Efectos reglamentarios y jurisdiccionales del derecho comunitario Andino sobre el derecho administrativo colombiano

Este trabajo se soporta sobre una base conformada por dos conceptos, que constituyen el horizonte contextual de la investigación: Derecho Administrativo y Comunidad de integración. Es claro que al hablar de una Comunidad de integración específica como la Comunidad Andina (CAN), incide de forma directa en la actividad del derecho administrativo.Ha sido necesario que los países que conforman los grupos de integración económica cedan parte de sus competencias para crear un ordenamiento jurídico de orden supranacional, el cual modifica la dinámica social de las relaciones comerciales y afecta la estructura de la administración pública, haciendo que el derecho administrativo no se limite a interactuar solo con derecho nacional. Esta mutua dependencia de las políticas internas y las regionales se realiza, entonces, cada vez que existe participación y compromiso de los Estados frente a las decisiones, de carácter vinculante o no. En esa medida surge el problema de investigación tendiente a esclarecer cómo ha sido la adopción de las decisiones e interpretaciones, emanadas de los mecanismos oficiales del Derecho Comunitario Andino, en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano. La existencia de varios puntos de vista con respecto a la obligatoriedad o no de dicha adopción, moldea un tema de suficiente amplitud y profundidad para ser estudiado en un trabajo de investigación.

Plasmodium vivax lineages: geographical distribution, tandem repeat polymorphism, and phylogenetic relationship

Background: Multi-drug resistance and severe/ complicated cases are the emerging phenotypes of vivax malaria, which may deteriorate current anti-malarial control measures. The emergence of these phenotypes could be associated with either of the two Plasmodium vivax lineages. The two lineages had been categorized as Old World and New World, based on geographical sub-division and genetic and phenotypical markers. This study revisited the lineage hypothesis of P. vivax by typing the distribution of lineages among global isolates and evaluated their genetic relatedness using a panel of new mini-satellite markers. Methods: 18S SSU rRNA S-type gene was amplified from 420 Plasmodium vivax field isolates collected from different geographical regions of India, Thailand and Colombia as well as four strains each of P. vivax originating from Nicaragua, Panama, Thailand (Pak Chang), and Vietnam (ONG). A mini-satellite marker panel was then developed to understand the population genetic parameters and tested on a sample subset of both lineages. Results: 18S SSU rRNA S-type gene typing revealed the distribution of both lineages (Old World and New World) in all geographical regions. However, distribution of Plasmodium vivax lineages was highly variable in every geographical region. The lack of geographical sub-division between lineages suggests that both lineages are globally distributed. Ten mini-satellites were scanned from the P. vivax genome sequence; these tandem repeats were located in eight of the chromosomes. Mini-satellites revealed substantial allelic diversity (7-21, AE = 14.6 +/- 2.0) and heterozygosity (He = 0.697-0.924, AE = 0.857 +/- 0.033) per locus. Mini-satellite comparison between the two lineages revealed high but similar pattern of genetic diversity, allele frequency, and high degree of allele sharing. A Neighbour-Joining phylogenetic tree derived from genetic distance data obtained from ten mini-satellites also placed both lineages together in every cluster. Conclusions: The global lineage distribution, lack of genetic distance, similar pattern of genetic diversity, and allele sharing strongly suggested that both lineages are a single species and thus new emerging phenotypes associated with vivax malaria could not be clearly classified as belonging to a particular lineage on basis of their geographical origin.