Towards a person-centred ‘culture’: the use of community development approaches in the Independent Youth Counselling Service in West Belfast

This paper is drawn from a qualitative study of clients, counsellors and the supervisors views of the value and impact of the Independent Youth Counselling Service (IYCS) in West Belfast. Data collection combined semi-structured interviews, focus groups and an open-ended questionnaire. The findings indicate the significance of factors above and beyond the person-centred counselling experience, in maximising the potential for growth and development for clients and counsellors. This holistic approach to counselling service provision employs a body of community development processes, which collectively combine to embed the counselling service in a complementary principled approach. This paper explores how these community development features bolster the counselling experience to promote a culture of person-centeredness, thereby increasing the empowerment of the client.

Shaping the Future of Mental Health Policy and Legislation in Northern Ireland: The Impact of Service User and Professional Social Work Discourses

This paper explores the complex interrelationship between service user and professional social work discourses and provides a critical commentary on their respective contributions to the recent review of mental health policy and legislation in Northern Ireland. The analysis indicates that dominant trends in mental health care, as mediated through service structures and institutional identities, have tended to prioritize the more coercive aspects of the social work role and reinforce existing power inequalities with service users. It is argued that such developments underline the need for a ‘refocusing’ debate in mental health social work to consider how a more appropriate balance can be achieved between its participatory/empowering and regulatory/coercive functions. Whilst highlighting both congruence and dissonance between respective discourses, the paper concludes that opportunities exist within the current change process for service users and social workers to build closer alliances in working together to reconstruct practice, safeguard human rights and develop innovative alternatives to a traditional bio-medical model of treatment.

Epidermal Langerhans Cells are Dispensable for Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Elicited by Gene Gun Immunization.

Gene gun immunization, i.e., bombardment of skin with DNA-coated particles, is an efficient method for the administration of DNA vaccines. Direct transfection of APC or cross-presentation of exogenous Ag acquired from transfected nonimmune cells enables MHC-I-restricted activation of CD8(+) T cells. Additionally, MHC-II-restricted presentation of exogenous Ag activates CD4(+) Th cells. Being the principal APC in the epidermis, Langerhans cells (LC) seem ideal candidates to accomplish these functions. However, the dependence on LC of gene gun-induced immune reactions has not yet been demonstrated directly. This was primarily hampered by difficulties to discriminate the contributions of LC from those of other dermal dendritic cells. To address this problem, we have used Langerin-diphtheria toxin receptor knockin mice that allow for selective inducible ablation of LC. LC deficiency, even over the entire duration of experiments, did not affect any of the gene gun-induced immune functions examined, including proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, IFN-gamma secretion by spleen cells, Ab production, CTL activity, and development of protective antitumor immunity.