Neuroimaging in sleep and sleep disorders

SCOPUS: ch.b

Helicobacter pylori modulation of gastric and duodenal mucosal T cell cytokine secretions in children compared with adults.

BACKGROUND: In contrast to adults, ulcers are un-common in Helicobacter pylori-infected children. Since immunological determinants influence the outcome of H. pylori infection, we have investigated mucosal T cell responses in H. pylori-infected children and compared them with those of adults and negative controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mucosal biopsies were obtained from 43 patients undergoing an upper GI endoscopy for dyspeptic symptoms. The concentrations of released cytokines and the density of CD3+, CD25+ and CD69+cells were evaluated by flow cytometry, and the numbers of cytokine-secreting cells were measured by ELISPOT. RESULTS: The numbers of isolated antral CD3+ lymphocytes were only significantly raised in infected adults compared with noninfected controls (p < 0.05), whereas the proportion of CD3+ cells expressing activation markers (CD25 or CD69) remained low. In the stomach, IFN-gamma concentrations increased in infected children and infected adults compared with controls (p < 0.05), but IFN-gamma concentrations were tenfold lower in children than in adults (p < 0.01). IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and TNF-alpha concentrations were similar in infected and in uninfected children and adults. In contrast, in the duodenum, IFN-gamma, as well as IL-4 and IL-10 concentrations were only increased in infected children compared with controls (p < 0.05). The concentrations of these cytokines were similar in both groups of adults who, however, like children, displayed a higher number of duodenal IL-4-secreting cells compared to controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that IFN-gamma secretion in the stomach of H. pylori-infected patients is lower in children than in adults. This could protect children from development of severe gastro-duodenal diseases such as ulcer disease. In addition, infected patients are characterised by a dysregulation of the mucosal cytokine secretion at distance from the infection site.

Identification of CDH1 germline missense mutations associated with functional inactivation of the E-cadherin protein in young gastric cancer probands

E-cadherin is involved in the formation of cell-junctions and the maintenance of epithelial integrity. Direct evidence of E-cadherin mutations triggering tumorigenesis has come from the finding of inactivating germline mutations of the gene (CDH1) in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC). We screened a series of 66 young gastric cancer probands for germline CDH1 mutations, and two novel missense alterations together with an intronic variant were identified. We then analysed the functional significance of the exonic missense variants found here as well as a third germline missense variant that we previously identified in a HGDC family. cDNAs encoding either the wild-type protein or mutant forms of E-cadherin were stably transfected into CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) E-cadherin-negative cells. Transfected cell-lines were characterized in terms of aggregation, motility and invasion. We show that a proportion of apparently sporadic early-onset diffuse gastric carcinomas are associated with germline alterations of the E-cadherin gene. We also demonstrate that a proportion of missense variants are associated with significant functional consequences, suggesting that our cell model can be used as an adjunct in deciding on the potential pathogenic role of identified E-cadherin germline alterations.