重组人内皮抑素的基因表达与表征

内皮抑素具有抑制内皮细胞增殖和抗肿瘤新生血管生成活性，在小鼠实验中对多种肿瘤取得了有效的结果，有望成为一种新型抗肿瘤药物。本论文从基因的获取到在大肠杆菌中的高效表达，系统地研究了重组内皮抑素的全过程，并对其体内、体外的生物学活性及多种光谱学性质进行了深入的研究。采用Trizol试剂改进法从人胚肝组织中制备细胞mR NA，通过RT-PCR方法获得人内皮抑素基因。应用基因工程技术构建了亚克隆载体和表达载体，在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中以包涵体方式表达出N-末端带有6XHisTag标签的融合蛋白，表达量最多达到菌体总蛋白的42％。建立了包涵体蛋白的复性和纯化方法，得到具有较高纯度的重组内皮抑素蛋白。首次用质谱法证实从大肠杆菌的包涵体中获得的重组蛋白，因宿主菌中水解甲硫氨酸的酶不能对所有包涵体蛋白起作用，而在目的蛋白中会棍有N-末端具有甲硫氨酸的产物。对内皮抑素基因做定点突变，首次将内皮抑素蛋白的N-末端锌离子结合位点的的His2、His4突变成Leu2、Va14，构建了点突变的亚克隆载体，为以后研究其作用机理提供了条件。重组内皮抑素能够抑制鸡胚尿囊膜血管生成和人脐静脉内皮细胞ECV-304的增殖，在小鼠体内实验中对黑色素瘤产生良好的抑瘤效果（P＜0.01）。通过细胞周期分析，首次发现重组内皮抑素在G2期抑制 ECV-304细胞的增殖。电镜观察发现受内皮抑素作用的ECV-304细胞，产生了凋亡小体并出现多种细胞凋亡特征。同时，首次发现内皮抑素能使Balb／c 3T3细胞产生凋亡。计算机结构模拟结果表明重组内皮抑素蛋白与天然蛋白具有相似的空间结构。研究了内皮抑素与锌离子、肝素、稀土离子作用后蛋白质的光谱学性质和二级结构的变化，首次发现偏酸性pH对肝素与内皮抑素的结合作用有特殊影响，为研究内皮抑素特异抑制肿瘤组织新生血管的生成提供了实验依据。从人胚肝组织出发初步完成了人硒蛋白P亚克隆载体的构建。

PAR4 和TFF2 在胃肠癌中的表达变异与临床关系以及 TFF2 的重组表达

胃癌和肠癌是常见的威胁人类健康的消化道恶性肿瘤，其发生发展涉及多因 子的作用及调控。其中，在胃肠道都有表达的蛋白酶激活受体（PARs）和三叶 因子蛋白（TFFs）家族都参与肿瘤发生发展的调控过程。正常生理条件下，PARs 的表达与胃肠道消化液的分泌和肌肉的收缩舒张相关。同时，在胃肠道肿瘤的发 生、浸润和转移过程中PARs和TFF2也发挥了作用。而PAR-4，除了具有凝血酶 激活后的血小板聚集功能外，还参与感染、细胞迁移和肿瘤的发生发展。在溃疡 性结肠炎，肠癌组织以及某些肠癌细胞系中都出现PAR4的异常表达，而这种异 常表达可能作为启动肠癌发生的重要环节。TFFs家族蛋白能够对抗粘膜损伤并 且参与修复以发挥保护胃肠道的功能。在肿瘤发生中，三叶因子既有报道作为肿 瘤抑制因子，又有报道作为潜在的肿瘤促进因子。含两个三叶因子结构域的 TFF2，主要表达在胃粘膜的颈细胞。在胃溃疡、慢性萎缩性胃炎及胃癌中，TFF2 的表达具有下降的趋势；而且分化程度越低的胃癌，TFF2的表达量越少，这是 因为TFF2的表达与胃粘膜细胞的增殖和恶性转移相关。在肠道，TFF2可以抑制 一氧化氮（NO）的生成以调节由NO引起的肠炎；在肠炎老鼠的模型中，TFF2 能减轻炎症和溃疡发生的程度，表明TFF2可能通过调节机体的免疫反应来抑制 肠道炎症的发生。 而本实验室前期对大蹼铃蟾皮肤分泌物中获得的新型血小板激动蛋白 -Bm-TFF2与PARs相互作用的实验，促使我们去研究人TFF2与PARs的关系。由 于免疫组化提示TFF2和PAR4在正常胃黏膜中都分布在从基底部到中间的位置， 而且TFF2第二个Loop区序列的保守性，以及和PAR4连接配体（tethered-ligand） 的高度相似性，促使我们推测PAR4和TFF2之间是否存在一种相互作用，或者 hTFF2是否能调节PAR4的生物学活性。所以该篇论文落脚于PAR4和hTFF2，着 重介绍PAR4和TFF2在胃肠道肿瘤中的表达变异以及TFF2对过表达PAR4的细胞 的趋化作用。 我们先用半定量PCR方法检测TFF2和PAR4在胃癌、肠癌及周围远癌部位组 织中mRNA的表达水平。结果提示两个基因在胃癌组织中的表达较周围远癌部位组织减弱，而在肠癌组织中的表达则较周围远癌部位组织增强。Western blotting 也得到相似的结果。为进一步明确PAR4和TFF2在胃癌和肠癌中表达的具体变化 情况，我们继而用实时荧光定量PCR对28例胃癌和38例肠癌及其周围远癌部位组 织中TFF2和PAR4的表达进行了研究。结果显示胃癌组织中两个基因mRNA的表 达都显著低于远癌部位组织（P<0.001），而肠癌组织中两个基因mRNA的表达 则显著高于远癌部位组织（P<0.001）。结合临床病理资料提示PAR4在淋巴结转 移的胃癌患者中的表达低于无淋巴结转移的患者（P<0.05），在胃窦癌中的表达 明显低于非胃窦癌（P<0.05）；而发生淋巴结转移的肠癌患者其TFF2和PAR4基 因的表达都显著高于无淋巴结转移的肠癌患者（P<0.05）；两个基因在中低分化 肠癌中的表达也显著高于高分化肠癌（P<0.001）。免疫组化结果也提示TFF2和 PAR4在胃癌中的表达显著低于周围远癌部位组织（P<0.001），而在肠癌中的表 达则显著高于周围远癌部位组织（P<0.001）。表明TFF2和PAR4在胃肠道肿瘤的 发生中可能受到某些因素的调节而协调性地一致性表达。 在细胞水平上，我们发现在同等浓度hTFF2的诱导下，过表达PAR4的Lovo 稳定株的细胞迁移能力较不表达者明显增强，并且hTFF2的促细胞迁移活性呈剂 量依赖性，同时伴随ERK1/2磷酸化的增强。同时，过表达PAR4的Lovo细胞增殖 能力强于无PAR4表达的细胞，但TFF2作用后其增强能力反而下降，表明TFF2 对过表达了PAR4的Lovo细胞具有抗增殖的能力。 总之这些结果提示PAR4和TFF2在胃肠道中协同表达的现实为两者之间产 生一定的作用提供了基础，而且这种共存为粘膜受损后的修复，组织自身平衡状 态的维持都发挥了一定的作用，同时也为临床相关疾病的诊断，治疗及预后提供 一个新的理论依据。当然，生理和病理情况下，存在于PAR4和TFF2之间的调控 和相互作用的分子机制仍不清楚，这也是进一步研究的关键所在。 为探讨其它动物体内三叶因子家族蛋白结构和功能的关系，我们进而利用原 核表达体系构建并表达纯化了Bm-TFF2以及它的两个单结构域。由于Bm-TFF2 分子中有三对二硫键，所以我们选用pET-32a表达体系表达融合的重组蛋白，并 利用融合蛋白N端引入的Xa因子酶切位点将融合蛋白中的硫氧还蛋白切除，亲和 柱及反向高压液相色谱纯化游离的重组蛋白。重组的Bm-TFF2全长具有血小板聚集活性，而第一个结构域只有诱导血小板变形的作用；三种重组蛋白都具有剂量 依赖性地诱导AGS细胞迁移的功能，但三种重组蛋白的细胞迁移活性无明显差 异。pET-32a表达体系成功表达Bm-TFF2的事实为我们研究人三叶因子家族蛋白 结构及功能关系提供一种方便而可靠的手段。

重组腺病毒载体vAd2tat 的构建及其在细胞中的表达

　目的　构建含HIV21 tat 基因重组腺病毒,观察在不同细胞中外源蛋白Tat 的表达,作为DC 抗HIV 疫苗的基 础。方法　通过PCR 扩增,获得HXB2 tat 的cDNA 片段,定向克隆入腺病毒转移载体pTrack2CMV ,线性化后转化含有腺病毒骨 架pAd2easy21 的大肠杆菌BJ5183 ,获得同源重组的质粒prAd2tat , Pac Ⅰ酶切纯化后转染293 细胞,包装成具有感染力的复制缺 陷型重组腺病毒vAd2tat 。结果　经PCR、酶切及DNA 序列测定,插入片段大小、方向正确,获得具有感染力的含有HIV21 tat 基 因的重组腺病毒;通过Western blot 方法检测,重组腺病毒在293 细胞中表达出Mr 为15 000 的蛋白。结论　成功构建了含有 HIV21 tat 基因的腺病毒,并观察到该基因在细胞中的表达。

HIV-1 C亚型gp120重组腺病毒载体的构建及gp120负载人树突状细胞疫苗的初步研究

获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)是一种由人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)引起的，以全身免疫系统受到严重损害为特征的传染性疾病。从目前HIV-1的流行趋势来看，HIV-1 C亚型已经成为全球最主要的流行株之一，因此，针对HIV-1 C亚型的疫苗设计颇为重要。gp120作为HIV-1的包膜糖蛋白，能够诱导广泛的中和抗体反应，中和进入机体的病毒粒子，阻止病毒早期感染，所以本实验选取HIV-1 C亚型密码子优化的gp120作为免疫原进行研究。目前的疫苗研究中，腺病毒载体是较理想的病毒载体之一，具有安全性好、外源基因容纳量大、感染效率高、操作简便等优点。我们以复制缺陷型腺病毒为载体，构建了表达HIV-1 C亚型密码子优化的gp120的重组腺病毒vAd-gp120，经Western Blot方法检测到了gp120蛋白的表达。树突状细胞（DC）是已知最强的抗原呈递细胞(APC)，也是目前发现的唯一能够刺激初始型T细胞增殖的细胞。经抗原致敏的DC可通过MHC-Ⅰ、MHC-Ⅱ途径递呈抗原，并激活T细胞，从而激发体内的体液免疫和特异性细胞免疫反应。我们利用Amaxa系统将HIV-1 C亚型gp120基因转入人外周血单核细胞来源的DC，构建了以DC为载体的治疗性疫苗，并对其功能进行初步研究，发现负载gp120的DC能够显著刺激淋巴细胞的增殖、增强CD8T细胞表面活化分子CD25的表达以及促进CD8T细胞分泌++IFN-γ，为下一步DC治疗性疫苗的体内研究奠定了基础。

Genetic analysis of all-fish growth hormone gene transferred carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and its F-1 generation

Recombinant "all-fish" growth hormone gene (GH) was microinjected Into the fertilized eggs of carp. A comparison between the growth traits of transgenics and non-transgenics was carried out, and the transgenic individuals with significant "fast-growing" effect were successfully gained. A comparison on the reproductivities was also given out between the transgenics and their non-transgenic siblings, and showed that the reproductive capacity of transgenics was substantially equivalent to those of the non-transgenics. On the other hand, the genetic separation and the characteristic distribution of the F-1 generation were genetically analyzed, which gave solid evidence for the hypothesis that 2-3 chromosomes are integrated with transgene. In addition, the distinct biological effects for multisite-integrated transgenes were further discussed. The present study opens a door for the breeding of "fast-growing" transgenic fish.

抗黑色素瘤ScFv-超抗原SEA重组免疫毒素的构建与表达

提取鼠抗人黑色素瘤杂交瘤细胞株HB8759的总RNA，反转录成cDNA，用抗体可变区混合引物扩增出全套重、轻链可变区基因（VH、VLDNA），通过（Gly4Ser）3连接肤基因把VH和VL基因装配成单链抗体（ScFv）基因，将其克隆到噬菌粒载体pCANTABSE中，构建单链抗体噬菌体抗体库。用LIBr黑色素瘤细胞对抗体库进行了3轮亲合筛选。随机挑选克隆进行hage-ELISA鉴定，结果获得了2株具有较高ELISA活性的噬菌体单链抗体。序列测定证实得到的ScFv符合抗体可变区的结构特点，与已发表的鼠抗体可变区基因有较高的同源性。采用酶切连接和重叠PCR连接两种方法将抗黑色素瘤单链抗体基因和去除N端信号肤的金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A（SEA）基因进行融合，并将融合基因克隆于pET28-a表达载体的H招标签下游。SDS-PAGE分析表明，两种构建方法均表达了相对分子量约SOkD的蛋白条带，与预期目的蛋白分子量相符，主要以包涵体的形式存在，表达量占菌体蛋白的27％。将重组质粒在大肠杆菌中诱导表达，用盐酸肌溶解包涵体，Ni-NTA鳌合层析柱一步法纯化包涵体，再通过透析使目的蛋白复性。凝胶灰度扫描显示蛋白纯度达90％，凝胶电泳呈单一条带，蛋白量达0.47mg／mL。用健康人外周血单个核细胞作为效应细胞，LDH法检测ScFv-SEA融合蛋白对LiBr黑色素瘤细胞、MCF7乳腺癌的体外抑制率。结果表明该融合蛋白可以通过活化效应细胞，对表达相关抗原的肿瘤细胞产生有效的抗增殖作用，而对不表达该抗原的肿瘤细胞作用不显著。说明该融合蛋白赋予了SEA抗黑色素瘤特异性。以上实验结果为我们研究SEA对黑色素瘤的靶向杀伤作用奠定了可靠的实验基础。

两种抗HER2重组免疫毒素的构建与活性研究

HER2／neu基因在肿瘤中的过度表达使其成为许多肿瘤的标志分子。人肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）和肿瘤坏死因子相关的凋亡诱导配体（Trail）对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用使其成为前景看好的抗肿瘤药物，对它们的细胞杀伤机制研究日渐深入。但临床研究发现HER2／neu过度表达的肿瘤细胞抵制TNF-α和Trail的肿瘤杀伤作用，因此经常产生耐药现象。为了增加过度表达HER2／neu的肿瘤细胞对TNF-a的敏感性和提高HER2／neu抗体的肿瘤杀伤效应，我们将抗HER2／neu人源化单链抗体scFvC6.5与人翔F-a融合，构建了免疫毒素scFvC6.5-TNF-α，完成了该重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达，产率为800μg／L菌液。经过亲和层析和柱复性，融合蛋白的纯度达95％以上。ELISA试验表明scFvC6.5-TNF-a能够特异结合HER2／neu阳性卵巢癌细胞SKO从3和乳腺癌细胞MCF-7，而不结合HERZ／neu阴性的黑色素瘤细胞A-375。MTT试验表明scFvC6.5-TNF-a能够选择性的杀伤SKOV-3和MCF-7细胞，而不影响A-375细胞的生长。同时为了增加过度表达HER2／neu的肿瘤细胞对人可溶性肿瘤坏死因子相关的凋亡诱导配体（sTrail）的敏感性和提高HER2／neu抗体的肿瘤杀伤效应，我们构建了scFvC6．5与人sTrail的融合蛋白scFvC6.5-sTrail。重组子经酶切及测序证明序列正确后，在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中进行诱导表达。经SDS-PAGE及westem一blot鉴定，获得高水平包含体表达菌株，产率为700雌／L菌液。对表达产物进行变性、复性及纯化，SDS-PAGE结果显示纯度达95％以上。用ELISA法检测纯化后蛋白的结合活性表明融合蛋白scFvC6.5-sTrail能够特异结合HERZ／neu阳性卵巢癌细胞SKO从3、乳腺癌细胞McF-7和Trail敏感菌株MDA-MB-231，而不结合HER2／neu阴性和Trail受体阴性的黑色素瘤细胞A-375。MTT法检测其生物活性显示纯化后的scFvC6.5-sTrail蛋白对SKO从3、MCF-7、MDA-MB-231均具有细胞毒活性，并存在剂量依赖性，但对A-375细胞没有作用。细胞凋亡流式分析表明这两种免疫毒素对SKO从3靶细胞的杀伤作用是通过诱导细胞凋亡所致。提示这两种免疫毒素在抗肿瘤靶向治疗中具有潜在的应用价值。

Vc“二步发酵法”最佳组合生产菌系的选育及其“工程菌”的构建

对24株不同组合的Vc“二步发酵法”生产菌系中筛选出了最佳组合生产菌系H_(19)S_(19)。对该菌系的形态学及生理生化特性的研究表明，H_(19)为地衣芽孢杆菌，S_(19)的分类地位目前还难以确定，但与尹光琳等报道的氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌相比，具有许多新的不同特点。用单亲本灭活的原生质体融合技术进行了H_(19)和S_(19)以及132及S_(19)的原生质体融合，共获得400株重组子，其中有2株产生2--酮基--L--古龙酸产量高且稳定性好的重组子。其中一株是由H_(19)和S_(19)原生质体以H_(19)为背景融合产生的，另一侏是132和S_(19)原生质体以S_(19)为背景产生的。

利福霉素发酵中失活因子作用实质及高产工程菌构建研究

本文报导了实验中发现能大幅度破坏利福霉素（Rif sv）抗菌活性的物质，称其为失活因子。此失活因子经分离提纯后实验结果确证其本质是利福霉素胞外生物降解酶。实验表明失活因子活性受发酵中存在着一种抗生素另一种小分子物质的调控证实了抗生素发酵中存在着一种抗生素降解代谢途径和抗菌降解机制。从而进一步提出了菌株产生抗生素降解水平是由以往抗生素合成机制。抗性机制和作者等人提出的抗生素降解失活机制三者共同决定的新概念，并使高产工程菌株构建获得成功。

无指盘臭蛙皮肤抗菌肽Odorgrin A和Odorgrin C基因表达载体的构建及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

研究背景与目的：近二十年来，抗生素的广泛使用以及一些不当应用导致临床上出现大量的耐药性病原菌，所以不易产生耐药性的抗菌肽就成为目前研究的热点。本课题组此前的研究表明无指盘臭蛙（Odorrana grahami）皮肤抗菌肽具有广谱抗菌活性，但对真核细胞没有毒性，因此有成为新型药物的潜力。本研究采用毕赤酵母真核表达系统来生物合成抗菌肽Odorgrin A和Odorgrin C，为大量获取抗菌肽资源提供技术支撑。 方法：依照Odorgrin A和C的氨基酸序列、采用酵母偏爱密码子分别设计并化学合成了相应的目的基因序列。目的片段从合成质粒上用Xho Ι和EcoR Ι双酶切下后，与经同样限制酶完全酶切pPIC9K载体所获得的两个大片段直接连接，并转化至大肠杆菌DH5α。用PCR扩增、酶切及测序检测，鉴定正确的重组质粒。提取大量表达载体pPIC9K - Odo A和C并使之线性化后经电击法分别转化毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）GS115宿主菌，用营养缺陷型筛选、遗传霉素抗性筛选、PCR扩增和测序检测，鉴定并筛选出对G418具高抗性的Odorgrin A和C重组酵母菌。用甲醇对之进行诱导表达，SDS - PAGE电泳及反相层析检测表达产物，并做抑菌活性检测。 成果：PCR扩增、酶切及测序等结果表明表达载体pPIC9K - Odo A和C构建成功。营养缺陷型筛选、遗传霉素抗性筛选、PCR扩增和测序等证实pPIC9K - Odo A和C已整合入酵母基因组中。SDS - PAGE电泳及反相层析结果表明抗菌肽Odorgrin A和C成功地获得了分泌表达。而抑菌活性实验则检测到部分阳性克隆菌诱导分泌表达的抗菌肽Odorgrin A和C都对测试菌的生长具有较高（>94%）的抑制率。 结论：无指盘臭蛙皮肤抗菌肽Odorgrin A和Odorgrin C基因的表达载体都构建成功，并且都在毕赤酵母系统中获得了成功表达。 Background ＆ Objective: In the recent twenty years, a lot of pathogenic bacteria have come forth in clinic with durable trait derived from making use of and abusing the traditional antibiotics. Therefore, studying antimicrobial peptides, not be easy to be invalidated by durable bacteria, are becomimg popular and important. The skin antimicrobial peptides of Odorrana grahami with broad spectrum antibacterial activity and no toxicity to eukaryotic cell, discovered by previous research work of our workgroup, are looked forward to being potential medication. Pichia pastoris expressional system was used for biosynthesis antimicrobial peptides Odorgrin A and Odorgrin C in this study, for producing abundant antimicrobial peptides. Methods: The foreign fragments which included Odorgrin A or Odorgrin C gene according to their amino acid sequence respectively were synthesized based on the biased codon usage of yeast. The DNA fragments, obtained from the plasmids containing them by digested with Xho Ι and EcoR Ι, were directly ligated with the two bigger fragments obtained from the vector pPIC9K by digested with the same restriction enzymes. And then they were transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α to be selected and amplified positive colonies. The recombinants were testified by using PCR amplification, enzymes digestion and sequencing of the foreign fragment. After the expressional vector pPIC9K - Odo A and pPIC9K - Odo C were linearized, they were transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115 strain by the electroporation. Then the positive colonies which were of the highest geneticin resistant were selected through auxotrophic screening, genetic resistant screening, PCR amplification and sequencing of the inserted fragment. Methanol was used to induce the recombinant yeasts to express the foreign gene. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, reversed phase chromatography and antibacterial activity experiment were used to testify the expressional products. Results: The evidences of PCR, enzymes digestion and sequence analysis confirmed that the expressional vector pPIC9K - Odo A and pPIC9K - Odo C have been constructed correctly. The results of auxotrophic screening, of genetic resistant screening, of PCR and sequencing of the foreign fragment showed that Odorgrin A and Odorgrin C gene have been homologous integrated with the Pichia pastoris genome. And it was also testified that antimicrobial peptides Odorgrin A and Odorgrin C have been expressed successfully by using SDS - PAGE electrophoresis, reversed phase chromatography and antibacterial activity experiment. Conclusion: The expressional vector of the skin antimicrobial peptides Odorgrin A and Odorgrin C gene of Odorrana grahami have been constructed correctly and both of the genes have been expressed successfully in Pichia pastoris system in this study.

小麦抗白粉病新基因PmCD1和抗条锈病基因YrCD的鉴定及分子标记筛选

本研究对自育小麦白粉病抗源“07鉴126”和条锈病抗源CD1437、CD0534-5进行抗性遗传分析和微卫星引物的筛选，建立了与PmCD1和YrCD抗病基因连锁的SSR分子标记，主要研究结果如下： 1.小麦白粉抗源“07鉴126”抗白粉病基因的鉴定和分子标记的建立 品系“07鉴126”对我国目前白粉菌强优势生理小种E09、E11和其它多种小种表现免疫或高度抵抗。Pm-sus是07鉴126的自然突变感病株。利用“07鉴126”和Pm-sus的F2抗病性分离群体进行抗条锈病性遗传分析和分子标记定位，结果表明，“07鉴126”的白粉抗性为显性单基因控制的全生育期抗性，暂命名为PmCD1；并筛选到了与PmCD1共分离的显性SSR分子标记Xbarc183。系谱分析和分子标记分析表明PmCD1来源于荆州黑麦。抗谱分析表明PmCD1不同于已知的黑麦抗白粉基因，是一个新的抗白粉病基因。Xbarc183这一分子标记的建立为PmCD1的分子标记辅助选择和抗病基因累加提供了方便。 2.小麦条锈抗源CD1437抗条锈病基因的鉴定和分子标记的建立 利用对优势条锈菌小种条中32免疫的小麦品系CD1437及其自然突变感病株Yr-sus杂交构建F2、F3抗病性分离群体。抗条锈病性遗传分析结果显示，1437的抗条锈性为显性单基因控制的全生育期抗性，该基因暂命名为YrCD。SSR分析发现，位于1B染色体上的7个SSR标记Xcfd65、Xgwm11、Xgwm18、Xbarc187、Xwmc406、 Xwmc419、Xwmc216依次分布在YrCD的一侧，与YrCD的遗传距离在1.7 cM至9.2 cM。YrCD和YrCH42的等位性分析显示二者可能为等位基因。YrCD和Yr24、Yr26的抗谱相似。系谱分析和分子标记分析表明贵农20是YrCD的供体。本研究推测YrCD、Yr24、Yr26和YrCH42可能是等位基因，并推测Yr-sus是缺失突变体。 3. 小麦条锈抗源CD0534-5抗条锈病基因的鉴定 利用对条中32免疫的小麦抗条锈病品系CD0534-5及其感病重组自交系CD0534-4建立F2抗病性分离群体。抗条锈病性遗传分析表明，CD0534-5的条锈抗性由两对独立的显性主效基因控制。用BSK法分析，发现其中一对基因与SSR分子标记Xgwm11、Xgwm18、Xwmc128、Xwmc419连锁，该基因是来源于贵农20的YrCD。另一抗性基因来源贵农19，是极有利用价值的未知抗性基因。 This study focused on the investigation and identification of a novel powdery mildew resistant gene PmCD1 in wheat lines 07jian126 and stripe rust resistant gene YrCD in wheat lines CD1482 and CD0534-5, and screened SSR markers tightly linked to them. The main results were as follows: 1.Identification and SSR markers screening of a novel powdery mildew PmCD1 in wheat line 07jian126. Using a Pm resistant wheat line 07jian126 and its Pm susceptible mutant, a F2 population was constructed. Pedigree and genetic analyses indicated that the Pm resistance in 07jian126 was tranderred from rye (Secale cereale L.) cv. Jinzhou and was controlled by a single dominant gene. Differential test using 21 Bgt isolates revealed that the Pm resistant gene in 07jian126 is novel and was temporarily designated as PmCD1. A dominant SSR marker Xbarc183/130 bp was found co-segregated with PmCD1 in the F2 population. The diagnostic band of Xbarc183/130 bp co-segregating with PmCD1 could be used as an ideal marker in marker-assisted-selection during wheat breeding program. 2. Identification and SSR markers mapping of yellow rust resistant gene YrCD in wheat line CD1437. Wheat line CD1437 was highly resistant to predominant Chinese stripe rust race CYR32 at both seedling and adult stages. A F2 population was developed from the cross of CD1437 and its Yr susceptible mutant Yr-sus. Genetic analysis indicated line CD1437 contains a single dominant gene, temporarily designated YrCD. Seven SSR markers on the chromosome 1BS including Xcfd65, Xgwm11, Xgwm18, Xbarc187, wmc406, Xwmc419and Xwmc216 were close linked to YrCD with a genetic dsitance 1.7 cM to 9.2 cM. YrCD came from wheat cultivar Guinong 20. Allelic test of CD1437 and Chinese cultivar Chuanmai 42 indicated that YrCD and YrCH42 were allelic. Reaction patterns of YrCD and Yr24, Yr26 to 21 PST isolates were the same. These results suggested that YrCD and Yr24, Yr26, YrCH42 might be allelic. 3.Detection and identification of yellow rust resistance genes in wheat line CD0534-5 Wheat line CD0534-5 was highly resistant to predominant Chinese stripe rust race CYR32, while its recombinant inbred line CD0534-4 was susceptible. Genetic analysis with a F2 population developed from the cross of CD0534-5 and CD0534-4 indicated line CD0534-5 contains two independent dominant genes. Four SSR markers on the chromosome 1BS including Xgwm11, Xgwm18, Xwmc128, Xwmc419 were found to linked with one gene in CD0534-5. According the locations of makers and pedigree, this gene in CD0534-5 was YrCD, from cultivar Guinong 20. Another resistant gene was from cultivar Guinong 19, different with those genes on 1B such as Yr10, Yr15, Yr5 etc, was a valuable resistant gene in wheat breeding.

糯小麦杂交后代的基因型鉴定及Wx基因的效应研究

糯小麦在食品加工业、淀粉加工业及其它工业上有着重要用途，是近年来许多国家小麦研究的重要课题。国外糯小麦选育尚未突破高产与糯性相结合的难点，国内目前还没有培育出高蛋白强筋型的糯小麦品种，这在一定程度上与缺乏合适的育种方法和高效、实用的糯小麦分子标记辅助育种技术有关。国内外对Wx基因效应的研究主要利用缺体－四体系、重组自交系或近等基因系，还未见有利用遗传背景相同的BC5F2代回交改良群体的报道。 糯性位点近等基因系是小麦淀粉品质育种的重要材料，而我国目前还没有一套中国栽培小麦遗传背景的糯性位点近等基因系。为了选育部分糯小麦、全糯小麦和中国栽培小麦遗传背景的糯性位点近等基因系，我们利用Wx蛋白电泳和高效实用的分子标记技术体系来鉴定糯小麦杂交后代的基因型，结果证明该体系能有效地用于糯小麦的分子标记辅助育种。以中国春糯性位点全套近等基因系为研究材料，对小麦Wx基因的6个STS标记和1个CAPS标记进行了筛选，改良PCR扩增条件以及产物检测方式后，从这些标记中筛选出3个标记，包括鉴定Wx-A1、Wx-D1位点的2个共显性STS标记和Wx-B1位点的1个显性STS标记。利用上述3个分子标记从BC5F2 代回交改良群体中筛选出了8种Wx基因型，经卡方检验，其分离比符合3对基因的分离比例，其中基因型为aabbdd的植株有2株，直链淀粉含量分别为1.81%和0.82%，为全糯小麦；基因型为AAbbdd，aabbDD的部分糯性植株各有1株，直链淀粉含量分别为15.24%和17.57%。以上4株植株的农艺性状和品质性状接近回交亲本“川育12”，并明显优于全糯材料“98Y1441”，表明采用回交法与Wx基因分子标记辅助选择相结合，有助于培育高产、优质的全糯和部分糯小麦。同时，本研究中建立的分子标记技术体系，也为选育具有中国栽培小麦遗传背景的糯性位点近等基因系奠定了基础。 在基因型鉴定的基础上，利用糯小麦杂交后代BC5F2代回交改良群体研究了各基因缺失降低直链淀粉含量的效果和各基因合成直链淀粉的能力，以及直链淀粉含量与农艺性状、品质性状、淀粉糊化特性等的相关性。缺失不同Wx基因的8种基因型，直链淀粉含量差异显著。研究单缺失基因型发现，减少效应最大的是Wx-B1b基因，Wx-B1b和Wx-D1b基因没有显著差异，减少效应最小的是Wx-A1b基因。研究双缺失基因型发现，Wx基因合成直链淀粉的能力，Wx-B1a基因最高，Wx-A1a基因最低，而Wx-B1a和Wx-D1a基因差异很小；直链淀粉含量与株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等农艺性状相关不显著，表明淀粉品质育种可以与高产育种实现有机结合；直链淀粉含量与SDS-沉降值呈显著负相关(r=-0.726)，说明直链淀粉含量降低在一定程度上有利于提高小麦营养与加工品质，这一结果至今未见有文献报道；全糯类型的淀粉糊化特性与其他类型显著不同，具有最高的峰值粘度和稀懈值，最低的低谷粘度、最终粘度、反弹值、峰值时间、糊化温度、起始糊化温度，表明糯小麦淀粉在食品和工业上具有特殊用途；稀懈值与直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.969)，其他粘度参数与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关(最终粘度r=0.797，低谷粘度r=0.910、反弹值r=0.954、峰值时间r=0.970、糊化温度r=0.962、起始糊化温度r=0.932)。以上结论可为糯小麦品种选育和淀粉品质改良提供理论依据。 Waxy wheat is very important in food processing industry, starch processing industry and the other industries, so it is a focus of wheat research in many countries these years. Foreign wheat breeders have not conquered the difficulty of high yield combined with waxy character, and there is no waxy wheat variety with high protein and strong gluten in China at present，all of which were caused by lacking proper breeding methods and effective, applied molecular markers-assisted selection technique at a certain extent. Until now, research about the effect of waxy genes mainly depended on nullisomic-tetrasomic lines, recombinant lines or near-isogenic lines, and it is lacking the reports of using improved BC5F2 backcross progenies under the common genetic background. Near-isogenic lines at the Wx loci are important materials for wheat starch quality breeding. However, there are no such lines under the Chinese cultivated wheat genetic background. To develop partial waxy wheats, waxy wheats and near-isogenic lines at the Wx loci under the Chinese cultivated wheat genetic background, we use SDS-PAGE of waxy proteins and effective, applied molecular marker-assisted selection technical system to identify the genotype of waxy wheat’s progenies. The results indicated that such a system is applicable in waxy wheat’s molecular marker-assisted selection effectively. A series of Chinese Spring Wx loci near-isogenic lines were used to identify the specific bands of six STS markers and one CAPS marker of Wx genes. After optimizing PCR amplification and separating of PCR products, three co-dominant and dominant STS-markers were identified at the Wx-A1, Wx-D1 and Wx-B1 loci, respectively, which were used to identify the genotype of waxy wheat’s progenies. Eight Wx genotypes were developed from the improved BC5F2 backcross progenies, which follows Mendelian segregation. Among them, there were two aabbdd waxy plants whose amylose content in the BC5F3 seeds were 1.81% and 0.82%, respectively. In addition, there were partial waxy plants (AAbbdd and aabbDD) whose amylose content in the BC5F3 seeds were 15.24 % and 17.57%, respectively. Most agronomic and quality traits of these four plants resembled those of the recurrent parent “Chuanyu 12”, and superior to waxy wheat parent “98Y1441”. This shows that backcross approach in combination with molecular marker-assisted selection of waxy genes is helpful to develop partial and full waxy wheat with good traits in the waxy wheat breeding program. At the same time, molecular marker-assisted selection technical system in this paper, also establish the base for breeding the near-isogenic lines at the Wx loci under the Chinese cultivated wheat genetic background. According to the results of genotype identification, we use waxy wheat’s improved BC5F2 backcross progenies to verify the effects of null alleles on reducing amylose content and determine the amylose synthesis capacity of each Wx gene independently, and investigate the relativity among amylose content with agonomic traits, quality traits, starch pasting properties respectively. There was significant difference in amylose content of the eight genotypes carrying different null Wx alleles. The reducing effect of the single null alleles was the most significant in Wx-B1b, followed by Wx-D1b and Wx-A1b, and there was no significant difference between Wx-B1b and Wx-D1b. The results of the double null lines further demonstrated that for the capacity of amylose synthesis, Wx-B1a was the highest, followed by Wx-D1a and Wx-A1a, and there was no significant difference between Wx-B1a and Wx-D1a. Amylose contents of the eight genotypes were not significantly correlated with plant height, spike length, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, which showed that starch quality breeding could integrate with high yield breeding. Amylose contents of the eight genotypes were negatively significantly correlated with SDS-sedimentation value(r=-0.726), which suggested that reduction in amylose content is propitious to improve quality at a certain extent. Starch pasting properties of the full waxy type was significantly different from the other seven types, with the highest peak viscosity and breakdown, and lowest valley viscosity, final viscosity, setback, peak time, pasting temperature and starting pasting temperature. It indicated that waxy wheat starch has special use in food and industry. Breakdown was negatively significantly correlated with amylose contents (r=-0.969), and the other parameters were positively significantly correlated with amylose contents (r=0.797 for final viscosity, r=0.910 for trough viscosity, r =0.954 for setback, r =0.970 for peak time, r=0.962 for pasting temperature and r=0.932 for starting pasting temperature ). The results of the study are very useful for waxy wheat variety breeding and starch quality improvement.

小麦中微量元素锌铁硒的含量的分析

本研究应用微波消解ICP-AES 法对62 个小麦品种及3 个地区土壤的锌铁硒含量进行了分析测定，发现不同小麦品种中微量元素含量差异很大，姊妹系间也存在差异。含铁量最高与最低的小麦品种铁含量相差29.68mg/kg。含锌量最高与最低的小麦品种锌含量相差46.70 mg/kg。含硒量最高与最低的小麦品种硒含量相差0.056 mg/kg。对不同地点的小麦及土壤中锌铁硒含量进行方差分析，发现双流和西昌两地种植小麦的铁含量和硒含量均有显著差异，西昌和荣县种植的锌含量有显著差异。在3 个地点中双流种植小麦硒含量最高，西昌种植小麦的铁和锌含量最高。 通过对小麦微量元素含量与土壤中微量元素含量进行了相关性分析，结果表明：小麦中的锌铁含量与土壤中的锌铁含量呈显著正相关，土壤中铁与锌含量呈极显著正相关，小麦中铁与锌含量也呈极显著正相关。随着土壤微量元素锌铁的提高，小麦中的锌铁元素含量同时提高，而且小麦对两种元素的吸收互相促进。土壤中的硒含量与锌铁含量呈负相关。小麦中硒含量也与锌铁含量也呈负相关。说明锌和铁与硒互相拮抗。小麦硒含量与土壤硒含量呈正相关，但不显著。表明土壤硒含量可以影响小麦硒含量，但不是决定因素，小麦硒含量与小麦自身因素有关。 对姊妹系G290（高硒含量）和G289（低硒含量）进行抗重金属胁迫和抗旱性实验发现，高硒品种G290的抗逆性优于低硒品种G289。 利用RAPD 技术对7 个姊妹系进行遗传差异分析发现，高硒材料G290出现了特异条带，分别标为1、2、3、4，其他姊妹系品种中未发现特异条带，回收4 条特异条带并连接转化，得到目的片段1、2、3 的重组子，进行测序。NCBI 中结果显示没有找到植物中的同源序列，说明特异序列可能是未发现的基因片段，推测可能与小麦硒含量有关，有待进一步研究。 以上研究结果，对小麦营养研究及功能性小麦的筛选和栽培具有指导作用。 In this study, we determinated the contents of zinc, iron, selenium in 62 wheat cultivars and soil samples of three regions by method of microwave digestion/ ICPAES,found that there was great difference of zinc, iron, selenium contents in different wheat cultivars as well as different sister lines. Iron content difference was 29.68 mg/kg between the highest-iron-content cultivar and the lowest one, and zinc content difference was 46.70 mg/kg , selenium content difference was 0.056 mg/kg. Anova analysis was made on contents of zinc, iron, selenium in wheat and soil samples of different locations, significant differences of Fe and Se contents were found between wheat in Shuangliu and Xichang, significant difference of Zn content was found between wheat in Xichang and Rongxian. Se content in wheat of Shuangliu was highest, Fe and Zn contents in wheat of Xichang were highest. Relativity analysis was made on three trace elements in Wheat and in soil, the result showed that there was significant positive correlation of zinc, iron content between in Wheat and in soil, as well as between Fe and Zn both in wheat and in soil. With the improving of Zn, Fe contents in soil, contents of Zn and Fe in wheat increased and absorption of Zn and Fe in wheat will mutual promote. Negative correlation of Se and Zn contents was found in wheat and soil, but not significant, that meant the antagonism of Se and Zn. Positive correlation of Se content in wheat and soil was found. High selenium content G290 and low selenium content G289 in sister lines were selected for heavy metal stress and drought resistance experiments, the result showed that the resistance of high-selenium-content cultivar was better than low selenium one. Analysis on genetic difference was made by RAPD, and specific bands were selected, marked 1,2,3,4, no more specific bands were found in other sister lines.4 bands were recovered, ligated to T-vector and transformed E.coli. Three recombinant plasmids were obtained and sequenced. NCBI Blast showed there was no homology with other plants. It implied that these fragments probably be new genes and maybe were related to selenium in wheat. It needs further research. This paper would be useful for the study of wheat nutrition as well as selection and cultivation of functional wheat.

人载脂蛋白APOA5的克隆表达纯化及相互作用蛋白研究

人类的载脂蛋白A5（apolipoprotein A5，APOA5）是一个新近发现的载脂蛋白家族成员。它在血浆中的含量比其他载脂蛋白低1-2个数量级，但能显著影响血浆三酰甘油水平，对血脂代谢具有重要意义，可以作为降血脂药物治疗中一个强有力的潜在靶标。 由于APOA5在血浆中含量低，直接从血浆中分离纯化很困难，国内一直没有报道简易可靠的纯化方法。为进一步研究APOA5的生物学特性，探讨其与TG代谢中的其它关键成分之间的相互关系，揭示其在脂类代谢相关疾病中的重要地位，必须有大量的蛋白和抗体用于基础研究。因此本研究首先利用基因工程技术，诱导表达纯化APOA5蛋白，免疫动物制备多克隆抗体，为进一步研究人肝脏细胞中APOA5的相互作用蛋白，研究APOA5蛋白在肝脏细胞中的功能奠定基础。 为了深入研究APOA5在肝脏中如何行使功能，我们采用细菌双杂交技术寻找与APOA5相互作用的蛋白因子。并采用Pull-down技术，免疫荧光及免疫共沉淀技术进一步确证其在体外和体内的相互作用关系，为进一步阐明APOA5在体内的生理功能提供了新的线索。 第一部分 APOA5基因的克隆、原核表达、纯化及其多克隆抗体的制备 本研究首先应用基因克隆技术，从人肝癌细胞系SMMC-7721的cDNA中扩增出1.1 kb的ApoA5基因全长序列。然后将其克隆至表达载体pThioHisD，构建原核表达载体pTH-APOA5。该重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌 BL21（DE3），成功实现人APOA5融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达。经发酵得到高效表达的融合蛋白。 融合蛋白在 IPGT 诱导下以包涵体的形式大量表达。利用融合蛋白上的一段组氨酸序列，用镍离子亲和柱进行纯化和复性后，获得较高纯度的人APOA5融合蛋白。利用该融合蛋白免疫新西兰大耳白兔，获得了高效价的兔抗人APOA5多克隆抗体，Western Blot结果显示此多克隆抗体与APOA5特异性结合。 第二部分 细菌双杂交筛选与APOA5相互作用的蛋白 本实验首先构建了pBT-APOA5重组质粒，经双酶切、PCR和测序鉴定证明重组诱饵质粒构建成功，并进行了表达、自激活鉴定。Western Blot鉴定证实报告菌株中表达了分子量为 68 kD左右的重组融合蛋白，与预测的分子量APOA5（41 kD）/lamda cI （27 kD）一致。自激活实验证明诱饵蛋白不能单独激活报告基因，可用于筛选人肝脏cDNA文库。经过双重抗性筛选和回复筛选，分离出10个阳性克隆。对结果进行生物信息学分析，得到7个与APOA5相互作用的蛋白，其中BI1为细胞凋亡调节因子；ATP6、CYTB、ND2、COX-1为线粒体表达蛋白； ALB、TTR为血清蛋白。 第三部分 APOA5与BI1相互作用的确证 首先构建了BI1的原核表达载体pGEX-5X-3-BI1，利用Pull-down实验检测了APOA5与BI1在体外具有相互作用。然后构建了BI1的真核表达载体pCDNA3.1-HA-BI1和APOA5的真核表达载体pCDNA3.1-APOA5，并验证其表达。通过免疫荧光细胞内共定位研究发现，靶蛋白APOA5主要分布于胞浆，与BI1在HEK293细胞有共定位，即APOA5与BI1存在相互作用的可能。最后利用免疫共沉淀手段，在HEK293细胞中确证了靶蛋白APOA5与BI1在体内的相互作用。 上述研究结果，为深入研究APOA5在体内的生物学功能提供了新的思路。 Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) is a newly discovered protein belongs to apolipoprotein family. APOA5’s concentration is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than other apolipoproteins in the circulation. APOA5 significantly affected plasma triglyceride levels, which is important on lipid metabolism. APOA5 has strong potential to be used as a hypolipidemic drug target. Large amount of APOA5 protein and antibodies are needed in basic research, such as biological characteristics study of the APOA5, its relationship with other key components in TG metabolism, its role played in Lipid metabolism-related diseases. Due to its low concentration in plasma, separation and purification of APOA5 from the plasma is very difficult. Until now no report on simple and reliable method for purification has been published in China. In this study, we firstly got APOA5 recombinant protein using genetic engineering technology. The purified recombinant protein was used to immunize rabbits to get antiserum. It is important for further study of the APOA5 protein-interacting protein. And it lays the foundation for studing APOA5 function in liver. In order to study APOA5 function in liver, we used bacterial two-hybrid technology to find the APOA5 protein interactor. Pull-down, immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation techniques were used to further confirm the interaction between APOA5 with its interactor in vitro and in vivo. All of these stdudies provided new clues on its physiological functions in vivo. Part I: Cloning, prokaryotic expression, purification and polyclonal antibody preparation of APOA5 First of all, we amplified APOA5 CDS sequence from the human hepatoma cell line SMMC-7721, and subcloned into Expression vector pThioHisD, and got the recombinants named pTH-APOA5. The plasmid was transformed to BL21 (DE3). E. coli BL21(DE3) cells bearing the pTH-APOA5 plasmid were cultured and APOA5 protein synthesis was induced by the addition of IPTG. Recombinant protein was expression in the form of inclusion. Inclusion bodies were dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline containing 8 M urea and 40 mM imidazole, then applied to a Ni2+ affinity column, and were eluted in a buffer containing 4 M urea and 200 mM imidazole. Fractions containing the APOA5 protein were pooled and dialyzed against buffer containing phosphate-buffered saline. Antiserum to recombinant human APOA5 was generated by immuning rabbit. Western Blot showed that this antiserum specific binding with APOA5. Part II Two-hybrid system screening protein interactions with the APOA5 The coding sequence of human APOA5 was amplified using synthetic oligonucleotide primers from pTH-APOA5 vector and was subcloned into the pBT plasmidc to yield pBT-APOA5 vector. DNA sequencing was performed to verify that no unwanted mutations occurred during the process of plasmid vector construction. We verified recombinant protein expression and tested self-activation by pBT-APOA5 prior to screening. Western Blot verified inducing a 68 kD band, consistent with the predicted molecular weight (APOA5 41 kD, lamda cI 27 kD). pBT-APOA5 can be used for screening human liver cDNA library because it can not self-activation. Totally 10 positive clones were isolated. The nucleotide sequence of the positive clones were determined and compared to NCBI nucleotide sequence databases. We got 7 protein which interact with APOA5, included BI1(Apoptosis regulator); ATP6, CYTB, ND2, COX-1(Mitochondrial protein) and ALB, TTR(Serum protein). Part III Confirming of interaction between APOA5 with BI1 pGEX-5X-3-BI1 vector was subcloned at first. Pull-down experiments were used to detect the interaction between APOA5 with BI1 in vitro. Later, pCDNA3.1-HA-BI1 and pCDNA3.1-APOA5 were subcloned. Through immunofluorescence co-localization study, we found APOA5 mainly distributed in the cytoplasm. APOA5 is co-localization with BI1 in HEK293 cells. Finally, we verified interaction between APOA5 with BI1 in vivo through immunoprecipitation.