161 resultados para PROMOTER POLYMORPHISM
Resumo:
As part of the ApoEurope Project, apolipoprotein E (apo E) common polymorphism and serum concentration were determined in 489 Alzheimer's disease patients and 429 controls. Patients and controls were recruited through nine centres in eight European countries. Age, sex ratios and education levels of both case and control populations were similar, although discrete differences appeared between centres. The prevalence of the epsilon4 allele was higher in Alzheimer's disease than in controls (increased by 140%), while serum apo E concentration was lower by 11.2% (p
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It has recently been reported that a genetic polymorphism in exon 2 of the cathepsin D gene conferred increased risk for development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because of the potential importance of this report we tested this association in a clinically well-defined group of AD patients and age and sex matched control subjects from the relatively genetically homogeneous Northern Ireland population. This study failed to confirm the reported association between the cathepsin D exon 2 polymorphism and AD. We conclude that if an association exists between this polymorphism and AD it is likely to be small.
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Mass spectrometric methods were developed and validated for the analysis in chicken muscle of a range of antibiotic growth promoters: spiramycin, tylosin, virginiamycin and bacitracin, and separately for two marker metabolites of carbadox (quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid and 1,4-bisdesoxycarbadox), and a marker metabolite of olaquindox (3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid). The use of these compounds as antibiotic growth promoters has been banned by the European Commission. This study aimed to develop methods to detect their residues in muscle samples as a means of checking for the use of these drugs during the rearing of broiler chickens. When fed growth-promoting doses for 6 days, spiramycin (31.4 mu g kg(-1)), tylosin (1.0 mu g kg(-1)), QCA (6.5 mu g kg(-1)), DCBX (71.2 mu g kg(-1)) and MQCA (0.2 mu g kg(-1)) could be detected in the muscle 0 days after the withdrawal of fortified feed. Only spiramycin could consistently be detected beyond a withdrawal period of 1 day. All analytes showed stability commercial cooking process, therefore raw or cooked muscle could be used for monitoring purposes.
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The use of radiation-inducible promoters to drive transgene expression offers the possibility of temporal and spatial regulation of gene activation. This study assessed the potential of one such promoter element, p21(WAF1/CIP1) (WAF1), to drive expression of the noradrenaline transporter (NAT) gene, which conveys sensitivity to radioiodinated meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG). An expression vector containing NAT under the control of the radiation-inducible WAF1 promoter (pWAF/NAT) was produced. The non-NAT expressing cell lines UVW (glioma) and HCT116 (colorectal cancer) were transfected with this construct to assess radiation-controlled WAF1 activation of the NAT gene. Transfection of UVW and HCT cells with pWAF/NAT conferred upon them the ability to accumulate [(131)I]MIBG, which led to increased sensitivity to the radiopharmaceutical. Pretreatment of transfected cells with ? radiation or the radiopharmaceuticals [(123)I]MIBG or [(131)I]MIBG induced dose- and time-dependent increases in subsequent [(131)I]MIBG uptake and led to enhanced efficacy of [(131)I]MIBG-mediated cell kill. Gene therapy using WAF1-driven expression of NAT has the potential to expand the use of this therapeutic modality to tumors that lack a radio-targetable feature.
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Purpose: The role of genetic susceptibility to esophageal adenocarcinorna and its precursor lesion Barrett esophagus has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the effect of polymorphisms in the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxicloreductase 1 (NQO1) genes in modulating the risk of developing Barrett esophagus or esophageal adenocarcinoma. Methods: A total of 584 patients (146 esophagitis, 200 Barrett esophagus, 144 esophageal adenocarcinoma, and 94 controls) were genotyped for the MnSOD C14T and NQO1 C609T polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results: The NQO1 TT genotype was less common in Barrett esophagus (2.0%) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (1.4%) patients, compared with both esophagitis patients (7.6%) and controls (5.4%). After adjustment for sex, age, body mass index, reflux symptoms, and smoking status, patients with the homozygous TT genotype had a 4.5-fold decreased risk of developing Barrett esophagus (odds ratio = 0.22, 95% confidence interval = 0.07-0.76, P = 0.01) and a 6.2-fold decreased risk of esophageal adenocarcinorna (odds ratio = 0.16, 95% confidence intervals = 0.03-0.94, P = 0.04) compared with individuals with the TC and CC genotypes. No significant differences between groups were observed for the MnSOD polymorphism (P = 0.289). Conclusions: Overall, the results of this study suggest that the NQO1 TT genotype may offer protection from reflux complications such as Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Unregulated growth promoter use in food-producing animals is an issue of concern both from food safety and animal welfare perspectives. However, the monitoring of such practices is analytically challenging due to the concerted actions of users to evade detection. Techniques based on the monitoring of biological responses to exogenous administrations have been proposed as more sensitive methods to identify treated animals. This study has, for the first time, profiled plasma proteome responses in bovine animals to treatment with nortestosterone decanoate and 17 beta-oestradiol benzoate, followed by dexamethasone administration. Two-dimensional fluorescence differential in-gel electrophoresis analysis revealed a series of hepatic and acute-phase proteins within plasma whose levels were up- or down-regulated within phases of the treatment regime. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immuno-assays were developed to quantify responses of identified protein markers during the experimental treatment study with a view to developing methods which can be used as screening tools for growth promoter abuse detection. SPR analysis demonstrated the potential for plasma proteins to be used as indicative measures of growth promoter administrations and concludes that the sensitivity and robustness of any detection approach based on plasma proteome analysis would benefit from examination of a range of proteins representative of diverse biological processes rather being reliant on specific individual markers.
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To investigate whether prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant exposure affects behavior in 3-year-olds of antenatally anxious or depressed mothers and whether risk was moderated by the serotonin transporter promoter (SLC6A4) genotype.
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Mitochondrial transcription termination factor 1, MTERF1, has been reported to couple rRNA gene transcription initiation with termination and is therefore thought to be a key regulator of mammalian mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis. The prevailing model is based on a series of observations published over the last two decades, but no in vivo evidence exists to show that MTERF1 regulates transcription of the heavy-strand region of mtDNA containing the rRNA genes. Here, we demonstrate that knockout of Mterf1 in mice has no effect on mitochondrial rRNA levels or mitochondrial translation. Instead, loss of Mterf1 influences transcription initiation at the light-strand promoter, resulting in a decrease of de novo transcription manifested as reduced 7S RNA levels. Based on these observations, we suggest that MTERF1 does not regulate heavy-strand transcription, but rather acts to block transcription on the opposite strand of mtDNA to prevent transcription interference at the light-strand promoter.
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The solid-state polymorphism of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [bmim][PF6], has been investigated via low-temperature and high-pressure crystallisation experiments. The samples have been characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The solid-state phase behaviour of the compound is confirmed and clarified with respect to previous phase diagrams. The structures of the previously reported gamma-form, which essentially exhibits a G'T cation conformation, as well as those of the elusive beta- and alpha-forms, are reported. Crystals of the beta-phase are twinned and the structure is heavily disordered; the cation conformation in this form is predominantly TT, though significant contributions from other less frequently encountered conformers are also observed at low temperature and high pressure. The cation conformation in the alpha-form is GT; the presence of the G'T conformer at 193 K in this phase can be eliminated on cooling to 100 K. Whilst X-ray structural data are overall in good agreement with previous interpretations based on Raman and NMR studies, they also reveal a more subtle interplay of intermolecular interactions, which give rise to a wider range of conformers than previously considered.
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The aim of this study was to characterize the transcriptome of a balanced polymorphism, under the regulation of a single gene, for phosphate fertilizer responsiveness/arsenate toler- ance in wild grass Holcus lanatus genotypes screened from the same habitat.
De novo transcriptome sequencing, RNAseq (RNA sequencing) and single nucleotide poly- morphism (SNP) calling were conducted on RNA extracted from H.lanatus. Roche 454 sequencing data were assembled into c. 22 000 isotigs, and paired-end Illumina reads for phosphorus-starved (P) and phosphorus-treated (P+) genovars of tolerant (T) and nontoler- ant (N) phenotypes were mapped to this reference transcriptome.
Heatmaps of the gene expression data showed strong clustering of each P+/P treated genovar, as well as clustering by N/T phenotype. Statistical analysis identified 87 isotigs to be significantly differentially expressed between N and T phenotypes and 258 between P+ and P treated plants. SNPs and transcript expression that systematically differed between N and T phenotypes had regulatory function, namely proteases, kinases and ribonuclear RNA- binding protein and transposable elements.
A single gene for arsenate tolerance led to distinct phenotype transcriptomes and SNP pro- files, with large differences in upstream post-translational and post-transcriptional regulatory genes rather than in genes directly involved in P nutrition transport and metabolism per se.
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Serum apolipoprotein C-III (apoCIII) concentration and apoCIII gene polymorphisms have been shown to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In addition, no studies have been performed that address these issues in type 1 diabetes. The current study investigated apoCIII protein and apoCIII gene variation in a normotriglyceridemic (82 +/- 57 mg/dL) population of patients with type 1 diabetes, the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Intervention and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) cohort. Blood samples were obtained in 409 patients after an overnight fast. Serum apoCIII concentration was highly correlated with multiple changes in lipids and lipoproteins that resulted in an adverse cardiovascular disease risk profile. Higher apoCIII concentrations were associated (P <.0001) with increased triglycerides (r = 0.78), total (r = 0.61) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (r = 0.40) cholesterol, apoA-I (r = 0.26), and apoB (r = 0.50), and these relationships persisted after controlling for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) lipoprotein subclass analyses demonstrated that apoCIII was correlated with an increase in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) subclasses (P = .0001). There also was a highly significant positive relationship between serum apoCIII concentration and the LDL particle concentration in both men (r = 0.49, P = .001) and women (r = 0.40, P = .001), and a highly significant negative relationship between serum apoCIII levels and average LDL particle size in both men (r = -0.37, P = .001) and women (r = -0.22, P = .001) due primarily to an augmentation in the small L1 subclass (r = 0.42, P = .0001). Neither the T(-455) --> C polymorphism affecting an insulin response element in the apoCIII gene promoter nor a SacI polymorphism in the 3'UTR were associated with any alterations in circulating apoCIII concentrations, serum lipids, apolipoprotein concentrations, lipoprotein composition, or parameters measured by NMR lipoprotein subclass analyses. In summary, elevated apoCIII concentration was associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease in normolipidemic type 1 diabetic patients through associated changes in lipoprotein subfraction distributions, which were independent of apoCIII genotype.
Resumo:
The response of arsenate and non-tolerant Holcus lanatus L. phenotypes, where tolerance is achieved through suppression of high affinity phosphate/arsenate root uptake, was investigated under different growth regimes to investigate why there is a polymorphism in tolerance found in populations growing on uncontaminated soil. Tolerant plants screened from an arsenic uncontaminated population differed, when grown on the soil from the populations origin, from non-tolerants, in their biomass allocation under phosphate fertilization: non-tolerants put more resources into tiller production and down regulated investment in root production under phosphate fertilization while tolerants tillered less effectively and did not alter resource allocation to shoot biomass under phosphate fertilization. The two phenotypes also differed in their shoot mineral status having higher concentrations of copper, cadmium, lead and manganese, but phosphorus status differed little, suggesting tight homeostasis. The polymorphism was also widely present (40%) in other wild grass species suggesting an important ecological role for this gene that can be screened through plant root response to arsenate.
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It has been suggested on the basis of neuropathological and epidemiological evidence that schizophrenia is, at least in part, a neurodevelopmental illness. Some patients show abnormalities in cell position in the medial temporal lobes of their brains. Neurotrophin-3 is one of many proteins essential for the proper growth and development of the nervous system. Therefore the finding of a polymorphism near the promoter region of the gene, alleles of which were associated with the disease, prompted us to attempt replication. In a linkage and association analysis of the same polymorphism using familial schizophrenics and population controls we found no evidence to support the finding. We conclude that mutations or polymorphisms at this gene are unlikely to be involved in the genetic aetiology of schizophrenia.