Inhibitory Killer Immunoglobulin-like receptors to self HLA-B and HLA-C ligands contribute differentially to Natural Killer cell functional potential in HIV infected Slow Progressors

Ce manuscrit est une pré-publication d'un article paru dans Clinical Immunology 2012; 143(3): 246-255 url: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/clinical-immunology/

CD40-stimulated B Lymphocytes Pulsed with Tumor Antigens Are Effective Antigen-presenting Cells That Can Generate Specific T Cells

Although they are considered as antigen presenting cells (APC), the role of antigen-unspecific B-lymphocytes in antigen presentation and T lymphocyte stimulation remains controversial. In this paper, we tested the capacity of normal human peripheral activated B cells to stimulate T cells using melanoma antigens or melanoma cell lysates. B lymphocytes activated through CD40 ligation and then pulsed with tumor antigens efficiently processed and presented MHC class II restricted peptides to specific CD4+ T cell clones. This suggests that CD40-activated B cells have the functional and molecular competence to present MHC class II epitopes when pulsed with exogenous antigens, thereby making them a relevant source of APC to generate T cells. To test this hypothesis, CD40-activated B cells were pulsed with a lysate prepared from melanoma cells and used to stimulate peripheral autologous T cells. Interestingly, T cells specific to melanoma antigens were generated. Further analysis of these T cell clones revealed that they recognized MHC class II restricted epitopes from tyrosinase, a known melanoma tumor antigen. The efficient antigen presentation by antigen-unspecific activated B cells was correlated with a down-regulation in the expression of HLA-DO, a B cell specific protein known to interfere with HLA-DM function. Because HLA-DM is important in MHC class II peptide loading, the observed decrease in HLA-DO may partially explain the enhanced antigen presentation following B-cell activation. Results globally suggest that when they are properly activated, antigen-unspecific B-lymphocytes can present exogenous antigens by MHC class II molecules and stimulate peripheral antigen-specific T cells. Antigen presentation by activated B cells could be exploited for immunotherapy by allowing the in vitro generation of T cells specific against antigens expressed by tumors or viruses.

Les cadres de lectures alternatifs : une approche non-conventionnelle pour le développement de vecteurs vaccinaux

Introduction: Les cadres de lectures alternatifs (CLA) sont utilisés par de multiples virus afin de générer plusieurs protéines à partir d'une seule séquence nucléotidique. Les épitopes dits « cryptiques », c’est-à-dire les épitopes dérivés de protéines codées dans des CLAs, ont étés dernièrement l’objet de différentes études portant sur la réponse immunitaire antivirale et les lymphocytes T cytotoxiques. Méthodologie: Afin de vérifier le potentiel immunogène d'épitopes encodés dans des CLAs programmés, trois cassettes ont été construites pour mener à l'expression de trois épitopes bien caractérisés (épitope GAG77–85 du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1; épitope NS31406-1415 du virus de l'hépatite C; épitope core18-27 du virus de l'hépatite B) à partir de trois cadres de lectures superposés. La première cassette permet une initiation alternative de la traduction, la deuxième comprend deux signaux bipartites en tandem permettant un frameshift ribosomique et la troisième est une cassette contrôle. Ces éléments ont été introduits dans des vecteurs adénoviraux. Les virions générés ont servi à immuniser des souris C57BL/6 transgéniques pour HLA-A*0201 et HLA-DR1. La réponse immunitaire induite une semaine post-immunisation a été mesurée par essai ELISpot IFN . Résultats: Dans le contexte de cassettes vaccinales, les peptides dérivés d'une initiation alternative de traduction et de changement de cadre de lecture ribosomique ribosomal peuvent être exprimés et détectés par le système immunitaire dans un modèle animal. Conclusion: Ces expériences suggèrent la possibilité de développer de nouvelles stratégies vaccinales dans le but de prévenir ou de guérir certaines maladies associées aux infections virales chroniques telles que celles causées par le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine et le virus de l’hépatite C.

Potential use of a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus vector carrying the C-terminal portion of the P97 adhesin protein as a vaccine against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in swine.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes severe economic losses to the swine industry worldwide and the prevention of its related disease, enzootic porcine pneumonia, remains a challenge. The P97 adhesin protein of M. hyopneumoniae should be a good candidate for the development of a subunit vaccine because antibodies produced against P97 could prevent the adhesion of the pathogen to the respiratory epithelial cells in vitro. In the present study, a P97 recombinant replication-defective adenovirus (rAdP97c) subunit vaccine efficiency was evaluated in pigs. The rAdP97c vaccine was found to induce both strong P97 specific humoral and cellular immune responses. The rAdP97c vaccinated pigs developed a lower amount of macroscopic lung lesions (18.5 ± 9.6%) compared to the unvaccinated and challenged animals (45.8 ± 11.5%). rAdP97c vaccine reduced significantly the severity of inflammatory response and the amount of M. hyopneumoniae in the respiratory tract. Furthermore, the average daily weight gain was slightly improved in the rAdP97c vaccinated pigs (0.672 ± 0.068 kg/day) compared to the unvaccinated and challenged animals (0.568 ± 0.104 kg/day). A bacterin-based commercial vaccine (Suvaxyn® MH-one) was more efficient to induce a protective immune response than rAdP97c even if it did not evoke a P97 specific immune response. These results suggest that immunodominant antigens other than P97 adhesin are also important in the induction of a protective immune response and should be taken into account in the future development of M. hyopneumoniae subunit vaccines.