Trabajo infantil y problemas del comportamiento en menores trabajadores

Objetivo: Identificar la relación de los factores de riesgo ocupacional del trabajo infantil con los problemas de comportamiento en menores de edad trabajadores de una plaza de mercado en Colombia Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal con 100 niños trabajadores de la plaza de Mercaneiva. Se aplicó un cuestionario para evaluar los factores ocupacionales en la población, evaluando aspectos sociodemográficos y condiciones laborales; para establecer la prevalencia de los problemas del comportamiento se utilizó el cuestionario sobre el comportamiento de niños niñas de 6-18 años (CBCL- 01). El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante SPSS versión 26, con un análisis estadístico cualitativo por medio de proporciones y tablas de frecuencia, se usaron además medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Se hizo un análisis bivariado entre los problemas de comportamiento y los factores ocupacionales utilizando el coeficiente de Spearman. Resultados: Se determinaron 3 parámetros relacionados entre los factores ocupacionales y los problemas de conductas que fueron la edad mínima de admisión al empleo (8.2 ± 2.5 años, med=8), las extensas jornadas de trabajo (7.2 ± 3.1, med=7) y los años que lleva laborando (4.5± 2.6 años med=4). Los niños mostraron una diferencias significativa en los problemas de comportamiento (26.3± 9.9) más que las niñas (23.9±9.3) (p=0.023) y respecto a las conductas externalizadas fue mayor en el género masculino (p=0.001). El resultado de la prevalencia de los problemas de comportamiento demostró que el rango clínico se correlacionó significativamente con el comportamiento general (conductas internalizadas r= 0.735, p<0.001; conductas externalizadas r= 0.693, p<0.001; otros problemas r= 0.729, p<0.001) al hallar que el 76.0% de menores trabajadores están en un rango clínico. Conclusión: El empezar a trabajar a una edad temprana es un riesgo para presentar problemas de conducta. Los entes gubernamentales deben ser más activos y apropiarse de su rol para el restablecimiento de derechos y actuar en los resultados hallados en la investigación para que se continúe monitoreando mediante más estudios e intervenciones.

The playful as a psycho-pedagogic method: one experience in preventing youth drug dependence

This participatory action research was based on a experience of educational intervention on La Cruz and Bello Oriente (Manrique-Medellin), a marginal zone in the northeastern part of the Commune 3 in Medellin,. Colombia. In this marginal sector, psychosocial problems seem to be associated to limited educational and employment opportunities, domestic violence, illegal armed forces, sexual abuse, social discrimination, and lack of adequate public services, among others.  All these are also considered as risk factors for drug dependency.  We used a structured interview designed to identify leisure tendencies, use of free time, and tendencies in recreational activities. Data from the interview were triangulated with information collected by observation and in field work and used to build a psycho-pedagogic method based on play and leisure activities. The effects of the use of this educational intervention on the satisfaction of human needs were analyzed in light of the theory of Manfred Max-Neef. Results point out the need for new educational strategies aimed to promote creativity, solidarity, mental, physical and social health, more enthusiasm and motivation and in general, positive attitudes that help prevent drug dependence.

Children treated in psychoanalytical psychotherapy for learning problems

A clinical psychotherapy needs to turn its gaze to the current demands, and update its practice in empirical studies. The objective of this research is to ascertain the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of children treated in psychotherapy by learning problems. We conducted a retrospective documentary study with records of 2106 children treated between 1979 and 2007 in two outpatient psychological care of the city of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. The results showed that demand for Learning Problems is the fourth largest cause of psychotherapeutic care. There was no statistically significant difference regarding gender. Children with learning problems come to psychotherapy more frequently in the early stages of elementary school, around 7 years old. Increased demand for psychotherapy of children with learning problems takes place in May. Perhaps, learning difficulties can be understood simultaneously as a symptom global, in which other aspects, besides the uniqueness of the subject are involved. We conclude that individual and social aspects involved in Learning Problems may be useful in the clinical management of these children by professionals who are dedicated to meeting this particular clientele. One must be aware of ongoing partnership which should be placed between psychologist and pedagogue. Both professionals, education and health, account for components of the child to know

Mujeres, violencia y atención en salud mental: cuestiones para (re)pensar la acogida cotidiana de los servicios

El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la acogida y atención prestada a las mujeres con demandas en salud mental en los servicios especializados para el afrontamiento de la violencia contra las mujeres y en la red de atención psicosocial y hospitalaria en el municipio de Natal (Rio Grande del Norte). En estos equipos, se investigó la acogida y procedimientos ofrecidos a las usuarias en situación de violencia, a través de entrevistas individuales con guiones semiestructurados entregados a los profesionales de referencia. Las entrevistas fueron analizadas a partir del referencial teórico del Análisis Institucional Francés, utilizándose el concepto-herramienta “analizador” para la interpretación de datos. Los resultados de la investigación revelaron dificultades por parte de los equipos en la acogida de estas usuarias, tanto en los servicios de enfrentamiento a la violencia como en los servicios de salud mental, resultando en internaciones psiquiátricas involuntarias e demás violencias institucionales.

Innovative practices in Psychiatry. Argentina, 1960-1970

The paper analyzes innovative psychiatric practices that took place in Argentina during the sixties and seventies at the Hospital Jose Esteves in the province of Buenos Aires. Objective: To present the coexistence of different paradigms related to mental health in the same institution and to analyze the complexities generated by this scenario. Methodology: This study uses primary sources in the form of medical records of patients admitted to the hospital between 1960 and 1979. The medical records were cross-referenced with publications of newspapers and magazines of the time. Results: The analysis shows that the political environment during the era of militarydictatorship —characterized by ideological persecution and the inhibition of political expression— influenced the development of innovative psychiatric practices. At the same time, instances ofanti-Semitism and ideological persecution among health workers affected therapeutic approaches. Conclusions: While the introduction of innovative practices in mental health led to someresistance among the more orthodox psychiatrists, the presence of different paradigms shows a plan, both political and professional, to transform psychiatry and admission policy in Argentina.

Description of the risk factors for relapse in patients diagnosed with severe mental disorders

Objective: The objective of this paper is to describe the population served in mental health institutionsfor mental illness relapse, and the process of identifying risk factors in relapsing patientsdiagnosed with severe mental illness. To this end a descriptive exploratory multicenter, multistageepidemiological study was carried out in mental health institutions of the Order of San Juan deDios Hospital (OHSJD) with hospitalized relapsing patients with a diagnosis of severe mentaldisorder. This study comes from a working network of Psychology professionals in the OHSJDnationwide. Materials and methods: The population sample was of 1005 patients diagnosed withsevere mental disorders, who had presented relapse during the last year. First, the characterizationof the general population was conducted; then, it was narrowed down to the centers, taking intoaccount similarities and differences found according to the clinical and demographic variables.Results: Major risk factors for relapse found in patients diagnosed with severe mental disorderswere: having between 38 and 58 years of age, being female, single, graduates, unemployed, witha prevalence of bipolar affective disorder diagnosis, number of hospitalizations between 2 and10, number of drugs at the time of leaving hospital 2 to 6, with severe difficulties relating withothers and difficulties in adherence to treatment. The need for a caregiver was also found, as wellas a limited number of received psychological interventions. How the system of beliefs affects thedisease and the poor adherence to treatment was identified. Conclusions: These results indicatethe requirement of a design of team intervention strategies, ranging from the assessment team(home), definition of therapeutic action plans (for) and the posthospitalizacion (egress) following.There is a poor support network and limited adherence to comprehensive treatment.