Aplicación del dibujo arquitectónico en 3D para el análisis histórico de los sistemas constructivos industrializados

La condición tridimensional de la construcción edificatoria precisa del uso del dibujo en 3D como la mejor herramienta de proyecto y transmisión de conocimientos técnicos y formales. El objetivo de esta comunicación es mostrar la aplicación de la expresión gráfica en 3D en un análisis histórico sobre la evolución de la envolvente industrializada en arquitectura, identificando sus principales condicionantes técnicos y constructivos. El estudio compara la evolución del uso de sistemas constructivos industrializados mediante un análisis gráfico de las soluciones constructivas más destacables. La metodología empleada se basa en la identificación y estudio de determinados sistemas constructivos industrializados compuestos por materiales ligeros así como de obras de arquitectura representativas por su influencia en la evolución de la envolvente arquitectónica en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. La representación gráfica en 3D ayuda a comparar las obras analizadas desde aspectos tecnológicos y formales, constatándose la utilidad del dibujo asistido por ordenador en el análisis constructivo realizado. En conclusión, el uso del dibujo arquitectónico en 3D contribuye, por la mejor comprensión de las características espaciales de las soluciones constructivas, al análisis de las propiedades materiales y funcionales de los sistemas constructivos industrializados y su aplicación al diseño arquitectónico, ayudando a perfeccionar su conocimiento e incrementando la calidad constructiva y compromiso social de las propuestas arquitectónicas.

3D teaching: the ideal complement for professionals in design and construction

Today, the requirement of professional skills to university students is constantly increasing in our society. In our opinion, the content offered in official degrees need to be nourished with different variables, enriching their global professional knowledge in a parallel way; that is why, in recent years, there is a great multiplicity of complementary courses at university. One of the most socially demanded technical requirements within the architectural, design or engineering field is the management of 3D drawing software, becoming an indispensable reality in these sectors. Thus, this specific training becomes essential over two-dimension traditional design, because the inclusion of great possibilities of spatial development that go beyond conventional orthographic projections (plans, sections or elevations), allowing modelling and rotation of the selected items from multiple angles and perspectives. Therefore, this paper analyzes the teaching methodology of a complementary course for those technicians in the construction industry interested in computer-aided design, using modelling (SketchupMake) and rendering programs (Kerkythea). The course is developed from the technician point of view, by learning computer management and its application to professional development from a more general to a more specific view through practical examples. The proposed methodology is based on the development of real examples in different professional environments such as rehabilitation, new constructions, opening projects or architectural design. This multidisciplinary contribution improves criticism of students in different areas, encouraging new learning strategies and the independent development of three-dimensional solutions. Thus, the practical implementation of new situations, even suggested by the students themselves, ensures active participation, saving time during the design process and the increase of effectiveness when generating elements which may be represented, moved or virtually tested. In conclusion, this teaching-learning methodology improves the skills and competencies of students to face the growing professional demands of society. After finishing the course, technicians not only improved their expertise in the field of drawing but they also enhanced their capacity for spatial vision; both essential qualities in these sectors that can be applied to their professional development with great success.