Anti Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Agents 4. Discovery of 5,5 '-(p-Phenylenebisazo)-8-hydroxyquinoline Sulfonates as New HIV-1 Inhibitors in Vitro

To search for compounds with superior anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity, ten 5,5'-(p-phenylenebisazo)-8-hydroxyquinoline sulfonates (4a-j) were synthesized and preliminarily evaluated as HIV-1 inhibitors in vitro for the first time. Some compounds demonstrated anti-HIV-1 activity, especially 5,5'-(p-phenylenebisazo)-8-hydroxyquinoline p-ethylbenzenesulfonate (4g) and 5,5'-(p-phenylenebisazo)-8-hydroxyquinoline p-chlorobenzenesulfonate (41) showed the more potent anti-HIV-1 activity with 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of 2.59 and 4.01 mu g/ml, and therapeutic index (TI) values of 31.77 and 24.51, respectively.

Genotyping of TRIM5 locus in northern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca leonina), a primate species susceptible to Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 infection

Background: The pig-tailed macaques are the only Old World monkeys known to be susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. We have previously reported that the TRIM5-Cyclophilin A (TRIMCyp) fusion in pig-tailed macaques (Macaca n

Synthesis and Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Activity of (E)-N-Phenylstyryl-N-alkylacetamide Derivatives

A series of (E)-N-phenylstyryl-N-alkylacetamides, 5, were synthesized by direct reduction-acetylation of beta-arylnitroolefins, followed by N-alkylation. The title compounds were characterized by H-1-NMR, EIMS and IR analysis. All the synthesized compound

Identification and characterization of a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 recombinants comprised of two circulating recombinant forms, CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC, in China

We identified a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) recombinants (00CN-HH069 and 00CN-HH086) in which further recombination occurred between two established circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). These two isolates were found among 57 HIV-1 samples from a cohort of injecting drug users in eastern Yunnan Province of China. Informative-site analysis in conjunction with bootscanning plots and exploratory tree analysis revealed that these two strains were closely related mosaics comprised of CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC, which are found in China. The genotype screening based on gag-reverse transcriptase sequences if 57 samples from eastern Yunnan identified 47 CRF08_BC specimens (82.5%), 5 CRF07_BC specimens (8.8%), and 3 additional specimens with the novel recombinant structure. These new "second-generation" recombinants thus constitute a substantial proportion (5 of 57; 8.8%) of HIV-1 strains in this population and may belong to a new but yet-undefined class of CRF. This might be the first example of CRFs recombining with each other, leading to the evolution of second-generation inter-CRF recombinants.

恒河猴TRIM5α的组织分布及不同刺激促进PBMC中TRIM5α转录水平的上调

TRIM5α(tripartite motif protein 5-alpha)蛋白是恒河猴体内一种非常重要的限制因子,能抑制人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1,human immunodeficiency virus type 1)、马感染性贫血病毒(EIAV, equine infectious anemia virus)和猫免疫缺陷病毒(FIV, feline immunodeficiencyvirus)等逆转录病毒的复制.恒河猴TRIM5α的组织分布以及在受到外界刺激时TRIM5α mRNA表达量的变化研究还未见报道.本研究从中国恒河猴的各组织中提取总RNA,以β-actin基因作为内参照,通过半定量RT-PCR检测各组织中TRIMSα mRNA的表达.选择HIV-GFP-VSVG假病毒感染外周血单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC),非特异性刺激剂--佛波脂(Phorbol myfismte acetate,PMA)+离子霉素(ionomycin,Ion)及CD28抗体+CD49d抗体分别共刺激恒河猴PBMC,研究不同刺激对恒河猴TRIM5α mRNA表达水平的影响.结果表明:TRIM5α mRNA表达于所研究的恒河猴21种组织中,免疫系统和泌尿生殖系统组织中表达量最高,而神经系统组织,如大脑、脊髓中表达较少,其他组织中未见明显的表达差异;HIV-GFP-VSVG感染和用PMA+Ion、CD28抗体+CD49d抗体分别共刺激PBMC能促进PBMC中TRIM5α mRNA的转录水平的上调.

Anti Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) Agents 3. Synthesis and in Vitro Anti-HIV-1 Activity of Some N-Arylsulfonylindoles

In order to find compounds with superior anti human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity, twelve simple N-arylsulfonylindoles (3a-1) were synthesized and preliminarily evaluated as HIV-1 inhibitors in vitro for the first time. Several compounds

Interaction between human interleukin-16 and CD4 receptor of HIV-1

AIM: To study the interaction between human interleukin-16 (IL-16) and the receptor CD4 (T-lymphocyte differentiation antigen) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). METHODS: Two structurally con served regions (SCRs) of human IL-16 were built by the SYBYL/Biopolymer module using the corresponding transmembrane (TM) domain of human interleukin-1 (HIL-4) and HIL-2 as the templates. The coordinates for amino-terminal residue sequence, carboxyl-terminal residue sequences, and cytoplasm loops were generated using Biopolymer's LOOP SEARCH algorithm. RESULTS: HIL-16 first formed a homodimer, then contacted with CD4 dimer further forming a dimeric complex. Subsequently, the dimeric complex constructed the tetrameric complex by two disulfide bridges between the cysteines of HIL-16 (Cys31-Cys31). CONCLUSION: The interaction model is useful to propose the action mechanism of HIL-16 and is beneficial for rational designing of novel anti-HIV drugs.

树鼩原代肝细胞培养体系和乙型肝炎病毒体外感染模型的建立

乙型肝炎病毒（Hepatitis Virus type B, HBV）感染是一种严重威胁人类健康的世界性问题。由于HBV感染具有宿主和组织特异性，长期以来一直缺乏有效的体外感染模型，严重制约了HBV感染机制和治疗药物的研究。树鼩（Tree Shrews, Tupaia Belangeri）与人和灵长类亲缘关系较为接近，作为小动物模型在乙型肝炎研究中备受关注。但由于各种原因的限制，HBV树鼩感染模型仍处于“国际公认但实际短缺，国内首创但实际空缺”的状况。因此，复建和优化HBV树鼩体内外感染模型成为我们长期研究方向所必备的前提基础和开端。而树鼩原代肝细胞的分离和培养则是建立HBV体外感染模型的关键的第一步。我们通过与机械分离法的直接比较，验证了两步灌注法在树鼩肝细胞分离中的优越性。进而发现，在分离后的体外培养过程中，二甲基亚砜不仅能够促进和维持原代肝细胞的分化，而且能够显著地抑制纤维状细胞群的出现。同时，肝细胞生长因子（HGF）和表皮生长因子（EGF）能够促进肝细胞在体外长期存活。在此优化的条件下，原代培养可持续4-5周，并且较多的细胞聚集形成类似肝窦结构的形态，从而成功地复制和改进了树鼩原代肝细胞培养体系，为建立HBV体外感染模型提供了基础。与此同时，我们采集了2种来源的HBV，即以乙肝病人血清和HepG2.2.15细胞培养上清为来源。我们采用蔗糖浓度梯度离心法以纯化病人血清病毒，能较好地将HBV颗粒和亚病毒颗粒区分开来。在收集HepG2.2.15细胞株来源的病毒时，我们详细研究了HepG2.2.15细胞的生长曲线和病毒产量曲线，找到病毒产量与细胞生长状态之间的联系，确定了最佳收集病毒时间，并通过放大培养条件，大量收集HepG2.2.15细胞的培养上清。我们采用浓缩和未浓缩的HepG2.2.15病毒、纯化的血清病毒等3种方式制备的病毒感染树鼩原代肝细胞，通过不同水平的指标来检测感染结果。首先，细胞内HBVx基因mRNA的检测结果表明，3种来源的病毒都可以感染树鼩原代肝细胞。同时，细胞上清中分泌的病毒颗粒及病毒蛋白的检测结果表明，HepG2.2.15病毒感染树鼩原代肝细胞的效果比血清病毒的感染效果好。免疫荧光的检测结果进一步证实了HepG2.2.15病毒能够感染树鼩原代肝细胞。因此，在我们的实验中，树鼩原代肝细胞对2种来源和不同制备方式的病毒均具有易感性，且以未浓缩的HepG2.2.15上清病毒感染力优于血清病毒。综上所述，我们现有的结果验证了树鼩原代肝细胞对HBV具有易感性。就感染效率而言，尽管感染效率依赖于病毒滴度及其感染力，我们在病毒细胞比例为0.02:1的条件下，仍能确认易感性，并获得了与国际同类研究相当的感染效率。就本研究的应用前景而言，我们所建立的HBV体外感染模型，能够作为实验室的通用平台，用以来研究HBV的感染机制和抗病毒药物的筛选与评价。

Immune Responses to Six Synthetic Peptides of Capsid Protein Immune Responses to Six Synthetic Peptides of Capsid Protein

Many B cell epitopes within p24 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were identified, while most of them were determined by using murine monoclonal antibodies reacting with overlapping peptides of p24. Therefore these epitopes may not represent the actual epitopes recognized by the HIV-1 infected individuals. In the present study, immune responses of 67 HIV-1 positive sera from Yunnan Province, China to five peptides on p24 of HIV-1 and one of HIV-2 were analyzed. All of 67 sera did not recognize peptide GA-12 on HIV-1 and peptide AG-23 on HIV-2, which indicated that GA-12 was not human B cell epitope and AG-23 did not cross-react with HIV-1 positive serum. Except 13 sera (19.4%), all remaining sera did not recognize peptides NI-15, DR-16, DC-22 and PS-18, which indicated that these four peptides represented B cell linear epitopes of HIV-1 p24 in some HIV-1 infected individuals but not the immuno-dominant epitopes in most individuals. Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2005;2(4):289-293.

基于微形态特征的中国瓦韦属植物分类的再修订

通过野外采集和观察，标本鉴定和实验研究，从植物形态学，叶柄和根状茎的解剖，叶表皮的显微观察，和孢子形态的扫描电镜观察等方面进行研究与分析，对中国瓦韦属（除薄叶组）进行了分类学修订研究。 1. 形态性状分析 研究了国内外重要标本馆的大量瓦韦属植物标本，通过对一些重要的形态性状的观察和分析，判定其变异规律及分类学意义。根状茎上的鳞片和孢子囊上的隔丝的形状和网眼结构是瓦韦属属下分类和种的划分的最主要的形态学性状。其它特征如孢子囊群着生的位置、中脉的颜色、根状茎直立或横走等在种内也具有一定的稳定性，可以帮助种的划分和鉴定。因此，在对瓦韦属植物进行分类时要结合几个相关性状而不是单一的性状进行分类。 2. 叶柄和根状茎的解剖 对瓦韦属（除薄叶组）49 个种的叶柄和根状茎进行解剖观察，发现叶柄中维管束的条数一般为1--7 条不等，排成一字形、三角形或半圆形。两根粗的维管束排列在腹面，较细的维管束排列在背面。叶柄中没有厚壁组织，但是在叶柄和根状茎的连接部位叶足处有厚壁组织的存在。根状茎横切面观察显示除了维管束外还有厚壁组织的存在，在常绿种内厚壁组织较多，落叶类型中厚壁组织较少。 3. 叶表皮形态 观察了瓦韦属51 个种的叶表皮形态和结构，发现该性状对于属下划分具有一定的系统学意义，也有助于疑难物种的鉴别。瓦韦属植物的叶表皮细胞形状通常为多边形、不规则；垂周壁式样为波状和浅波状；气孔器类型比较复杂，在所观察的类群中，气孔器都分布在下表皮上，极细胞型Polocytic type，共环极细胞型Copolocytic type ，腋下细胞型Axillocytic type ，聚腋下细胞型Coaxillocytic 是最常见的类型，不规则型Anomocytic type ，不规则四细胞型Anomotetracytic type，不等细胞型Anisocytic type，辐射状细胞型Actinocytic type 和双环不等四细胞型Amphicycloanisocytic type 也存在于瓦韦属的叶表皮中。属下同一个组的叶表皮特征近似，不同的组具有一定的差别。 4. 孢子形态 在扫描电镜下对瓦韦属50 个种的孢子形态进行了观察。瓦韦属的孢子两侧对称，极面观为椭圆形，赤道面观为肾形、豆形或半圆形。孢子的表面纹饰可以分为6 类，分别是光滑、颗粒状、瘤状、皱状、波状以及疣状的纹饰。瓦韦属的孢子周壁较薄，纹饰由外壁组成。孢子形态具有重要的系统学意义，可以为属下分类提供可靠的证据，对形态近似的物种的划分也有重要参考价值。 通过对大量标本的研究，以及模式标本的考证，结合野外居群观察，综合分析有关分类学资料，主要依据比较稳定的微观性状，对瓦韦属植物进行了新的分类学修订。结果承认中国瓦韦属（除薄叶组）有37 种，可以分为5 个组，有3 个名称被首次处理为异名，另有2 个种暂时存疑。

贻贝凝集素抗-HIV活性研究

分离提取海洋无脊椎动物贻贝(Crenomytilus grayanus)凝集素,考察其抗HIV活性。采用半乳糖-Sepharose 6B亲和层析和Sephacryl S-200层析分离提取贻贝凝集素(Crenomytilus grayanus lectin,CGL),以光镜检查合胞体抑制试验,以ELSA测定HIVp24抗原表达水平。从海洋无脊椎动物贻贝中分离出的凝集素(CGL),为N-乙酰半乳糖胺/半乳糖(GalNAc/Gal)特异性的凝集素。CGL在27.88mg.L-1浓度时,对HIV诱导细胞病变的抑制达50%;在45.70mg.L-1时,对HIV-1复制的抑制达50%;同时在35.12mg.L-1浓度时,对HIV感染细胞融合的阻断达50%。

Anti-HIV-1 activity of trichobitacin, a novel ribosome-inactivating protein

AIM: To determine whether trichobitacin, a novel ribosome-inactivating protein purified from the root tubers of Trichosanthes kirilowii, possesses the anti-HIV activity. METHODS: The inhibition of syncytial cell formation induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1),was determined under microscope, reduction of HIV-1 p24 antigen expression level was measured by ELISA, and decrease in numbers of HIV-1 antigen positive cells in acutely and-chronically infected cultures were detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS: Trichobitacin Was-found to greatly suppress syncytial cell formation induced by HIV-1 and to markedly reduce both expression of HIV-1 p24 antigen and the number of HIV antigen positive cells in acutely but not chronically HIV-1 infected culture. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) in inhibition of syncytial cell formation and HIV antigen positive cells were 5 mu g.L-1 (95 % confidence limits: 1.3 - 20 mu g.L-1) and 0.09 mg.L-1 (95 % confidence limits: 0.011 - 0.755 mg.L-1), respectively. CONCLUSION: Trichobitacin is a novel ribosome-inactivating protein with anti-HIV-l activity.

Anti HIV-1 agents 5: Synthesis and anti-HIV-1 activity of some N-arylsulfonyl-3-acetylindoles in vitro

In continuation of our program aimed at the discovery and development of compounds with superior anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity, 21N-arylsulfonyl-3-acetylindole analogs (2a-u) were synthesized and preliminarily evaluated as HIV-1 inhibitors in vitro. Among of all the analogs, several compounds exhibited significant anti-HIV-1 activity, especially N-phenylsulfonyl-3-acetyl-6-methylindole (2j) and N-(p-ethyl)phenylsulfonyl-3-acetyl-6-methylindole (2n) showed the most potent anti-HIV-1 activity with EC50 values of 0.36 and 0.13 mu g/mL, and TI values of >555.55 and 791.85, respectively. It demonstrated that introduction of the acetyl group at the 3-position of N-arylsulfonyl-6-methylindoles could generally lead to the more potent analogs. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.