55 resultados para Soil fertility

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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Manu National Park of southern Peru is one of the most renowned protected areas in the world, yet large-bodied vertebrate surveys conducted to date have been restricted to Cocha Cashu Biological Station, a research station covering <0.06 percent of the 1.7Mha park. Manu Park is occupied by >460 settled Matsigenka Amerindians, 300-400 isolated Matsigenka, and several, little-known groups of isolated hunter-gatherers, yet the impact of these native Amazonians on game vertebrate populations within the park remains poorly understood. On the basis of 1495 km of standardized line-transect censuses, we present density and biomass estimates for 23 mammal, bird, and reptile species for seven lowland and upland forest sites in Manu Park, including Cocha Cashu. We compare these estimates between hunted and nonhunted sites within Manu Park, and with other Neotropical forest sites. Manu Park safeguards some of the most species-rich and highest biomass assemblages of arboreal and terrestrial mammals ever recorded in Neotropical forests, most likely because of its direct Andean influence and high levels of soil fertility. Relative to Barro Colorado Island, seed predators and arboreal folivores in Manu are rare, and generalist frugivores specializing on mature fruit pulp are abundant. The impact of such a qualitative shift in the vertebrate community on the dynamics of plant regeneration, and therefore, on our understanding of tropical plant ecology, must be profound. Despite a number of external threats, Manu Park continues to serve as a baseline against which other Neotropical forests can be gauged.

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本文以长期定位试验为依托,研究了黄土高原旱塬区黑垆土大田对比试验和长期定位施肥对土壤肥力及硝态氮累积和淋溶的影响。结果表明:长期施用有机肥能够明显增加土壤养分,氮磷和有机肥配施效果显著;和1984年土壤养分状况相比,大田对比试验土壤有机质增加了27.1%,全氮和全磷提高了84.2%和34.8%,有效氮、有效磷和速效钾增加了46.9%、540.0%和10.2%,养分水平与长期定位试验中氮磷配施相近。长期定位试验中氮磷配施或与有机肥配施能够有效地减少土壤剖面中硝酸盐的累积和淋溶,氮肥单施硝态氮累积量最大,为1006.4kg/hm2,大田对比试验土壤硝态氮总累积量较长期定位试验中施用氮肥处理的总累积量少。

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本研究采用大田试验,分析了秸秆配方和废料配方两种土壤扩蓄增容肥对冬小麦生育期土壤有机质、主要速效养分和产量的影响。试验采用4因素(品种A、秸秆配方B、建筑垃圾配方C、灌水D)3水平正交试验设计。结果表明:施加土壤扩蓄增容肥可以有效提高土壤有机质含量达3.84g/kg;在节水条件下,能明显提高土壤速效养分的含量,增加了小麦对养分的吸收量,并优化了小麦对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收比例;并且施加土壤扩蓄增容肥较对照产量提高15%,且秸秆配方在各方面的效果均优于废料配方。

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为探讨黄土高原草地植被演替过程活性有机碳的变化规律,揭示草地退耕后的分布特征,在云雾山草原区采集不同草地群落土壤,采用高锰酸钾氧化法对0~100 cm土层活性有机碳进行分析。结果表明:不同草地群落土壤活性有机碳含量均高于坡耕地,活性有机碳含量大小顺序为:长芒草(Stipa bungeanaTrin.)群落>大针茅(Sti-pa grandisP.Smirn.)群落>铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmeliniiWeb.ex Stechm.)群落>百里香(Thymus mongolicusRonn.)群落>退耕草地>坡耕地,且群落间差异达极显著水平(P<0.01);在恢复初期(坡耕地-退耕草地-百里香)活性有机碳含量增加较多,恢复到长芒草群落活性有机碳含量达到最大值,趋于稳定;活性有机碳的密度与含量表现出相同的变化规律,并随着土层的加深而呈现减小趋势。相关性分析表明,活性有机碳含量与土壤总有机碳含量呈极显著线性正相关关系(r=0.9742),土壤活性有机碳比总有机碳更能反映草地植被恢复初期土壤有机碳库的变化。

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对黄土丘陵沟壑地区不同土地利用模式土壤酶活性和土壤微生物进行了测定,研究了土壤酶活性、微生物与土壤主要肥力指标对黄土丘陵沟壑地区不同土地利用模式下土壤肥力质量的关系。结果表明,不同土地利用模式0~20 cm土壤酶活性之间差异明显,而20~40 cm不同土地利用模式之间土壤酶活性差异较小,研究区域不同土地利用模式土壤微生物数量差距较大。本研究利用因子分析法来分析不同土地利用方式土壤酶活性、土壤微生物数量和土壤主要肥力指标,并根据各因子之间综合得分得出:日光温室的土壤肥力效益最好,然后依次为农田、拱棚、经济作物、果园。

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研究人工林凋落叶分解对土壤性质的影响,为防止土壤退化、增加土壤肥力提供理论指导。【方法】采集四川岷江流域上游的4种(连香树(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)、云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)、糙皮桦(Betula1 utilis)和云杉(Picea asperata))林木凋落叶及林地土壤样品,通过对当年凋落叶进行240 d室内分解培养试验,探讨不同凋落叶在分解过程中对土壤性质的影响。【结果】云杉和云南松凋落叶分解使土壤pH值降低,糙皮桦和连香树凋落叶分解使土壤pH值增加;4种凋落叶分解过程中,土壤有机质和全氮含量,土壤微生物量C、N以及4种土壤酶(蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蛋白酶)活性均有所增加。【结论】土壤有机质、全N、微生物量、酶活性增加的幅度与凋落叶分解速率及养分释放率有密切关系,凋落叶分解的越快,土壤状况改善的越明显。