Molecular characteristics of Camallanus spp. (Spirurida : Camallanidae) in fishes from China based on its rDNA sequences

In the,paper, we explored the intra- and interspecific evolutionary variation among species of Camallanus collected from different fish species in various regions of China. We determined the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA) sequences of these nematodes. The divergence (uncorrected p-distance) of ITS 1, ITS2, and ITS rDNA data sets confirmed 2 valid species of Camallanus in China, i.e., C. cotti and C. hypophthalmichthys. The 2 species were distinguished not only by their different morphologies and host ranges but also by a letranucleotide microsatellite (TTGC)n present in the ITS I region of C cotti. Phylogenetic analyses of the nematodes disclosed 2 main clades, corresponding to different individuals of C cotti and C. hypophthalmichthys from different fish species in various geographical locations, although the interior nodes of each clade received poor support.

Molecular variation of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 (Cestoda : Pseudophyllidea) in different fish host species based on ITS rDNA sequences

The molecular variation in Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 from 11 species of freshwater fish collected in Australia, China, the Czech Republic, England and Hawaii was investigated by determining the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region. The length of the first and second internal transcribed spacer sequences of multiple individuals ranged from 553 to 571 bp and 553 to 615 bp, and the G + C content from 53.1 to 53.5%. The percentage sequence divergence varied between 0 and 0.9% in the ITS1 and 0 and 6.6% in the ITS2, respectively, indicating the occurrence of intraspecific variation. It is demonstrated that the fragment length variation resulted primarily from microsatellite polymorphisms present in the ITS region, especially in the ITS2 region. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that B. acheilognathi examined in this study consisted of three closely related genotypes with certain degrees of host-specificity, and the genotype representing isolates from Cyprinus carpio L. was the most common and diverse form within the species B. acheilognathi.

Is the genus Digramma synonymous to the genus Ligula (Cestoda : Pseudophyllidea)? Evidence from ITS and 5 ' end 28S rDNA sequences

The genus Digramma (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) described by Cholodkovsky in 1915 differs from the genus Ligula only by the number of the reproductive organs per proglottis. However, the occurrence of transitional forms in Digramma raises much confusion concerning its generic validity. In the present study, cestodes previously designated as Digramma and Ligula were collected from lakes in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and also from Qinghai Lake on Qingzang plateau, China. The entire internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA) and 5' end of 28S rDNA were compared between the Digramma and Ligula specimens. The low level of nucleotide variation between the two genera may imply that cestodes in the genus Digramma are paraphyletic to the Ligula genus, and Digramma is a synonym of Ligula. However, whether previously identified Digramma cestodes represent different species in the genus Ligula requires further investigation.

核rDNA-ITS序列在昆虫学研究上的应用

核糖体DNA内部转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)作为线粒体DNA信息的补充,在昆虫学的研究中越来越受到重视.本文描述了ITS序列的结构和特点,总结了其在品系鉴定、亲缘关系和系统发育、物种进化及扩散、昆虫与环境的关系方面的应用.品系鉴定多集中于形体学无法区分的种类;亲缘关系和系统发育的研究目的是了解物种是如何起源和进化的;而与环境的关系主要针对社会性昆虫和寄生性昆虫.最后讨论了ITS序列在应用中所存在的问题,以及造成这些问题的可能原因.

落叶松属的分子进化与生物地理学

　　松科植物的核基因组十分庞大，基因常形成复杂的基因家族，核rDNA ITS 区在基因组内和基因组间存在广泛的长度和序列变异，但染色体数目和核型却高度保守，几乎均为二倍体(2n＝24)，与被子植物频繁的多倍化和高度均一的ITS区形成鲜明对比;叶绿体、线粒体和核基因组分别为父系、母系及双亲遗传，这种独特的遗传体系组合为系统发育重建研究提供了便利条件。因此，松科植物不仅是阐明基因树/物种树这一理论问题的理想试材，而且是基因和基因组进化及核rDNA致同进化机制研究的好材料。此外，松科植物的进化历史悠久，很多类群经历了多次重大的地质历史事件，并呈各种间断分布格局，其生物地理学问题受到广泛关注。本文对落叶松属所有物种(L. lyallii除外)和大部分变种的叶绿体基因组trnT-trnF区、低拷贝核4CL基因家族 (4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶基因)及多拷贝核rDNA ITS区进行了序列分析，重建了该属的系统发育并揭示了其地理分布格局的形成过程，同时基于克隆和基因谱系分析，探讨了核4CL和rDNA ITS这两个基因家族的进化式样及规律。 　　1. 叶绿体trnT-trnF区和核rDNA ITS区的研究结果表明：落叶松属的种间遗传分化程度很低，北美的种类构成一个单系分支，并为欧亚种类的姐妹群。短苞鳞的欧亚落叶松组和长苞鳞的欧亚红杉组之间的分化较早，接近欧亚和北美种类间的分化时间。换句话说，苞鳞长短的分化在落叶松属中至少发生过两次，其中一次在落叶松属分化的初期，另一次在北美的种类中。结合化石、地史及气候资料，我们推测：落叶松属的共同祖先通过白令陆桥扩散，并形成欧亚和北美两支,然后在不同的板块上独立进化。落叶松组的泛北极分布是冰期后的回迁形成的，而红杉组的物种在第三纪全球气温降低时向南迁移，进而形成东亚－北美间断分布，特别是欧亚红杉组的祖先曾伴随青藏高原的隆升而发生辐射分化。 　　2. 在落叶松属4CL基因家族的研究中共获得44个差异的克隆，除华北落叶松外，其它种类均含2-4个成员。系统发育分析表明： 4CL基因频繁发生重复/丢失，并导致谱系拣选。该基因在落叶松属的共同祖先中发生一次重复，形成4clA和4clB，4clA再次发生基因重复形成4clA1和4clA2。重复产生的这两对并系基因拷贝在进化速率上呈显著差异，其中一个拷贝的进化速率明显加快，可能与进化制约的减弱或功能分化有关。结合其它核基因的研究结果，我们推测频繁的基因重复/丢失可能是形成和维持松科植物庞大核基因组的重要机制之一。 　　3. 对落叶松属101个nrDNA ITS克隆进行了序列及分子进化分析，发现极少数克隆存在较大的长度及（或）序列变异，并可能为假基因或重组体，其它克隆间的序列分化水平较低。因而，落叶松属核rDNA的致同进化速率比松科中两个古老的属（松属和云杉属）快。该致同进化速率的加快可能与落叶松属年轻的进化历史及染色体上较少的rDNA位点数目有关。由于一些特异克隆含嵌合序列及极高的序列变异，推测它们可能来源于物种进化过程中染色体重排形成的小位点(minor loci)或为孤独基因(orphons)。此外，我们发现nrDNA ITS克隆的分布式样与落叶松属的分化及地理分布格局的形成有密切关系：在欧亚红杉组中，克隆常按分类群（物种或变种）形成单系分支，表明这些类群的分化曾伴随着强烈的nrDNA ITS奠基者效应;相反，在欧亚落叶松组中，所有物种的克隆均混杂在一起，说明这些物种的分化时间较晚或在冰期后回迁的过程中曾发生频繁的种间基因交流。

中国9种嗜子宫线虫系统发育的初步研究

为了探讨鱼类寄生嗜子宫线虫的系统发育关系,测定了8种嗜子宫线虫的ITS rDNA(核糖体转录内间隔区核 糖核酸)序列和9种嗜子宫线虫的18S rDNA(小亚基核糖体核糖核酸)部分序列,并构建了18S rDNA序列的系统发 育树。在比较和分析ITS rDNA和18S rDNA两种分子标记对嗜子宫科线虫系统发育适用性的基础上,分析了嗜子 宫线虫的系统发育关系。结果表明:中国嗜子宫线虫是单系起源;黄颡鱼似嗜子宫线虫、赣州似嗜子宫线虫和棍头 嗜子宫线虫亲缘关系非常接近,可能是较晚形成的种;似嗜子宫线虫属可能应该被

Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of two Saprolegnia sp (Oomycetes) isolated from silver crucian carp and zebra fish

Two Saprolegnia isolates, JY isolated from silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch) and BMY isolated from zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio Hamilton) came from infections occurring concurrently in different locations in China. To confirm whether the two isolates were from the same Saprolegnia clone, comparative studies have been carried out based on their morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics. Observations showed that morphologically (both asexual and sexual organs) the two isolates were broadly similar and both isolates under-went repeated zoospore emergence. Comparing 704 base pairs of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the 5.8S rDNA, we found isolates JY and BMY shared an identical ITS sequence with a minor variation (99.6 % similarity). Forty available sequences for representatives Saprolegnia spp. belonged to four phylogenetically separate clades. The two studied isolates fell within clade I that comprised a group of isolates which showed almost an identical ITS sequence but had been identified as a number of different morphological species. our findings suggest that isolates JY and BMY appear to belong to the S. ferax clade and this clade (1) contains a number of closely related phylogenetic species. This is distinct from the more common fish pathogenic isolates, which belong to the S. parasitica clade (III) and are characterized by having cysts decorated by bundles of long hooked hairs and two further clades (II and IV) containing largely saprotrophic or soil born species. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The British Mycological Society.

Saprolegnia brachydanis, A New Oomycete Isolated from Zebra Fish

Saprolegnia brachydanis is described from zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The species is illustrated and compared with other species of the genus. The distinctive characteristics of S. brachydanis are the production of glomerulate oogonia wrapped around by predominantly monoclinous antheridia which can be up to eight in one oogonium. The oogonial stalks are short, straight, or curved and the antheridia, twisted, can enwind one or more oogonia. The oospores cannot mature or easily abort. Morphological features of the oomycete and the ITS sequence of its rDNA as well as the comparison with related species are discussed in this article.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of attached Ulvaceae species and free-floating Enteromorpha from Qingdao coasts in 2007

Based on the sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1, 5.8 S, and ITS 2, the molecular phylogeny was analyzed on Ulvaceae species collected from Qingdao coasts in summer of 2007, including 15 attached Ulva and Enteromorpha samples from 10 locations and 10 free-floating Enteromorpha samples from seven locations. The result supported the monophyly of all free-floating Enteromorpha samples, implying the unialgal composition of the free-floating Enteromorpha, and the attached Ulvaceae species from Qingdao coasts were grouped into other five clades, suggesting that they were not the biogeographic origin of the free-floating Enteromorpha in that season.

探讨rDNA ITS区作为果蝇Drosophila nasuta分子系统发育研究的价值

国家自然科学基金;中国科学院基金

Phylogeny of Oedogoniales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) inferred from 18S rDNA sequences with emphasis on the relationships in the genus Oedogonium based on ITS-2 sequences

The phylogeny of Oedogoniales was investigated by using nuclear 18S rDNA sequences. Results showed that the genus Oedocladium, as a separated clade, was clustered within the clade of Oedogonium; whereas the genus Bulbochaete was in a comparatively divergent position to the other two genera. The relationship among the species of Oedogonium was discussed, focusing on ITS-2 phylogeny analyzed combining with some morphological characteristics. Our results showed that all the dioecious nannandrous taxa involved in this study were resolved into one clade, while all the monocious taxa were clustered into another clade as a sister group to the former. The report also suggests that the dioecious macrandrous taxa form a paraphyly and could be more basally situated than the dioecious nannandrous and the monoecious taxa by means of molecular phylogeny and morphotype investigations.

Phylogeny of diplozoids in five genera of the subfamily diplozoinae palombi, 1949 as inferred from ITS-2 rDNA sequences

The phylogenetic relationship of 5 genera, i.e. Diplozoon Nordmann, 1832, Paradiplozoon Achmerov, 1974, Inustiatus Khotenovsky, 1978, Sindiplozoon Khotenovsky, 1981, and Eudiplozoon Khotenovsky, 1985 in the subfamily Diplozoinae Palombi, 1949 (Monogenea, Polyopisthocotylea) was inferred from rDNA ITS-2 region using neighbour-joining (NJ), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian methods. The phylogenetic trees produced by using NJ, ML and Bayesian methods exhibit essentially the same topology. Surprisingly, freshwater species of Paradiplozoon from Europe clustered together with species of Diplozoon, but separated from Chinese Paradiplozoon species. The results of molecular phylogeny and lower level of divergence (4(.)1-15(.)7%) in ITS-2 rDNA among Paradiplozoon from Europe and Diplozoon and, on the other hand, high level of divergence (45(.)3-53(.)7%) among Paradiplozoon species from Europe and China might indicate the non-monophyletic origin of the genus Paradiplozoon. Also, the generic status of European Paradiplozoon needs to be revised. The species of Paradiplozoon in China is a basal group in Diplozoinae as revealed by NJ and Bayesian methods, and Sindiplozoon appears to be closely related to European Paradiplozoon and Diplozoon. with their relationship to Eudiplozoon and Inustiatus being unresolved.

Sequence analysis of the ITS region and 5.8S rDNA of Porphyra haitanensis

The sequences of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) and 5.8S rDNA of three cultivated strains of Porphyra haitanensis thalli (NB, PT and ST) were amplified, sequenced and analyzed. In addition, the phylogenic relationships of the sequences identified in this study with those of other Porphyra retrieved from GenBank were evaluated. The results are as follows: the sequences of the ITS and 5.8S rDNA were essentially identical among the three strains. The sequences of ITS l were 331 by to 334 bp, while those of the 5.8S rDNA were 158 by and the sequences of ITS2 ranged from 673 by to 681 bp. The sequences of the ITS had a high level of homology (up to 99.5%) with that of P. haitanensis (DQ662228) retrieved from GenBank, but were only approximately 50% homologous with those of other species of Porphyra. The results obtained when a phylogenetic tree was constructed coincided with the results of the homology analysis. These results suggest that the three cultivated strains of P. haitanensis evolved conservatively and that the ITS showed evolutionary consistency. However, the sequences of the ITS and 5.8S rDNA of different Porphyra species showed great variations. Therefore, the relationship of Porphyra interspecies phyletic evolution could be judged, which provides the proof for Porphyra identification study. However, proper classifications of the subspecies and the populations of Porphyra should be determined through the use of other molecular techniques to determine the genetic variability and rational phylogenetic relationships.

Ulva and Enteromorpha (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta) from two sides of the Yellow Sea: analysis of nuclear rDNA ITS and plastid rbcL sequence data

Ulvacean green seaweeds are common worldwide; they formed massive green tides in the Yellow Sea in recent years, which caused marine ecological problems as well as a social issue. We investigated two major genera of the Ulvaceae, Ulva and Enteromorpha, and collected the plastid rbcL and nuclear ITS sequences of specimens of the genera in two sides of the Yellow Sea and analyzed them. Phylogenetic trees of rbcL data show the occurrence of five species of Enteromorpha (E. compressa, E. flexuosa, E. intestinalis, E. linza and E. prolifera) and three species of Ulva (U. pertusa, U. rigida and U. ohnoi). However, we found U. ohnoi, which is known as a subtropical to tropical species, at two sites on Jeju Island, Korea. Four ribotypes in partial sequences of 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 from E. compressa were also found. Ribotype network analysis revealed that the common ribotype, occurring in China, Korea and Europe, is connected with ribotypes from Europe and China/Japan. Although samples of the same species were collected from both sides of the Yellow Sea, intraspecific genetic polymorphism of each species was low among samples collected worldwide.

松口蘑与假松口蘑 ITS 序列测定和分析比较

对松口蘑和假松口蘑进行ITS 序列测序，通过DNAStar 软件比较分析，发现松口蘑与 假松口蘑的5.8S rDNA 序列完全一致，ITS1 和ITS2 呈现不同程度的多态性。松口蘑ITS 序列 长度为601bp，假松口蘑ITS 序列长度为563bp。设计了扩增松口蘑和假松口蘑ITS1 的特异性 引物，能够快速地区别松口蘑与假松口蘑。