Evidence of shared bovine viral diarrhea infections between red deer and extensively raised cattle in south-central Spain

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus that affects cattle production worldwide and that can infect other ungulates such as cervids and even wild boar (Sus scrofa). It is believed that domestic livestock can become infected through contact with wild animals, though it is known that infection can spread among wild animals in the absence of contact with livestock. Little is known about the sharing of BVDV infection between wild and domestic animals in the same habitat, which is important for designing eradication campaigns and preventing outbreaks, especially on hunting estates with high animal densities.

Herpes simplex-like infection in a bottlenose dolphin stranded in the Canary Islands

A bottlenose dolphin, stranded in the Canary Islands in 2001 exhibited non-suppurative encephalitis. No molecular detection of cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) was found, but a herpesviral-specific band of 250 bp was detected in the lung and brain. The sequenced herpesviral PCR product was compared with GenBank sequences, obtaining 98% homology (p-distance of 0.02) with Human herpesvirus 1 (herpes simplex virus 1 or HSV-1). This is the first report of a herpes simplex-like infection in a stranded dolphin.

Susceptibilidad al virus herpes simple tipo 1: contribución de complejos genéticos polimórficos relacionados con la citotoxicidad celular

El virus Herpes simple tipo 1 (HSV-1) infecta a la mayoría de los individuos en edades tempranas, manteniéndose en estado latente en sus ganglios sensitivos durante toda la vida. La primoinfección requiere un contacto directo entre la piel o las mucosas dañadas de un individuo no infectado con viriones infectivos liberados en los fluidos corporales de un sujeto infectado. Esta infección primaria suele pasar desapercibida o causar sintomatología típica de una infección viral leve. Sin embargo, en casos excepcionales, puede ser la causa de enfermedades graves y potencialmente letales como la encefalitis herpética, el síndrome séptico por HSV-1, la infección congénita, el eczema herpeticum o la queratitis herpética (Abel et al, 2010; Chase et al, 1987; Frederick et al, 2002; Leung et al, 2013, Liesegang et al, 2001; Whitley et al, 1991). El paso del virus a través de las barreras anatómicas de un individuo no infectado es seguido por la replicación viral en el sitio de la inoculación. A continuación, los viriones entran en las fibras nerviosas sensitivas y son transportados hacía los cuerpos neuronales en los ganglios sensitivos, donde se mantienen en estado latente…

Characterization of protection afforded by a bivalent virus-like particle vaccine against bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 4 in sheep

BACKGROUND Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an economically important, arthropod borne, emerging pathogen in Europe, causing disease mainly in sheep and cattle. Routine vaccination for bluetongue would require the ability to distinguish between vaccinated and infected individuals (DIVA). Current vaccines are effective but are not DIVA. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are highly immunogenic structural mimics of virus particles, that only contain a subset of the proteins present in a natural infection. VLPs therefore offer the potential for the development of DIVA compatible bluetongue vaccines. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Merino sheep were vaccinated with either monovalent BTV-1 VLPs or a bivalent mixture of BTV-1 VLPs and BTV-4 VLPs, and challenged with virulent BTV-1 or BTV-4. Animals were monitored for clinical signs, antibody responses, and viral RNA. 19/20 animals vaccinated with BTV-1 VLPs either alone or in combination with BTV-4 VLPs developed neutralizing antibodies to BTV-1, and group specific antibodies to BTV VP7. The one animal that showed no detectable neutralizing antibodies, or group specific antibodies, had detectable viral RNA following challenge but did not display any clinical signs on challenge with virulent BTV-1. In contrast, all control animals' demonstrated classical clinical signs for bluetongue on challenge with the same virus. Six animals were vaccinated with bivalent vaccine and challenged with virulent BTV-4, two of these animals had detectable viral levels of viral RNA, and one of these showed clinical signs consistent with BTV infection and died. CONCLUSIONS There is good evidence that BTV-1 VLPs delivered as monovalent or bivalent immunogen protect from bluetongue disease on challenge with virulent BTV-1. However, it is possible that there is some interference in protective response for BTV-4 in the bivalent BTV-1 and BTV-4 VLP vaccine. This raises the question of whether all combinations of bivalent BTV vaccines are possible, or if immunodominance of particular serotypes could interfere with vaccine efficacy.