果蝇Drosophila nasuta亚群系统发育问题的探讨

果蝇Drosophila nasuta亚群由14个处于不同物种分化阶段的种、亚种和分类元组成。这个亚群的物种有许多进化上的独特之处,使得它在物种分化研究方面倍受关注。然而,在形态学、生殖隔离、染色体和同工酶多态、线粒体DNA RFLP、求偶歌特征以及线粒体和核基因序列分析等方面的研究都未能清楚地阐明这一亚群的系统进化关系。

鲫鱼遗传多样性的初步研究

国家自然科学基金;其它部委、高等院校基金

银姻自然群体线粒体DNA的遗传分化

运用21种限制性内切酶对银细自然群体进行了mtDNA的限制性片断长度多态性 (RFLP)分析。发现银姻自然群体存在丰富的mtDNA多态性，从4个群体39个个体中，共检测 到12种单倍型，对这一现象的成因进行了探讨。依据单倍型和群体的系统发育关系，结合地 理分布的资料，对其现今分布区相互间的历史联系及其对银姻起源和分化的影响进行了分析。

洱海四种鲤鱼线粒体DNA遗传相似性的初步研究

用6种限制性内切酶对洱海的四种鲤鱼--洱海鲤(C. barbatus)、春鲤(C. longipectoralis)、大眼鲤(C. megalophthalmus)和杞麓鲤(C. carpio chila),其中前三种为洱海特有,进行了线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析,构建了它们的mtDNA限制性内切酶图谱。结果表明,这四种鲤鱼在种内和种间均缺乏mtDNA RFLP。这种现象在鱼类种间的mtDNA的RFLP研究中是罕见的。分析这一现象的原因,可能在于这些物种是同域形成物种,并且其分化时间还相当短。

四川白鹅朗德鹅及杂交后代线粒体DNA多态研究

采用RFLP技术,对四川白鹅和朗德鹅及其杂交后代进行了线粒体DNA(mtDNA)多态分析。在所使用的19种限制性内切酶中,有4个酶(Eco RV、HaeII、HincII和KpnI)检测出多态,共获得两种mtDNA单倍型,四川白鹅和以四川白鹅为母本杂交后代的mtDNA为I型,朗德鹅的mtDNA为II型。以上结果为中国鹅和欧洲鹅存在两种不同起源学说提供了分子遗传学的证据。

浙江地方猪种遗传多样性研究

采用蛋白电泳和线粒体DNA RFLP分析方法,研究了浙江七个地方品种猪及浙江野猪的遗传多样性状况。从分析的30个遗传座位、99个地方品种个体中发现MDH,PEPB,6PGD,AK,ADA,PHI六个座位具有多态性,其中AK,MDH多态座位在家猪中首次发现。浙江地方猪种的亲缘关系很近。在mtDNA RFLP水平,25种限制性内切酶在27个地方品种个体及3个野猪个体中共检出30种限制性态型,可归结成三种单倍型。各单倍型间平均遗传距离(P)为0.005,群体平均多态度(#pi#))为0.000 8,处于遗传多样性贫乏范围。

Mitochondrial DNA variation in cattle of South China: origin and introgression

Ten restriction endonucleases were used to investigate the mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (mtDNA RFLP) of 11 native cattle breeds and one cultivated cattle breed in South China. Twenty-three restriction morphs were detected, which can be sorted into five haplotypes, A phylogenetic tree of the haplotypes was constructed by using the 'upgma' method. Our study showed that haplotype I and II are identical to the zebu (Bos indicus) and taurine (Bos taurus) haplotypes, respectively. Zebu and taurine were the two major origins of cattle populations in South China, and the zebu probably had more influence on the native cattle population than taurine did. Haplotype III is identical to haplotype I of yak (Bos grunniens), which was only detected in the Diqing cattle breed. Haplotype IV was detected for the first time. This haplotype, found only in Dehong cattle, might be from an independent domestication event, probably from another Bos indicus population. Divergence of haplotypes I and IV occurred about 268,000-535 000 years ago, much earlier than the 10,000-year history of cattle husbandry. Our results also suggest a secondary introgression of mtDNA from yak to Diqing cattle.

Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China

To study the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphisms in a total of 232 individuals from five ethnic populations (Daur, n=45; Ewenki, n=47; Korean, n=48; Mongolian, n=48; Oroqen, n=44) in northern China, we analyzed the control region sequences and typed for a number of characteristic mutations in coding regions (especially the region 14576-16047), by direct sequencing or restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. With the exception of 14 individuals belonging to the European-specific haplogroups R2, H, J, and T, the mtDNAs considered could be assigned into the East Asian-specific haplogroups described recently. The polymorphisms in cytochrome b sequence were found to be very informative for defining or supporting the haplogroups status of East Asian mtDNAs in addition to the reported regions 10171-10659 and 14055-14590 in our previous study. The haplogroup distribution frequencies varied in the five ethnic populations, but in general they all harbored a large amount of north-prevalent haplogroups, such as D, G, C, and Z, and thus were in agreement with their ethnohistory of northern origin. The two populations (Ewenki and Oroqen) with small population census also show concordant features in their matrilineal genetic structures, with lower genetic diversities observed.

人类线粒体DNA变异的检测方法和思路

基于线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的研究对于人群源流迁移、线粒体相关疾病病因的探讨和法医鉴定等具有重要意义,就检测人线粒体突变的一些常用方法,如RFLP、SSO和控制区测序等作一小结和归纳,并重点介绍目前mtDNA突变的筛选方法和思路。另外,还总结了近年来对人mtDNA方面的研究结果,对世界人群中主要单倍型类群(haplogroup)特征变异位点和相应的酶切检测引物作了归纳。

银额果蝇自然群体中的mtDNA多态性

采用mtDNA RFLP技术, 探讨了银额果蝇自然群体中的mtDNA多态性及其与银额果蝇起源、扩 散的关系。图4表3参9(梁嘉)

银额果蝇自然群体中的mtDNA多态性研究 I: 银额果蝇自然群体内存在丰富的mtDNA多态性

运用限制性内切酶对银额果蝇自然群体进行了mtDNA的限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析。 发现银额果蝇自然群体中存在极为丰富的mtDNA多态性, 从82个单雌系中, 共检测到34种限 制性类型。对这一现象的效应和成因进行了探讨。图3表7参19

贵州汉族、苗族、布依族和水族人群线粒体DNA多态性研究

用16种限制性内切酶对150个样本进行了mtDNA的限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析。共检测到31种限制性格局, 其中Hae Ⅱ-13型、EcoRV-3型和PstⅠ-型3种限制性格局 为新报道。综合这些限制性格局, 共得出28种mtDNA类型。运用UPG法和简约法分析了各mtDNA类型之间、各人群之间的聚类关系。结果表明: 水族人群的mtDNA变异度较大; 汉族和苗族的亲缘关系最近, 布依族和水族有着较远的亲缘关系。图4表4参28

MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA POLYMORPHISM IN NATURAL-POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA-ALBOMICANS(I)

The technique of mtDNA restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to survey the population structure of D. albomicans. Remarkable mtDNA polymorphism has been observed in D. albomicans populations. A total of 34 nucleomorphs were detected from 82 isofemale lines assayed by only 8 restriction enzymes. The cause and the effect of this phenomenon were discussed. As a result, it is suggested that a mechanism which maintains mtDNA diversity exists in this fly, and that the high intra-populational polymorphism could numerically conceal the extent of differentiation between populations. In addition, on the base of restriction maps, it was found that the mtDNA molecule of D. albomicans might be impacted by the selection pressure during its evolution process both on the nucleotide composition and on the functional regions.

乙醇浸泡蜜蜂标本DNA的提取纯化

利用RAPD、PCR、RFLP、分子杂交等分子生物学 技术研究生物的遗传变异、遗传多态、分子进化等，必 须以DNA作为模板，目前所见有关DNA提取纯化的 报道均用活体或冰冻蜜蜂，这给样品采集、保存带来不 便。本实验以采自云南不同地区以及马来西亚的蜜蜂 乙醇(75％)浸泡标本为材料，参照王文(1994年)的蛋 白酶K提取法并加以改进，对DNA进行提取纯化。

中国胭脂鱼种群的遗传分析

采用RAPD和PCR RFLP技术 ,分析了长江中游两个中国胭脂鱼群体的遗传结构。 50个随机引物进行RAPD分析 ,有 3个引物显示了多态 ,宜昌、金口群体内个体之间的遗传相似度分别为 0 .92 74、0 .931 3 ,群体之间遗传相似度为 0 .90 0 0。 1 2个限制性内切酶分析了两群体线粒体DNAND - 5/ 6基因的限制性片段长度多态性 ,仅内切酶Ncil的酶切图谱显示了多态 ,基因型间的核苷酸序列歧化距离为 0 .2 35 % ,核苷酸多样性为 0 .0 0 4。分析表明 ,长江中游