjuksköterska och patient som bidrog till att den existentiella ensamheten minskades. Sjuksköterskorna såg patienten som en individ istället för en patient med en sjukdom.