水中矿物油的荧光分析

水质中矿物油的检测十分重要，检测方法和仪器研究受到人们广泛关注。本文针对环境检测要求，以矿物油中主要毒性物质一芳香类物质为主要表征对象，采用灵敏的荧光测定方法，测量了多种矿物油水混合溶液的激发和荧光光谱，研究了各种矿物油的荧光光谱特性；从现场环境检测角度分析了用荧光方法表征矿物油的条件和方法；测定了不同矿物油的不同激发荧光波长下荧光光谱强度与浓度的关系，在此基础上测定了地表水样品。探索了地表水样矿物油测定的快速、简便的方法。实验中考察了狭缝宽度、扫描速度、激发波长、荧光波长、扫描范围等条件，筛选得到优化的实验条件狭缝宽度15nm，扫描速度500nm/min，激发光谱扫描范围200-300nm，荧光光谱扫描范围300-420nm，激发波长225nm、275nm，荧光波长345nm。在优化实验条件下，五种矿物油荧光光谱分析表明，相同激发波长时荧光光谱曲线形状相似，荧光峰值有一定量的偏移，柴油、机油向长波方向移动；煤油、汽油向短波方向移动。在225nm作为激发波长时其荧光光谱在330-360nm有最大值；在275nm作为激发波长时其荧光光谱在330-380nm有最大值。测量时选择其中荧光强度更高的345nm作为五种矿物油的荧光测定波长。五种矿物油荧光强度和浓度关系的测量中得到的水中各种矿物油的"工作曲线"表明五种矿物油在10-~(-3)-10~(-6)gcm~(-3)与10~(-6)-10~(-9)gcm~(-3)浓度范围内其荧光强度对数值与浓度对数值有线性关系。在实验条件下，地表水样测定结果表明，水体中主要荧光物质对矿物油测定影响较小，可以直接测定水样荧光光谱，来衡量水体中矿物油的总含量，以试用做矿物油对水体的污染程度指标之一。实验采用荧光直接测定方法测量水体中矿物油的含量。方法简捷，方便，快速，灵敏度高适用浓度范围，可以作为不同水体矿物油检测的方法。实验中的荧光光谱特性和实验条件为水中矿物油直接测定荧光计的建造提供了可以借鉴的条件。

土壤－植物系统中Cd、Cu和石油烃复合污染效应与机理研究

本研究模拟在Cd、Cu和石油烃复合污染条件上对水稻的生态效应，探讨污染物在土壤－－植物系统中迁移转化规律、污染物间的交互作用关系及其机制。结果表明：Cu与石油烃及Cd与石油烃对水稻的生态效应表明它们之间均存在拮抗作用，Cd、Cu和石油烃三者之间也存在拮抗作用，Cd与Cu之间在低浓度时表现为拮抗作用，而在高浓度时则表现为协同作用。污染物浓度是影响污染物间交互作用关系的重要因子。

污染土壤中多环芳烃的共代谢降解过程

The biodegradation of most PAHs with high molecular weight is carried out by means of cometabolism. The development of the theory about cometabolic degradation is reviewed in this paper, and the achievements on the cometabolic degradations of PAHs are also summarized. It is demonstrated that glucose, biphenyl, organic acids and mineral oil could be used as cometabolic substrate to enhance the degradation rate of PAHs, and there are complex interactions in the microbiological degradation process among different PAHs. Some low molecular PAHs could serve as cometabolic substrate, which could also be used to enhance the transformation rate of high molecular weight recalcitrant PAHs. To achieve the cometabolic degradation of the PAHs in the soils, the following problems must be solved: the screening out of efficient degradative strains, the selection of the appropriate cometabolic substrate, the addition of surfactant if necessary and the optimization of operational parameters with the contaminated soils. These problems are the important parts of the project for the cometabolic degradation of PAHs in the soils.

Nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on renewable electrospun Ni nanoparticle-loaded carbon nanofiber paste electrode

A novel nonenzymatic glucose sensor was developed based on the renewable Ni nanoparticle-loaded carbon nanofiber paste (NiCFP) electrode. The NiCF nanocomposite was prepared by combination of electrospinning technique with thermal treatment method. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that large amounts of spherical nanoparticles were well dispersed on the surface or embedded in the carbon nanofibers. And the nanoparticles were composed of Ni and NiO, as revealed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). In application to nonenzymatic glucose determination, the renewable NiCFP electrodes, which were constructed by simply mixing the electrospun nanocomposite with mineral oil, exhibited strong and fast amperometric response without being poisoned by chloride ions. Low detection limit of 1 mu M with wide linear range from 2 mu M to 2.5 mM (R = 0.9997) could be obtained.

A Research on New Method of Transportation Technics for Heavy Oil and Practice in Oil Field

介绍一种可应用于高粘度稠油管输的新工艺。即用自行研制的蒸汽引射器采用无界引射方式,将蒸汽直接注入到输油管道中,利用蒸汽释放的热量提高稠油温度降低粘度,从而达到降低稠油输送压降的目的,它比间接加热输送工艺所用的蒸汽量或耗煤量大大减少。方法在辽河油田输油管线上进行了工业现场试验,取得了很好的效果。

Experimental study and simulation principles of an oil-gas multiphase transportation system

Presented is an experimental study on the performance of an oil-gas multiphase transportation system, especially on the multiphase flow patterns, multiphase pumping and multiphase metering of the system. A dynamic simulation analysis is conducted to deduce simulation parameters of the system and similarity criteria under simplified conditions are obtained. The reliability and feasibility of two-phase flow experiment with oil and natural gas simulated by water and air are discussed by using the similarity criteria.

Simulations of oil spread on a water surface

Numerical simulation of an oil slick spreading on still and wavy surfaces is described in this paper. The so-called sigma transformation is used to transform the time-varying physical domain into a fixed calculation domain for the water wave motions and, at the same time, the continuity equation is changed into an advection equation of wave elevation. This evolution equation is discretized by the forward time and central space scheme, and the momentum equations by the projection method. A damping zone is set up in front of the outlet boundary coupled with a Sommerfeld-Orlanski condition at that boundary to minimize the wave reflection. The equations for the oil slick are depth-averaged and coupled with the water motions when solving numerically. As examples, sinusoidal and solitary water waves, the oil spread on a smooth plane and on still and wavy water surfaces are calculated to examine the accuracy of simulating water waves by Navier-Stokes equations, the effect of damping zone on wave reflection and the precise structures of oil spread on waves.

Numerical Simulation of Particle Separation in An Oil-Sand Separator

The gathering systems of crude oil are greatly endangered by the fine sand and soil in oil. Up to now , how to separate sand from the viscid oil is still a technical problem for oil production home or abroad. Recently , Institute of Mechanics in Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed a new type of oil-sand separator , which has been applied successfully in oil field in situ. In this paper, the numerical method of vortex-stream function is used to predict the liquid-solid separating course and the efficiency for this oil-sand separator. Results show that the viscosity and particle diameter have much influence on the particle motion. The calculating separating efficiency is compared with that of experiment and indicates that this method can be used to model the complex two-phase flow in the separator.

Mechanics of a grip system of three-key-board hydraulic tongs developed for offshore oil pipe lines

This paper carries out the analysis of mechanics of a grip system of three-key-board hydraulic tongs developed for offshore oil pipe lines which has been successfully used in oil fields in China. The main improvement of this system is that a lever frame structure is used in the structural design, which reduces greatly the stresses of the major components of the oil pipe tongs. Theoretical analysis and numerical calculation based on thirteen basic equations developed Show that the teeth board of the tongs is not easy to slip as frequently happens to other systems and is of higher reliability.

Mineral Bridges Versus the Mechanical Properties of Nacre

通过对天然珍珠母材料有机基质界面的微结构及其力学性能的研究,简要地分析了珍珠母有机界面的弹性模量以及裂纹阻力与其微结构的联系,由此说明在珍珠母所表现出来的优异力学性能中微结构所起的重要作用。

Mineral Bridges of Nacre and Its Effects

Nacre, or mother-of-pearl, is a kind of composites of aragonite platelets sandwiched between organic materials. Its excellent mechanical properties are thought to stem from the micro architecture that is traditionally described as a "brick and mortar" arrangement. In this paper, a new microstructure, referred to as mineral bridge in the biomineralization, is directly observed in the organic matrix layers (mortar) of nacre. This is an indication that the organic matrix layer of nacre should be treated as a three-dimensional interface and the micro architecture of nacre ought to be considered as a "brick-bridge-mortar" structure rather than the traditional one. Experiments and analyses show that the mineral bridges not only improve the mechanical properties of the organic matrix layers but also play an important role in the pattern of the crack extension in nacre.

Oil-Water Two-Phase Flow Inside T-Junction

The oil/water two-phase flow inside T-junctions was numerically simulated with a 3-D two-fluid model, and the turbulence was described using the mixture k - epsilon model. Some experiments of oil/water flow inside a single T-junction were conducted in the laboratory. The results show that the separating performance of T-junction largely depends oil the inlet volumetric fraction and flow patterns. A reasonable agreement is reached between the numerical simulation and the experiments for both the oil fraction distribution and the separation efficiency.

Experimental Investigation On The Slip Between Oil And Water In Horizontal Pipes

This work is devoted to study of the slip phenomenon between phases in water-oil two-phase flow in horizontal pipes. The emphasis is placed on the effects of input fluids flow rates, pipe diameter and viscosities of oil phase on the slip. Experiments were conducted to measure the holdup in two horizontal pipes with 0.05 m diameter and 0.025 m diameter, respectively, using two different viscosities of white oil and tap water as liquid phases. Results showed that the ratios of in situ oil to water velocity at the pipe of small diameter are higher than those at the pipe of big diameter when having same input flow rates. At low input water flow rate, there is a large deviation on the holdup between two flow systems with different oil viscosities and the deviation becomes gradually smaller with further increased input water flow rate. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Experimental Investigation On The Holdup Distribution Of Oil-Water Two-Phase Flow In Horizontal Parallel Tubes

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the holdup distribution of oil and water two-phase flow in two parallel tubes with unequal tube diameter. Tests were performed using white oil (of viscosity 52 mPa s and density 860 kg/m(3)) and tap water as liquid phases at room temperature and atmospheric outlet pressure. Measurements were taken of water flow rates from 0.5 to 12.5 m(3)/h and input oil volume fractions from 3 to 94 %. Results showed that there were different flow pattern maps between the run and bypass tubes when oil-water two-phase flow is found in the parallel tubes. At low input fluid flow rates, a large deviation could be found on the average oil holdup between the bypass and the run tubes. However, with increased input oil fraction at constant water flow rate, the holdup at the bypass tube became close to that at the run tube. Furthermore, experimental data showed that there was no significant variation in flow pattern and holdup between the run and main tubes. In order to calculate the holdup in the form of segregated flow, the drift flux model has been used here.