Violência contra as mulheres pelos parceiros íntimos amorosos: análise sociológica das denúncias efectuadas à PSP no concelho de Lisboa

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Sociologia

Violência doméstica em Portugal: discursos e representações sociais de deputados e governantes

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Sociologia

Determinants of mother-baby relationship evaluated during pregnancy

ABSTRACT Background Mental health promotion is supported by a strong body of knowledge and is a matter of public health with the potential of a large impact on society. Mental health promotion programs should be implemented as soon as possible in life, preferably starting during pregnancy. Programs should focus on malleable determinants, introducing strategies to reduce risk factors or their impact on mother and child, and also on strengthening protective factors to increase resilience. The ambition of early detecting risk situations requires the development and use of tools to assess risk, and the creation of a responsive network of services based in primary health care, especially maternal consultation during pregnancy and the first months of the born child. The number of risk factors and the way they interact and are buffered by protective factors are relevant for the final impact. Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) is not yet a totally understood and well operationalized concept. Methodological problems limit the comparison of data as many studies used small size samples, had an exploratory character or used different selection criteria and different measures. There is still a lack of studies in high risk populations evaluating the consequences of a weak MFA. Instead, the available studies are not very conclusive, but suggest that social support, anxiety and depression, self-esteem and self-control and sense of coherence are correlated with MFA. MFA is also correlated with health practices during pregnancy, that influence pregnancy and baby outcomes. MFA seems a relevant concept for the future mother baby interaction, but more studies are needed to clarify the concept and its operationalization. Attachment is a strong scientific concept with multiple implications for future child development, personality and relationship with others. Secure attachment is considered an essential basis of good mental health, and promoting mother-baby interaction offers an excellent opportunity to intervention programmes targeted at enhancing mental health and well-being. Understanding the process of attachment and intervening to improve attachment requires a comprehension of more proximal factors, but also a broader approach that assesses the impact of more distal social conditions on attachment and how this social impact is mediated by family functioning and mother-baby interaction. Finally, it is essential to understand how this knowledge could be translated in effective mental health promoting interventions and measures that could reach large populations of pregnant mothers and families. Strengthening emotional availability (EA) seems to be a relevant approach to improve the mother-baby relationship. In this review we have offered evidence suggesting a range of determinants of mother-infant relationship, including age, marital relationship, social disadvantages, migration, parental psychiatric disorders and the situations of abuse or neglect. Based on this theoretical background we constructed a theoretical model that included proximal and distal factors, risk and protective factors, including variables related to the mother, the father, their social support and mother baby interaction from early pregnancy until six months after birth. We selected the Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment (ALPHA) for use as an instrument to detect psychosocial risk during pregnancy. Method Ninety two pregnant women were recruited from the Maternal Health Consultation in Primary Health Care (PHC) at Amadora. They had three moments of assessment: at T1 (until 12 weeks of pregnancy) they filed out a questionnaire that included socio-demographic data, ALPHA, Edinburgh post-natal Depression Scale (EDPS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Sense of Coherence (SOC); at T2 (after the 20th weeks of pregnancy) they answered EDPS, SOC and MFA Scale (MFAS), and finally at T3 (6 months after birth), they repeated EDPS and SOC, and their interaction with their babies was videotaped and later evaluated using EA Scales. A statistical analysis has been done using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, univariate logistic regression and multiple linear regression. Results The study has increased our knowledge on this particular population living in a multicultural, suburb community. It allow us to identify specific groups with a higher level of psychosocial risk, such as single or divorced women, young couples, mothers with a low level of education and those who are depressed or have a low SOC. The hypothesis that psychosocial risk is directly correlated with MFAS and that MFA is directly correlated with EA was not confirmed, neither the correlation between prenatal psychosocial risk and mother-baby EA. The study identified depression as a relevant risk factor in pregnancy and its higher prevalence in single or divorced women, immigrants and in those who have a higher global psychosocial risk. Depressed women have a poor MFA, and a lower structuring capacity and a higher hostility to their babies. In average, depression seems to reduce among pregnant women in the second part of their pregnancy. The children of immigrant mothers show a lower level of responsiveness to their mothers what could be transmitted through depression, as immigrant mothers have a higher risk of depression in the beginning of pregnancy and six months after birth. Young mothers have a low MFA and are more intrusive. Women who have a higher level of education are more sensitive and their babies showed to be more responsive. Women who are or have been submitted to abuse were found to have a higher level of MFA but their babies are less responsive to them. The study highlights the relevance of SOC as a potential protective factor while it is strongly and negatively related with a wide range of risk factors and mental health outcomes especially depression before, during and after pregnancy. Conclusions ALPHA proved to be a valid, feasible and reliable instrument to Primary Health Care (PHC) that can be used as a total sum score. We could not prove the association between psychosocial risk factors and MFA, neither between MFA and EA, or between psychosocial risk and EA. Depression and SOC seems to have a clear and opposite relevance on this process. Pregnancy can be considered as a maturational process and an opportunity to change, where adaptation processes occur, buffering risk, decreasing depression and increasing SOC. Further research is necessary to better understand interactions between variables and also to clarify a better operationalization of MFA. We recommend the use of ALPHA, SOC and EDPS in early pregnancy as a way of identifying more vulnerable women that will require additional interventions and support in order to decrease risk. At political level we recommend the reinforcement of Immigrant integration and the increment of education in women. We recommend more focus in health care and public health in mental health condition and psychosocial risk of specific groups at high risk. In PHC special attention should be paid to pregnant women who are single or divorced, very young, low educated and to immigrant mothers. This study provides the basis for an intervention programme for this population, that aims to reduce broad spectrum risk factors and to promote Mental Health in women who become pregnant. Health and mental health policies should facilitate the implementation of the suggested measures.

Do Sucesso Escolar à Educação do Fracasso Violência Escolar e Consciência Crítica nas Representações Sociais dos Professores e Alunos de duas Escolas Públicas do Ensino Secundário

Nossa pergunta de partida é como os professores(as) e alunos(as) do Ensino Secundário de duas escolas públicas do Concelho de Cascais definem o fenómeno da violência escolar, o conceito de educação para a consciência crítica, o sucesso e insucesso escolar; como relacionam esses conceitos? Adoptamos a concepção teórica de Paulo Freire sobre a pedagogia do oprimido e a pedagogia da autonomia. O nosso corpus foi constituído pelos discursos de uma amostra não representativa de docentes e estudantes, recolhidos por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Concluímos que o conformismo é um reflexo das representações sociais dos atores educativos. Isto está explícito nas suas convicções de afirmação pela busca do sucesso escolar sob o modelo competitivo de educação neoliberal, e, sobretudo, por entenderem por bem que esse “ideal” deve ser conquistado, revelando maioritariamente uma concepção do processo educativo semelhante ao classificado por Paulo Freire como “educação bancária”. Ainda assim, encontrámos algumas definições bem articuladas por uma minoria de professores e alunos, que equacionam o conceito de consciência crítica com a relação educativa, mas sem que isso lhes permita articular um discurso alternativo sobre o sucesso e a violência.

Videoarte de mulheres: nossos corpos, nós mesmas. Corpo, identidade e autodeterminação nas obras de videoartistas influenciadas pelos feminismos

O modo como os corpos das mulheres são afectados pela desigualdade de género é um problema social que tem vindo a ganhar visibilidade crescente nas sociedades ocidentais desde os movimentos feministas da Segunda Vaga. Nesse sentido, o lema feminista dos anos 1970 «os nossos corpos, nós mesmas» reflecte a tomada de consciência das mulheres de que os corpos são o produto da acção de valores e práticas sociais, bem como da necessidade de reclamarem o controlo sobre os seus corpos para poderem formar livremente as suas identidades, autodeterminando-­‐se e criando-­‐se a si mesmas como Sujeitos. Quatro décadas volvidas, este mote continua a ser recorrente, mantendo um lugar de destaque na videoarte de mulheres. Tendo por pano de fundo uma linha orientadora que cruza três vectores – a arte, o género, e os movimentos sociais feministas –, e os seus pensadores e académicos principais em diversos ramos da Sociologia e das Artes Visuais, bem como das Humanidades, construímos o objecto de estudo, focado sobre as relações entre a videoarte de mulheres centrada no corpo na identidade e na autodeterminação, a dimensão de género e os movimentos sociais feministas, no período compreendido de 1965 a 2007, num contexto ocidental. A metodologia usada teve como objectivo fundamental efectuar a ponte entre o nível microssociológico das expressões, condutas e gestos corporais presentes nos vídeos e o plano macrossociológico das forças sociais mais amplas, institucionalizadas e origem de desigualdades, como as forças de género e as de «raça». Nesse sentido, socorremo-­‐nos da análise de conteúdo de um conjunto de vídeos por meio da contabilização de categorias análise de conteúdo relativas às principais temáticas relevantes para o objecto de estudo, como o corpo, a sexualidade, a violência, o olhar, as incorporações de masculinidades e de feminilidades, o Sujeito e o Não-­‐sujeito. Concluiu-­‐se, deste estudo, que existe, seguramente desde os anos 1960, um trajecto que continua a ser percorrido nos nossos dias, conduzindo da dessubjectivação das mulheres à sua subjectivação. Na realidade, verifica-­‐se a denúncia das circunstâncias em que vivem submetidas as mulheres Não-­‐ sujeito, designadamente: no casamento enquanto mercantilização do trabalho doméstico feminino, físico, emocional e afectivo, não remunerado; na incorporação das normas patriarcais de feminilidade; na intersecção das desigualdades de género com as de «raça», e as de idade; na comercialização e objectificação dos seus corpos na publicidade e na pornografia; na violência de diversos tipos, como a sociocultural, a sexual e a psicológica, exercida contra as mulheres. Nota-­‐se, simultaneamente, um movimento progressivo em direcção às mulheres Sujeito, ilustrado, por exemplo: na capacidade de apresentação de uma narrativa da representação de si mesmas auto-­‐ reflexiva e coerente; no controlo sobre a função reprodutora do seu corpo; na promoção de uma sexualidade plástica ligada à relação pura e ao amor confluente assente no mutualismo, não subjugada à heterossexualidade, ao casamento e à família nuclear; no recombinar dos pólos dicotómicos e hierarquizados em que se baseou toda a modernidade como os da vida pública e os da vida privada. Tendo, neste momento, como oponente aguerrido o neoliberalismo que procura dividir, desigualar e hierarquizar as sociedades, as mulheres Sujeito são, aliás, as actrizes centrais de todo o movimento feminista, sobretudo preocupado até aos anos 1980 com reivindicações pela paridade no seio do que se poderá denominar de política da emancipação, tendo depois disso passado a um trabalho em prol de uma política da vida e das sexualidades impulsionado pelo pensamento Queer e feminismos da Terceira Vaga

An integrated approach to Physcomitrella patens transcriptomics reveals importantclues of the evolutionary development of plant organs and sexual reproduction

Land plant evolution required the generation of a new body plan that could resist the harsher and fluctuating environmental conditions found outside of aquatic environments. Unraveling the genetic basis of plant developmental innovations is not only revealing in terms of an evolutionary point of view, but it is also important for understanding the emergence of agronomically important traits. Comparative genetic studies between basal and modern land plants, both at the genome and trancriptome levels, can help in the generation of hypotheses related to the genetic basis of plant evolutionary development.(...)

Rehabilitation and reintegration needs of female inmates and promotion mental health in Georgian prison

RESUMO: As mulheres presas encontram-se num sistema essencialmente dirigido por e concebido para homens. As mulheres que entram na prisão geralmente vêm de ambientes marginalizados e desfavorecidos e muitas vezes têm histórias de violência e abuso físico e sexual. As mulheres presas são um grupo particularmente vulnerável, uma vez que dentro do sistema prisional as suas necessidades de saúde e higiene são muitas vezes negligenciadas. O primeiro passo para o desenvolvimento de programas e práticas sensíveis ao género é compreender as características das mulheres delinquentes e definir fatores de vida específicos que contribuem para a formação do comportamento criminoso de mulheres. Em junho de 2012 foi realizada uma investigação na única prisão feminina da Geórgia, para estudar as necessidades mentais e psicossociais das mulheres presas. O objetivo da pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento de programas de apoio pertinentes para a reabilitação, ressocialização e reintegração, e a elaboração de recomendações práticas para a gestão das prisões. Foi desenvolvido um instrumento de pesquisa (inquérito) com uma fundamentação conceptual baseada em quatro principais teorias: Teoria dos Caminhos (Pathways Theory), teoria do desenvolvimento psicológico da mulher (Theory of Women’s Psychological Development), Trauma e Teorias da Dependência (Trauma and Addiction Theories). Foram inquiridas 120 mulheres presas. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que muitas das necessidades das mulheres presas são diferentes das dos homens e requerem estratégias adaptadas às suas características e situações psicossociais específicas. A maioria das mulheres encarceradas é jovem, enérgica, pode trabalhar, tem profissão e família. As presas sofrem de problemas psicológicos e muitas vezes são rejeitadas pelas suas famílias. Uma parte substancial das mulheres presas tem múltiplos problemas de saúde física e mental. A maioria delas tem filhos e sofre com o facto das crianças estarem a crescer longe da mãe. Com base nos resultados desta investigação é possível elaborar um contexto promotor do planeamento e desenvolvimento de serviços com um enfoque de género na prisão. Na perspetiva de longo prazo, o conhecimento das necessidades básicas e a introdução de programas e serviços com necessidades específicas pertinentes irá beneficiar as presas e as suas famílias, e melhorar a eficácia do sistema de justiça criminal.----------ABSTRACT: Female inmates find themselves in a system essentially run by men for men. Women who enter prison usually come from marginalized and disadvantaged backgrounds and are often characterized by histories of violence, physical and sexual abuse. Female prisoners constitute an especially vulnerable group given their specific health and hygienic needs within the system are often neglected. The first step in developing gender-sensitive program and practice is to understand female offenders’ characteristics and the specific life factors that shape women’s patterns of offending. In June 2012 a research was carried out in the Georgian only female prison facility to assess the mental and psychosocial needs of women prisoners, aiming to develop effective support programs for their rehabilitation, re-socialization and reintegration, as well as to elaborate new recommendations concerning prison management. A survey instrument (questionnaire) was developed within a theoretical framework based on four fundamental theories: Pathways Theory, Theory of Women’s Psychological Development and Trauma and Addiction Theories. Sample size was defined to be 120 surveyed persons. The study showed that needs of incarcerated women were different from those of men, thus requiring approaches tailored to their specific psychosocial characteristics and situations. The basic population of imprisoned women consisted of young, energetic, working-age females, most often with a professional qualification. Female prisoners suffered from psychological problems and are were more likely to be rejected by their families. Most of them had children and suffered that the children were growing without mothers. A substantial proportion of women offenders had multiple physical and mental health problems. Based on the study findings a conceptual framework can be elaborated towards planning and developing gender-sensitive services in prison. In the long-term perspective, acknowledgement of baseline needs and introduction of the relevant needs-specific programs and services may benefit women prisoners as well as their families, improving the effectiveness of the criminal justice system.

A violência doméstica no seio da relação conjugal e a sua relação com o estatuto da mulher na sociedade

Domestic violence is one of the most serious problems that contemporary society faces. Domestic violence that specifically occurs between spouses is a particular case of domestic violence that has caused a high number of victims - mostly women - putting thus an enormous challenge to states with regard to combating this problem. In this thesis we intend to proceed with the study of this phenomenon in the Angolan context. The objective of this study is trying to understand how such violence is manifested in Angola, what factors may be at it’s source and what effects can be observed on the victims, their families and in society itself. Being the Angolan people strongly linked to traditions and customs, it seemed interesting to also address the issue of domestic violence under customary law. In addition to the problem of the study itself, we proceed to exposure and analysis of how the state and civil society have intervened in this matter. At the end of this study, we conclude that despite the fact that the issue of domestic violence has received more attention in recent years from the public entities and society in general, there is still a long way to go. This path involves not only more actions of the state but also a change of mentality, which can enable the break with social stereotypes in adopting a different behavior over the issue under review and internalizing that human dignity is the basic principle of any state that proclaims democratic rights.

A violência associada ao desporto

This essay deals with the juridical problems related with violence associated with sports. Begining with an historical analysis of the violent situations, with brief sociological references, we’ll try to reach conclusions regarding the evolution of the phenomenon. A brief reference to comparative law studies will help us understand the measures taken by the portuguese legislator, focusing on a critical analysis of that legislation, on it’s repressive and preventive quality